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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Structure and dynamics of DNA confined in-between non-cationic lipid membranes / Structure et dynamique d'ADN confinée entre des membranes lipidiques non-cationiques / Estructura y dynâmica de DNA confinado entre membranas lipídicas não-catiônicas

Teixeira da Silva, Emerson Rodrigo 08 November 2011 (has links)
Une étude expérimentale sur la structure et la dynamique d'un complexe hydraté de fragments d'ADN (150 pb) et des phases lamellaires de lipides non-cationiques est présentée. Par la variation de d'hydratation, il est possible de contrôler le confinement imposé par cette matrice hôte sur les nucléotides insérés dans les couches aqueuses. L’organisation supramoléculaire du complexe est suivie par diffraction des rayons-X et des techniques de microscopie optique et électronique. Un riche polymorphisme de mésophases est observé en fonction du confinement. Dans le régime plus hydraté, les fragments se distribuent selon une orientation nématique. Dans la mesure où la quantité de l'eau diminue, le confinement des bicouches sur les nucléotides monte et des corrélations trans-membranaires donnent origine à des phases hautement organisées, avec de symétries rectangulaires et hexagonales (2D) d'ADN dans la phase lipidique. L'incorporation totale des nucléotides par la phase lamellaire est observée uniquement lorsque des grandes quantités d'ADN y sont présentes. Ce fait souligne une importance majeur des interactions de volume exclu. Une analyse du paramètre de Caillé montre que l'insertion des fragments diminue les fluctuations des membranes. À partir des ces observations, il est suggéré que la modification des interactions stériques entre des lamelles, associée à des effets interfaciaux ADN-membranes, est un mécanisme important dans le comportement de phases. Les propriétés dynamiques sont étudiés avec la technique de retour de fluorescence après photo-blanchiment (FRAP). Un modèle développé récemment pour l'analyse de diffusion anisotrope est testé avec succès, démontrant une corrélation proche entre structure et dynamique. / An experimental study on the structural and dynamical properties of a hydrated DNA-non-cationic complex is presented. By varying the water amount, it is possible to control the confinement imposed by this host matrix over the organization of the nucleotides inserted within the water layers. The supramolecular assembly is investigated by X-rays diffraction and techniques involving both optical and electron microscopy. A rich polymorphism of mesophases is observed in function of confinement. In the more hydrated regime, the fragments are distributed according to nematic orientation in-between lamellae. As the water amount decreases, the confinement of bilayers over the particles increases and transmembrane correlations appear, giving raise to highly-ordered phases, with 2D-rectangular and -hexagonal symmetries of DNA embodied in the lamellar phase. The full incorporation of nucleotides by the lamellar phase is observed only in the presence of large amounts of DNA. This finding points to major importance of excluded volume interactions. An analysis of the Caillé parameter shows that the insertion of DNA reduces the fluctuations of membranes. From these observations, it is suggested that changes in the interactions between bilayers, together with the appearance of interfacial effects between DNA and membranes, are a mechanism relevant for the phase behavior of these systems. The dynamical properties of nucleotides are investigated through the fluorescence recovery after photobleach (FRAP). A model recently developed for analyses of anisotropic diffusion is sucessfully tested, demonstrating a close relationship between structure and dynamics. / Um estudo experimental sobre aspectos estruturais e dinâmicos de um complexo hidratado de fragmentos de DNA (150 pb) e fases lamelares de lipídios não-catiônicos é apresentado. Variando-se a hidratação, é possível controlar o confinamento imposto por essa matriz hospedeira sobre os nucleotídeos inseridos na camada aquosa. O arranjo supramolecular do complexo é investigado por difração de raios X e técnicas de microscopia óptica e eletrônica. Um rico polimorfismo de mesofases é observado em função do confinamento. No regime mais hidratado, os fragmentos se distribuem segundo uma orientação nemática entre as membranas. À medida que a quantidade de água diminui, o confinamento das bicamadas sobre os nucleotídeos aumenta e correlações transmembranares aparecem, dando origem a fases altamente organizadas, com simetrias retangulares e hexagonais 2D de DNA entre as lamelas. A incorporação completa de nucleotídeos é observada apenas quando grandes quantidades de DNA estão presentes. Esse fato aponta para importância maior de interações de volume excluído. Uma análise do parâmetro de Caillé mostra que as flutuações das membranas diminuem com a inserção de DNA. A partir dessas observações, é sugerido que a alteração das interações entre membranas, aliada à aparição de efeitos interfaciais entre DNA e membranas, é um mecanismo relevante no comportamento de fase. As propriedades dinâmicas dos nucleotídeos são investigadas através da técnica de FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching). Um modelo recentemente desenvolvido para análise de difusão anisotrópica é testado com sucesso, demonstrando estreita correlação entre estrutura e dinâmica.
32

Potlačení strukturního šumu typu spekle / Speckle noise suppression

Kuchař, Otakar January 2018 (has links)
Master thesis deals with the study of ultrasound. The first part of this work is devoted to basic physical principles, imaging modes, ultrasound probes, biological effects and the last part is associated with the artifact associated with ultrasound waves. In the next part the specific noise called speckle noise is detaily discussed. The description includes both a mathematical and a statistical view. Several methods are described to eliminate this noise. In the practical part the described methods are realized and compared based on objective and subjective evaluation.

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