Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Cassandra K. Jones / Animal food manufacturing facilities need to evaluate biological hazards within their facility due to their severity and probability to cause illness or injury in humans or animals. Control of biological hazards, including Salmonella and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV), in animal food manufacturing facilities may require a preventative control to mitigate the risk of the hazard. Thermal processing is an effective point-in-time control, but does not prevent cross-contamination during drying, cooling, and packaging/load-out of animal food. Therefore, it may be appropriate to sanitize surfaces to prevent cross-contamination of animal food during manufacturing. The objective of the first experiment was to evaluate surface decontamination strategies for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) using chemical disinfectants to reduce viral RNA on various manufacturing surfaces. Concentrated liquid formaldehyde and sodium hypochlorite reduced the quantity of viral PEDV RNA on all tested surfaces. Rubber belting from a bucket elevator retained the most PEDV RNA, while the polyethylene tote bag retained the least. In the second experiment, surface decontamination was evaluated for Salmonella Typhimurium using liquid and dry chemical sanitizers on various manufacturing surfaces. Surfaces treated with concentrated commercial formaldehyde had no detectable Salmonella after treatment, and surfaces treated with medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) had at least a 4-log reduction compared to the control. The dry commercial acidulant, sodium bisulfate, was the most effective dry sanitizer tested, but had limited efficacy depending on surface type. Experiment 3 further tested the application of two chemical sanitizers against Salmonella Enteritidis on residual surface and feed contamination in pilot-scale mixers. Manufacturing sequence, but not treatment impacted feed and surface contamination of Salmonella Enteritidis. Specifically, there was Salmonella-positive residue in the batch of feed manufactured immediately after the positive control batch. However, no Salmonella residue was detected in batches of feed treated with either concentrated commercial essential oil blend or rice hulls treated with 10% MCFA. Low levels of Salmonella residues were observed from feed and surfaces manufactured after Sequence 1, but no residues were observed by Sequence 2. This data suggests that sequencing of feed during manufacturing can reduce Salmonella-positive contamination within animal food and on manufacturing surfaces, particularly after the second batch or with the use of chemical treatments. In summary, liquid sanitizers have been shown to be effective at reducing Salmonella spp. and PEDV contamination on a variety of animal food manufacturing surfaces, but application and practicality may be limited.

No description available.

Thesis (MTech. degree in Nature Conservation.)--Tshwane University of Technology, 2010. / To a varying degree and for a variety of reasons black rhino require large areas of land but increasingly they are moved to smaller properties. Specific spatial and temporal problems are foreseen when keeping black rhino on small properties. The temporal problems under investigation on the Mokopane Biodiversity Conservation Centre where two black rhino are kept on 700 ha are: browse availability, browse utilisation as well as browse quality.

Browse selection, intake, utilisation, palatability, quality and production are tightly linked and need to be considered together in trying to improve our understanding of browsing dynamics and the interactions between browsers and vegetation. Such an understanding is necessary in order to re-evaluate determinations of browser carrying capacities and evaluating actual and potential impacts of browsing animals on vegetation composition and diversity. Browser carrying capacity is determined by both the quantity and the nutritive value of forage. The measurement of browse quantity and nutritive value and the matching of browse supply to browser demand are central to sustainable utilisation and the monitoring of vegetation health. South African savannas are poorly studied with respect to tree canopy growth and browse production making it difficult to quantify the available browse biomass on which browsing capacity estimations are based, and consequently difficult to estimate levels of browsing that are sustainable. This study addressed these issues by investigating browse dynamics, broadly aiming to (1) explore factors affecting browse production, biomass and nutritive value; (2) develop models to assess and monitor these parameters across seasons and properties; (3) use the resultant models in improving our understanding of how to determine browser carrying capacities. More specifically, our study sought to examine the effects of plant physiognomy, forage nutritive value, canopy stratum, defoliation, temperature, rainfall and soil nutrient status on the browse production of evergreen (Carissa bispinosa, Euclea divinorum, Gymnosporia senegalensis), semi-deciduous (Spirostachys africana, Ziziphus mucronata) and deciduous (Acacia nilotica, Dichrostachys cinerea) savanna tree species from June 2003 – June 2005 in three sites along the northern Zululand coastline of KwaZulu-Natal. Available browse biomass, during the dry season, of four key savanna tree species (A. nilotica, E. divinorum, G. senegalensis, and S. africana) was estimated through the development of allometric regression equations. Non-linear regression was used to investigate the relation between the leaf dry mass (LDM) and canopy volume (CVol) of each of the four tree species. Exponential regression (y = a + brlnx) of the natural logarithm of CVol data provided the most accurate and precise description of the tree CVol – LDM relation. A study was undertaken to determine which factors may influence browse production in a southern African savanna. Regression tree models for the browse production identified that the dominant factors influencing browse production were CVol (m3), season, species and height to the lowest leaves of the tree canopy (HL) (m). The length of the growing season had a marked effect on the production potential of savanna tree species, suggesting that improved conditions for growth, i.e. greater rainfall, soil moisture content and improved soil nutrient availability result in a longer period of rapid sustained growth. Species was identified as an important contributing factor to differences in browse production rates, suggesting the need for the development of species or species group models. Mean annual browse production of evergreen trees was greater than that of deciduous and semi-deciduous trees. Mean quarterly (three monthly) browse production was highest, for all trees, during the wet season, with the greatest difference between wet and dry season production being observed in deciduous forms. Evergreen forms showed continuous growth over the whole study, with enhanced growth over the wet season. Deciduous forms, on the other hand, concentrated growth in spurts, when environmental conditions became favourable, with most production occurring during a short growing season. Browse nutritive value was found to be greatest during the wet season, when growth and photosynthesis are at their greatest. Further, browse nutritive value was greatest in deciduous species. Evergreen trees were found to have greater acid detergent fibre (ADF) concentrations than both the deciduous and semi-deciduous trees. By contrast, crude protein (CP) concentrations were greater in semi-deciduous and deciduous species than in evergreen species. The daily CP requirements for maintenance for an adult impala (45 kg) were met by all species over all three study areas and all seasons. Daily CP requirements for growth and lactation, however, were only ever met by deciduous and semi-deciduous species, though this result was not consistent over study areas and seasons. Predictive models for the production of browse on deciduous, semi-deciduous and evergreen trees in northern Zululand were developed using multivariate adaptive regression spline functions. The best predictors of growing season browse production in all three tree guilds (defined here as a group of trees having a characteristic mode of living) were primarily measurable tree dimensions, while the prevailing environmental conditions had little impact. Differences in the production, nutritive value and available browse biomass between the different tree forms and seasons have a profound effect on the determination of browser carrying capacities and need to be incorporated into any game or conservation management plan. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

Hidrolisados enzimáticos e aminoácidos livres têm sido reportados como fontes adequadas de proteína para o tratamento clínico de pacientes que por diversas razões, não conseguem digerir a proteína intacta. Os hidrolisados enzimáticos têm sido preferidos por fornecer peptídeos de composição bem definida, promovendo uma absorção mais efetiva pelo organismo. Isto se deve ao fato de que di e tripeptídeos podem ser diretamente absorvidos por sistemas independentes daqueles usados pelos aminoácidos, e a taxa máxima de captação na absorção de di e tripeptídeos é maior do que a dos aminoácidos livres. As proteínas do leite, soja e peixe são as mais utilizadas, devido ao alto valor nutricional, disponibilidade comercial e custo moderado. Em nosso trabalho, caracterizamos seis hidrolisados enzimáticos de \"minced\" sob o ponto de vista químico, físico-químico e nutricional, visando atender grupos populacionais que necessitem de uma alimentação especial. A composição química (proteína, lípides, umidade e o conteúdo de resíduo mineral) e o perfil de aminoácidos dos hidrolisados foram determinados. A caracterização do peso molecular destes hidrolisados protéicos foi realizada por ultrafiltração em membranas de exclusão molecular de 30, 10 e 3Kd. Os seis hidrolisados apresentaram um rendimento variando entre 63,4 e 94,2%, dependendo do sistema enzimático utilizado. Os hidrolisados liofilizados continham teores protéicos semelhantes entre si, em média 74,2% e um teor lipídico muito reduzido, da ordem de 1,2%. Todos os hidrolisados apresentaram uma composição em aminoácidos semelhantes entre si e que atende as recomendações da FAO 1991, para crianças entre 3 e 8 anos e para adultos. Os hidrolisados 1 (pepsina 1:10.000/bromelina) e 4 (pepsina 1:10.000/Aspergillus oryzae) são indicados para o tratamento de pacientes com encefalopatia hepática, pois apresentaram uma relação de Fischer elevada de 3: 1. O processo de ultrafiltração mostrou ser um método de baixo custo e eficiente para separar as frações peptídicas com diferentes pesos moleculares e pouco interferiu na distribuição dos aminoácidos. No hidrolisado 5 (pepsina 1:60.000/Streptomyces griseus), a fração com peso molecular menor que 3 KDa, apresentou uma porcentagem elevada (57%) de peptídeos com baixo peso molecular, podendo ser utilizada no tratamento de pacientes com alergias alimentares. Esta mesma fração apresentou uma elevada concentração de fenilalanina livre, sugerindo o emprego de um processo de remoção deste aminoácido, para posterior formulação de dietas para pacientes fenilcetonúricos. / Protein hydrolysates and free amino acids have been used for the nutritional management of individuais who are not able to digest intact protein. Studies within the past two decades have shown that dipeptides and tripeptides may serve efficiently and safely to improve protein nutrition and that in certain instances they may be superior to free amino acids. Owing to their superior nutritional quality, hydrolysates of cow\'s milk protein, soy protein and fish protein are the most widely usado In our work, a minced fish was hydrolyzed, employing six different systems of two sequential enzymes. lhe resultant fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) were characterized for protein, fat, dry matter and ash contents and their amino acid composition was analyzed either. lhe six FPH were submitted to an ultrafiltration through a series of membranes with molecular cut-offs (MWCO) of 30, 10 and 3 KDa. lhe results showed yields of protein hydrolysates using different proteolytic enzymes varying from 63,4 to 94,2%. lhe protein contents on a dry basis of the six hydrolysates were similar, on average, 74,2%. lhe lipid contents of the six hydrolysates were low (mean of 1,2%). Although decreases of some amino acids were observed after hydrolysis, adequate amounts of essential amino acids in relation to the reference pattern of FAO (1991) were found for children from 3-8 years and adults. lhe hydrolysates 1 . (pepsin 1:10.0001 bromelain) and 4 (pepsin 1:10.000/Aspergillus oryzae) present a high Fischer ratio (molar ratio of VaI + Leu + lIe to lyr + Phe) and seem to be interesting for clinicai treatment of patients with liver diseases. lhe separation of peptides with different molecular weights by ultrafiltration seems to be a low cost and efficient method and does not interfere substantially with the amino acids distribution. lhe hydrolysate 5 (pepsin 1:60.000/Streptomyces griseus) contained a high percentage of low molecular weight peptides (57%), lower than 3 KDa. lhe same fraction contains a high free phenylalanine content, suggesting the removal of this amino acid in order to formulate diets for PKU patients.

Hidrolisados enzimáticos e aminoácidos livres têm sido reportados como fontes adequadas de proteína para o tratamento clínico de pacientes que por diversas razões, não conseguem digerir a proteína intacta. Os hidrolisados enzimáticos têm sido preferidos por fornecer peptídeos de composição bem definida, promovendo uma absorção mais efetiva pelo organismo. Isto se deve ao fato de que di e tripeptídeos podem ser diretamente absorvidos por sistemas independentes daqueles usados pelos aminoácidos, e a taxa máxima de captação na absorção de di e tripeptídeos é maior do que a dos aminoácidos livres. As proteínas do leite, soja e peixe são as mais utilizadas, devido ao alto valor nutricional, disponibilidade comercial e custo moderado. Em nosso trabalho, caracterizamos seis hidrolisados enzimáticos de \"minced\" sob o ponto de vista químico, físico-químico e nutricional, visando atender grupos populacionais que necessitem de uma alimentação especial. A composição química (proteína, lípides, umidade e o conteúdo de resíduo mineral) e o perfil de aminoácidos dos hidrolisados foram determinados. A caracterização do peso molecular destes hidrolisados protéicos foi realizada por ultrafiltração em membranas de exclusão molecular de 30, 10 e 3Kd. Os seis hidrolisados apresentaram um rendimento variando entre 63,4 e 94,2%, dependendo do sistema enzimático utilizado. Os hidrolisados liofilizados continham teores protéicos semelhantes entre si, em média 74,2% e um teor lipídico muito reduzido, da ordem de 1,2%. Todos os hidrolisados apresentaram uma composição em aminoácidos semelhantes entre si e que atende as recomendações da FAO 1991, para crianças entre 3 e 8 anos e para adultos. Os hidrolisados 1 (pepsina 1:10.000/bromelina) e 4 (pepsina 1:10.000/Aspergillus oryzae) são indicados para o tratamento de pacientes com encefalopatia hepática, pois apresentaram uma relação de Fischer elevada de 3: 1. O processo de ultrafiltração mostrou ser um método de baixo custo e eficiente para separar as frações peptídicas com diferentes pesos moleculares e pouco interferiu na distribuição dos aminoácidos. No hidrolisado 5 (pepsina 1:60.000/Streptomyces griseus), a fração com peso molecular menor que 3 KDa, apresentou uma porcentagem elevada (57%) de peptídeos com baixo peso molecular, podendo ser utilizada no tratamento de pacientes com alergias alimentares. Esta mesma fração apresentou uma elevada concentração de fenilalanina livre, sugerindo o emprego de um processo de remoção deste aminoácido, para posterior formulação de dietas para pacientes fenilcetonúricos. / Protein hydrolysates and free amino acids have been used for the nutritional management of individuais who are not able to digest intact protein. Studies within the past two decades have shown that dipeptides and tripeptides may serve efficiently and safely to improve protein nutrition and that in certain instances they may be superior to free amino acids. Owing to their superior nutritional quality, hydrolysates of cow\'s milk protein, soy protein and fish protein are the most widely usado In our work, a minced fish was hydrolyzed, employing six different systems of two sequential enzymes. lhe resultant fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) were characterized for protein, fat, dry matter and ash contents and their amino acid composition was analyzed either. lhe six FPH were submitted to an ultrafiltration through a series of membranes with molecular cut-offs (MWCO) of 30, 10 and 3 KDa. lhe results showed yields of protein hydrolysates using different proteolytic enzymes varying from 63,4 to 94,2%. lhe protein contents on a dry basis of the six hydrolysates were similar, on average, 74,2%. lhe lipid contents of the six hydrolysates were low (mean of 1,2%). Although decreases of some amino acids were observed after hydrolysis, adequate amounts of essential amino acids in relation to the reference pattern of FAO (1991) were found for children from 3-8 years and adults. lhe hydrolysates 1 . (pepsin 1:10.0001 bromelain) and 4 (pepsin 1:10.000/Aspergillus oryzae) present a high Fischer ratio (molar ratio of VaI + Leu + lIe to lyr + Phe) and seem to be interesting for clinicai treatment of patients with liver diseases. lhe separation of peptides with different molecular weights by ultrafiltration seems to be a low cost and efficient method and does not interfere substantially with the amino acids distribution. lhe hydrolysate 5 (pepsin 1:60.000/Streptomyces griseus) contained a high percentage of low molecular weight peptides (57%), lower than 3 KDa. lhe same fraction contains a high free phenylalanine content, suggesting the removal of this amino acid in order to formulate diets for PKU patients.

Abstract The management and handling of organic waste in primarily low-income developing cities, due to high urbanization has become a global problem. The main form of waste handling in these cities are landfilling, due to it being the cheapest and easiest option. Not only are nutrients wasted, but landfills of mixed waste create strong emission of greenhouse gasses and a leachate that affects groundwater quality. This major problem in addition to a higher demand for food due to the increase of the world population leaves us two problems to solve; to handle waste and produce food. The Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) and its larvae can solve both of these problems in one. The organic waste is fed to the fly larvae and the larvae produce biomass (larval weight) and a residue similar to un-mature compost. The larvae can then be fed live to animals or made into pellets to feed animals such as fish, and the residue can be used as fertilizer. However, in order for the larvae to be able to be extruded into pellets or fed live to ex. hens, an optimal protein and fat content of the larvae is needed. A higher protein and lower fat content of the larvae is optimal for both pellet production and to feed to animals. It has previously been found that an inclusion of mussels can lower the fat content and increase the protein content of the larvae. In this article, different amounts of mussels are included in the larvae diet apart from bread and cabbage to see if it has an effect on the compost process efficiency. The experiment is done by larvae being added to different ratios of bread: cabbage: mussels. The larvae are then harvested and process efficiency parameters; BCE (biomass conversion efficiency), survival percentage, material reduction and respiration are calculated. It was found that mussel inclusion was equivalent to a higher feeding load per larva. The BCE of the treatment with a higher feeding load and the treatment with the highest mussel inclusion were the same, meaning that mussel inclusion is equivalent to a diet with high amounts of carbohydrates. Mussel inclusion in the larva diet seems to be beneficial from a BCE standpoint and suits as a substrate as pH and survival was not negatively affected by the mussels.

A nutrição tem sido identificada como um fator chave que afeta diretamente o crescimento e o bom desempenho reprodutivo do animal quando utilizado como modelo experimental. Desta forma, é essencial uma dieta ideal acessível através da qual o zebrafish possa suprir todas suas necessidades nutricionais desde a fase larval até a sua fase adulta sem que haja necessidade de complementá-la com outros tipos de dietas, simplificando o cultivo destes animais. A dieta recomendada nos guidelines para a alimentação do Zebrafish criado em laboratório é composta por náuplios de Artemias (crustáceo rico em proteínas) em conjunto com uma ração seca rica em proteínas e sais minerais fundamentais para o bom desenvolvimento e reprodução desses animais. Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e padronizar uma dieta ideal de alimentação simples, eficaz, saudável e de baixo custo a fim de obter o melhor desempenho possível nos experimentos desenvolvidos com o zebrafish. Foram utilizadas 4 diferentes modelos de dietas preparadas a partir de 3 formas de alimentação que consistiram em náuplios de Artemias, a ração padrão-ouro disponível no mercado europeu denominada Gemma Micro® desenvolvida pela Skretting e a ração elaborada para este estudo identificada como Ração Ideal. Os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos de acordo com a dieta recebida: Grupo1- alimentados com Ração Gemma(G), Grupo 2- alimentados com Ração Gemma + Artemia (G+A), Grupo 3- alimentados com Ração Ideal (I) e Grupo 4- alimentados com Ração Ideal+Artemia (I+A). Para avaliar o desempenho da Ração Ideal, foram analisados comparativamente entre os grupos os parâmetros de sobrevivência, crescimento, maturação sexual e fertilidade em duas gerações de animais (Geração 0 Geração 1). Após a análise e vários testes realizados dentro de um modelo de ração que se ajustasse ao perfil de referência, Gemma Micro® e que atendesse as necessidades do zebrafish passamos a dar início aos experimentos utilizando a ração que apresentou melhor desempenho que passou a ser denominada Ração Ideal. Em relação a sobrevivência dos animais, observamos que, na Geração 0 os animais dos grupos 3 e 4 apresentaram maiores taxas de sobrevivência em relação aos outros grupos, no entanto na geração 1 todos os grupos apresentaram taxas de sobrevivência semelhantes. Analisando o crescimento dos animais, na geração 0 os animais dos grupos 2 e 4 apresentaram crescimento semelhante e foram maiores que os animais dos grupos 1 e 3. Na geração 1, os animais do grupo 2 foram os que mais cresceram e o grupo 4 cresceu mais em relação ao grupo 3. Todos os animais estavam maduros sexualmente aos 90dpf e quantidade de ovos viáveis foram maior nos grupos 1 e 2 em ambas as gerações. A Ração Ideal forneceu um aporte calórico suficiente e semelhante á ração Gemma para a sobrevivência dos animais nas fases iniciais do desenvolvimento, apresentando taxas de sobrevivência semelhantes entre os grupos. O acréscimo da artêmia á ração ideal foi fundamental para que o crescimento dos animais alimentados com essa ração demonstrassem um crescimento semelhante á ração referência, demonstrando a deficiência proteica da ração ideal. Todas as dietas promoveram maturidade sexual na faixa etária esperada (a partir de 90dpf) no entanto parece que a fertilidade foi maior nos grupos 1 e 2, possivelmente pelo maior aporte proteico que esses animais receberam. Este estudo conseguiu desenvolver e padronizar uma dieta ideal de alimentação, eficaz, saudável e de baixo custo semelhante ao padrão-ouro utilizado em laboratórios europeus e americanos que, após alguns ajustes em sua formulação poderá ser comercializada e utilizada pelos laboratórios de pesquisa ao redor do país / Nutrition has been identified as a key factor that directly affects the growth and good reproductive performance of the animal when used as an experimental model. In this way, an ideal diet should be accessible through which the zebrafish can meet all their nutritional needs from the larval phase to adulthood without any complement with other types of diets, simplifying the management of these animals. The diet recommended in the Zebrafish feeding guidelines is composed of Artemias nauplii (crustacean rich in proteins) together with a dry diet rich in proteins and minerals that are essential for the proper development and reproduction of these animals. This study aimed to develop and standardize an ideal diet for simple, effective, healthy and low-cost feeding in order to obtain the best possible performance in the experiments developed with zebrafish. Four different diets were prepared from 3 feeding forms consisting of Artemias nauplii, the gold-standard feed available in the Europe, the Gemma Micro® developed by Skretting and the dry feed elaborated in this study identified as Ideal . The animals were divided into 4 groups according to the diet received: Group 1 fed with Gemma (G), Group 2 fed with Gemma + Artemia (G + A), Group 3 fed with Ideal dry feed (I) and Group 4- fed with Ideal dry feed+ Artemia (I + A). To evaluate the performance of the Ideal dry feed, the parameters of survival, growth, sexual maturation and fertility in two generations of animals (Generation 0 Generation 1) were comparatively analyzed between the groups. After several tests performed within a feed model that fits the reference profile, Gemma Micro® and meets the zebrafish needs, we initiated the experiments using the feed that presented the best performance, named Ideal. Regarding the animals survival, we observed that in the Generation 0 animals of groups 3 and 4 presented higher survival rates in relation to the other groups, however in generation 1 all groups had similar survival rates. Analyzing the growth of the animals, in generation 0 the animals of groups 2 and 4 presented similar growth and were larger than the animals of groups 1 and 3. In generation 1, the animals of group 2 were the ones that were bigger than other ones. Animals of group 4 were bigger than group 3. All animals were sexually mature at 90dpf and fertility was evaluated by viable egg count. The number of viable egg were higher in groups 1 and 2 in both generations. The Ideal feed provided a sufficient caloric intake similar to the Gemma for the survival of the animals in the early stages of development, once survival rates were similar between the groups. Adding artemia to the ideal feed was fundamental for animal development, once the growth of the animals fed with ideal plus artemia demonstrated a similar growth to the reference feed, demonstrating the protein deficiency of the ideal feed. All diets promoted sexual maturity at the expected age range (from 90dpf), however it appears that fertility was higher in groups 1 and 2, possibly due to the higher protein intake of these animals. This study was able to develop and standardize an ideal, effective, healthy and low-cost diet similar to the gold standard feed used in laboratories around the world. After some adjustments in its formulation, the ideal feed should be marketed and used in the research laboratories in the country

O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de probióticos e antibióticos utilizados como promotores do crescimento sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte e a capacidade dos agentes de alterar o ecossistema intestinal de aves criadas em baterias e sobre piso. Adicionalmente foi estudado o efeito dos probióticos sobre a presença de oocistos na cama das aves. Os antibióticos tiveram sua eficácia, como promotores de crescimento, comprovada para aves criadas sobre piso, mas não em bateria. Foram observadas alterações na estrutura da comunidade de Bacteria no trato intestinal de frangos criados em baterias e sobre piso e suplementados com antibióticos. Não houve evidência de efeito favorável dos probióticos sobre o desempenho e incidência de oocisto na cama das aves. Os probióticos não tiveram a capacidade de colonizar o epitélio intestinal de frangos de corte. Foram observadas discretas modificações na estrutura da comunidade de Bacteria de frangos criados em bateria e sobre piso e suplementados com dietas contendo probióticos. A estrutura da comunidade de Bacteria do intestino delgado de frangos foi modificada em função do ambiente no qual frangos, suplementados com probióticos e antibióticos, foram criados. Frangos isentos de qualquer tipo de promotor de crescimento apresentaram 15 unidades taxonômicas operacionais distintas na microbiota intestinal aderida ao epitélio, predominantemente Lactobacillus e Pseudomonas. / This study was conducted to evaluated the effects of growth promoter probiotic and antibiotics on the perfomance and organ morphometry of broiler chickens raised in floor pens and in batteries and the ability of the additive to promote changes in the intestinal ecosystem. Additionally, the effect of probiotics on the presence of coccidia oocysts in the litter was evaluated. The efficacy of antibiotics as growth promoters was observed when the chickens were raised in floor pens but not in batteries. Antibiotic supplementation caused changes in the structure of Bacteria community of the intestinal tract of chicken raised in floor pens or in batteries. The probiotic additives tested did not result in improvement in performance in both environmental or in oocyst incidence in the litter. Also, the probiotic did not have the ability to colonize the intestinal epithelium of the birds. Discrete changes in the structure of Bacteria community were observed when probiotics were supplemented to chickens raised in floor pens or in batteries. Bacteria community structure in the small intestine of chicken was modified as a function of the environmental in which the birds were raised. Chicken fed diets devoid of growth promoters had 15 distinct phylogenetic groups in the microbiota adhered to the intestinal epithelium.

No description available.