Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-15T14:25:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 João Olegário de Oliveira de Souza.pdf: 4255697 bytes, checksum: 53d282b67d9c0e2f0b8d76e886a38a6f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-15T14:25:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 João Olegário de Oliveira de Souza.pdf: 4255697 bytes, checksum: 53d282b67d9c0e2f0b8d76e886a38a6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-31 / Nenhuma / Os controladores do tipo Proporcional, Integral e Derivativo, comumente denominados de PID, são largamente utilizados no controle de processos industriais, tanto em sistemas monovariáveis quanto em sistemas multivariáveis. Hoje, cerca de 95% dos controladores utilizam este tipo de estrutura na indústria. O grande problema é que grande parte deles estão mal sintonizados, comprometendo em muitos casos o desempenho de malhas industriais. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma revisão geral sobre os algoritmos inspirados na natureza, Simulated Annealing e Algoritmos Genéticos (fundamentos, características, parâmetros, operadores) e sua aplicação ao problema da sintonia de controladores PID monovariáveis e multivariáveis. É estabelecida, através de estudo de casos, uma análise comparativa entre estas sintonizações com metaheurísticas e os métodos consagrados na literatura em aplicações industriais convencionais, utilizando como função de avaliação o índice Integral do Erro Absoluto ponderado pelo Tempo (ITAE). O trabalho também propõe o estudo de controladores PID através de Algoritmos Genéticos Multiobjetivos, que satisfaçam dois critérios de desempenho: overshoot e o índice de desempenho Integral do Erro Quadrático ponderado pelo Tempo (ITSE). Conforme demonstrado pelos resultados obtidos, pode-se afirmar que a metaheurística Algoritmos Genéticos é um método eficiente e confiável para a otimização de problemas de sintonia de controladores PID. / The Proportional, Integral and Derivative controllers, commonly called PID controllers, are widely used in industrial process control, in both SISO and multivariable systems. Today about 95% of controllers use this type of structure in the industry. The big problem is that most of them are poorly tuned, in many cases compromising the performance of industrial loops. This work presents a general review on nature-inspired algorithms, Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithms (basement, characteristics, parameters, operators) and its application in the problem of tuning PID controllers in both single variable and multivariable systems. There will be through case studies, a comparative analysis of these metaheuristics with established methods in the literature in conventional industrial applications using as evaluation function the Integral of time multiplied by the Absolute Error (ITAE) index. The work also proposes the study of PID controllers using multiobjective genetic algorithms which meet two performance criteria: overshoot and the Integral Time Square Error (ITSE) index. The results obtained confirm that Genetic Algorithms are an effective and reliable method to optimize complex problems.

La bactérie Deinococcus radiodurans est connue pour sa capacité à résister à un grand nombre de traitements génotoxiques parmi lesquels on peut citer l’exposition aux rayons ionisants, aux ultra-violets, à la mitomycine C, à la dessication et au stress oxydant. Elle est capable lors d’une exposition à des doses extrêmes de rayons γ générant des centaines de cassures de l’ADN de reconstituer un génome intact en seulement 2 à 3 heures via un mécanisme original, l’ESDSA, impliquant une synthèse massive d’ADN pendant la phase de réparation des cassures de l’ADN. En plus de mécanismes efficaces de réparation de l’ADN, elle possède un kit de survie comprenant une compaction importante du nucléoïde, des mécanismes de protection des protéines contre l’oxydation, une réponse originale aux lésions de l’ADN et des protéines spécifiques induites après irradiation. Tous ces facteurs contribuent au maintien de l’intégrité du génome et à la survie de la cellule lors de l’exposition à différents agents génotoxiques. Souvent considéré comme un organisme ayant une stabilité génomique exceptionnelle, cette bactérie possède dans son génome un grand nombre de séquences répétées et des éléments mobiles et est par ailleurs naturellement compétente. Ce sont autant de facteurs pouvant participer à la variabilité génétique de cette espèce. Je me suis donc intéressée lors de ma thèse à deux processus pouvant participer à l’instabilité génétique chez D. radiodurans : la recombinaison entre séquences répétées et la transformation naturelle.L’introduction dans le génome de D. radiodurans de séquences répétées directes de 438 pb séparées par des régions d’ADN d’une longueur allant de 1479 pb à 10 500 pb m’a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle majeur joué par l’appariement simple brin (Single Strand Annealing ou SSA) impliquant la protéine DdrB, spécifique des Deinococcaceae, joue un rôle majeur dans la recombinaison « spontanée » entre les séquences répétées en absence de la recombinase RecA. L’absence de DdrB dans des souches déficientes pour la recombinaison augmente davantage la perte de viabilité observée dans ces souches ce qui suggère que le SSA participe à la prise en charge de fourches de réplication bloquées, source majeure d’instabilité génétique en absence de stress extérieur, si ces fourches ne peuvent être prise en charge par des voies impliquant des protéines de recombinaison. Je me suis également intéressée à la transformation naturelle et aux protéines impliquées dans ce processus chez D. radiodurans. J’ai pu démontrer que la protéine DprA impliquée dans la protection de l’ADN simple brin et le chargement de RecA sur l’ADN simple brin internalisé lors de la transformation de nombreuses espèces comme Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis ou Helicobacter pylori, est également impliquée dans la transformation chez D. radiodurans. J’ai pu montrer également qu’en plus de jouer un rôle majeur dans la transformation par de l’ADN plasmidique, DdrB est impliquée dans la transformation par de l’ADN génomique si la protéine DprA est absente. / The bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans is known for its ability to withstand a large number of genotoxic treatments, including exposure to ionizing or ultraviolet radiation, mitomycin C, desiccation, and oxidative stress. It is able, upon exposure to extreme doses of γ-radiation generating hundreds of DNA breaks, to reconstitute an intact genome in only 2 to 3 hours via an ESDSA mechanism, involving massive DNA synthesis during DNA double strand break repair. Together with efficient DNA repair mechanisms, D. radiodurans possesses a survival kit comprising significant compaction of its nucleoid, protection mechanisms against protein oxidation, an original response to DNA damage and specific proteins induced after irradiation. All of these contribute to the maintenance of genomic integrity and cell survival upon exposure to various genotoxic agents. In spite of the idea that D. radiodurans is an organism with outstanding genomic stability, this bacterium has in its genome a large number of repeat sequences and mobile elements and is also naturally competent. All these factors contribute to the genetic variability of species. I was interested in two processes that can play a role in genetic variability in D. radiodurans: recombination between repeated sequences and natural transformation.The introduction, into the genome of D. radiodurans, of 438 bp direct repeated sequences separated by DNA regions ranging from 1,479 bp to 10,500 bp in length allowed me to demonstrate the major role of Single Strand Annealing (SSA) involving the DdrB protein specific for Deinococcaceae, in the "spontaneous" recombination between the repeated sequences in the absence of the RecA recombinase. The absence of DdrB in strains deficient for recombination further increased the loss of viability observed in these strains, suggesting that SSA is required for the management of blocked replication forks, a major source of genetic instability in the absence of external stress when these forks cannot be rescued by pathways involving recombination proteins.I was also interested in the natural transformation and proteins involved in this process in D. radiodurans. I demonstrated that DprA protein involved in DNA single strand protection and loading of RecA on single-stranded DNA internalized during transformation of many species such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, or Bacillus subtilis, is also involved in this process in D. radiodurans. I also showed that, in addition to playing a major role in transformation by plasmid DNA, DdrB is also involved in transformation by genomic DNA of cells devoid of the DprA protein.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-23T21:50:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Têmpera simulada aplicada no mapeamento tecnológico de FPGAs baseadas em LUTs.pdf: 6180241 bytes, checksum: 0999141a1ddfa162736db78d94e29dee (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-28T20:27:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Têmpera simulada aplicada no mapeamento tecnológico de FPGAs baseadas em LUTs.pdf: 6180241 bytes, checksum: 0999141a1ddfa162736db78d94e29dee (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-05T19:12:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Têmpera simulada aplicada no mapeamento tecnológico de FPGAs baseadas em LUTs.pdf: 6180241 bytes, checksum: 0999141a1ddfa162736db78d94e29dee (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-19 / Existem várias técnicas para a otimização de atributos de circuitos integrados. O foco atual dessas técnicas é a minimização da área do circuito em questão. Porém, as técnicas existentes possuem diversas etapas que precisam ser melhoradas, entre elas a etapa de Mapeamento Tecnológico (MT). O Mapeamento Tecnológico é uma etapa crucial no processo de síntese lógica, pois ele define qual conjunto de elementos lógicos serão utilizados para implementar o circuito na tecnologia alvo. Na literatura existem várias abordagens diferentes para otimização da etapa de mapeamento e atualmente as metodologias iterativas estão se popularizado. Esta dissertação propõe uma nova abordagem para o Mapeamento Tecnológico de Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), baseada em técnicas de otimização de Inteligência Artificial (IA), mais especificamente a técnica de Têmpera Simulada. A utilização de uma técnica de IA no Mapeamento Tecnológico é uma abordagem promissora pois se diferencia fortemente das técnicas já existentes, devido aos fatores de aleatoriedade em técnicas de otimização baseados em IA. A abordagem elaborada age em uma etapa do mapeamento chamada de cobertura, criando uma solução para o circuito baseada no número de cortes-K necessários para uma cobertura total do mesmo. Cada corte-K pode ser diretamente relacionado a uma Look-Up Table(LUT) da tecnologia FPGA, permitindo assim a geração de um circuito com a lógica equivalente a requisitada. Essa abordagem foi implementada na ferramenta FlexMap, a qual é um framework para o desenvolvimento de métodos para o MT. Foram realizados testes em 85 benchmarks dos pacotes ISCAS85 e MCNC91, amplamente conhecidos na área e frequentemente utilizados para testes de desempenho de novas abordagens. Os testes realizados apresentaram resultados promissores, mostrando que a abordagem desenvolvida consegue encontrar soluções comparáveis em vários casos a ferramenta ABC, considerada estado-da-arte no processo de MT. Os resultados obtidos pela abordagem proposta obtiveram melhoras em aproximadamente 19% dos casos avaliados com K=4 e 26% dos casos com K=5 sobre os resultados do ABC. / Currently there are several techniques for integrated circuit’s atribute optimization. The current focus of these techniques is to minimize the area of the given circuit. These current techniques, however, have several stages that need improvement, including the Technology Mapping stage. The technology mapping is a crucial step in the logic synthesis process, because it de?nes which set of logic elements will be used to implement the circuit in the target technology. In the literature there are several different approaches to optimize the mapping stage and currently iterative methodologies are becoming popular. This dissertation proposes a new approach to Technology Mapping of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), based on optimization techniques using Arti?cial Intelligence (AI), more speci?cally the Simulated Annealing technique, in order to propose an alternative solution to the problem. The utilization of an AI technique in technology mapping is promissing approach because it strongly differs from existing techniques due to the randomness factors in optimization techniques based on AI. The developed approach acts on the mapping stage called coverage, creating a solution for the circuit based on the number of k-cuts needed for a complete coverage. Each k-cut can be directly related to a FPGA’s Look-Up Table (LUT), allowing the generation of a circuit equivalent to the required logic. This approach has been implemented in the FlexMap tool, which is a framework for developing Technology Mapping methods. Tests were performed in 85 benchmarks of the ISCAS85 and MCNC91 packages, widely known in the area and commonly used for performance testing of new approaches. The tests conducted in the implemented approach had promising results, showing that the developed technique can ?nd solutions comparable in several cases to the ABC tool, which is considered state-of-the-art in the Technology Mapping process. The results obtained by the proposed approach obtained improvements in approximately 19% of the evaluated benchmarks with K=4 and 26% with K=5 over ABC’s results.

Submitted by PPG Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais (engenharia.pg.materiais@pucrs.br) on 2018-08-23T14:01:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandro Fernandes Firmino_TESE.pdf: 4757608 bytes, checksum: 52ddad6a85c21dfa1d36627079848e04 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-08-27T11:21:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandro Fernandes Firmino_TESE.pdf: 4757608 bytes, checksum: 52ddad6a85c21dfa1d36627079848e04 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T11:37:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandro Fernandes Firmino_TESE.pdf: 4757608 bytes, checksum: 52ddad6a85c21dfa1d36627079848e04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-20 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This work proposes the development of a low cost protocol for the production of TCNTs based on silver nanowires (AgNWs) on rigid substrates, and the improvement of the deposition technique to obtain a higher layer homogeneous, aiming at the optimization of its optical and electrical properties. For this, silver nanowires with length and diameter control were produced, aiming to evaluate the influence of these parameters on the optical and electrical properties of TCTFs. The effects of thermal annealing on the morphology of AgNWs networks and on the electrical and optical properties of TCTFs were also investigated. Studies were carried out to improve the deposition technique to obtain more homogeneous films and, as a result of this study, a new deposition technique (VMCV - Vertical Controlled Mechanical Vibration) was developed with INPI (National Institute of Intellectual Property). Silver nanowires were synthesized through the polyol process, which uses a polymer (N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as the coating agent. The prepared solutions of AgNWs were deposited on rigid substrates (glass / silicon) for analysis of topological and chemical surfaces, resulting in a random network of nanowires. The networks of AgNWs were characterized by MEV-FEG, UV-Vis, XPS and DSC-TGA techniques. The effect of thermal annealing on the AgNWs networks was investigated by means of in situ measurements of the evolution of the electrical resistances, through the technique of two tips, on a hot plate with temperature control system. Our best results exhibit an optical transparency (~ 83% at 550 nm) equivalent to commercial metal oxide thin films (indium oxide-oxide, ITO or fluoride oxide and tin oxide, FTO) and sheet resistance of ~ 23 ? / ?. / Este trabalho tem como proposta o desenvolvimento de um protocolo de baixo custo para produ??o de TCTFs (Filmes Finos Condutores Transparentes) ? base de nanofios de prata (AgNWs) sobre substratos r?gidos, e o aperfei?oamento da t?cnica de deposi??o para a obten??o de uma camada homog?nea, visando ? otimiza??o de suas propriedades ?pticas e el?tricas. Para isto, foram produzidos nanofios de prata com controle de comprimento e di?metro, visando avaliar a influ?ncia destes par?metros sobre as propriedades ?pticas e el?tricas dos TCTFs. Tamb?m foram investigados os efeitos do recozimento t?rmico na morfologia das redes de AgNWs e sobre as propriedades el?tricas e ?pticas dos TCTFs. Foram realizados estudos para o aperfei?oamento da t?cnica de deposi??o para a obten??o de filmes homog?neos e, como resultado deste estudo, desenvolveu-se uma nova t?cnica de deposi??o (VMCV- Vibra??o Mec?nica Controlada Vertical) registrada junto ao INPI (Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Intelectual). Os nanofios de prata foram sintetizados atrav?s do processo poliol, que utiliza um pol?mero (N-vinilpirrolidona) (PVP) como o agente de cobertura. As solu??es preparadas de AgNWs foram depositadas sobre substratos r?gidos (vidro/sil?cio) para an?lises de superf?cies topol?gicas e qu?micas, resultando em uma rede aleat?ria de nanofios. As redes de AgNWs foram caracterizadas pelas t?cnicas MEV-FEG, UV-Vis, XPS e DSC-TGA. O efeito do recozimento t?rmico sobre as redes de AgNWs foi investigado por meio de medi??es in situ da evolu??o das resist?ncias el?tricas, atrav?s da t?cnica de duas pontas, sobre uma chapa quente com sistema de controle de temperatura. Nossos melhores resultados exibem uma transpar?ncia ?ptica (~ 83% a 550 nm) equivalente a das pel?culas finas de ?xido de metal comercial (?xido de ?ndio-?xido, ITO ou ?xido de fl?or e ?xido de estanho, FTO) e resist?ncia de folha de ~ 23 ?/?.

Le Problème de Transport à la Demande (PTD), consiste à prendre en charge le transport des personnes d'un lieu de départ vers un lieu d'arrivée. Il est caractérisé par un ensemble de demandes de transport et d'un nombre de véhicules disponible. L'ultime objectif dans ce travail de thèse est d'offrir une alternative optimisée au déplacement individuel et collectif. Le PTD est classé parmi les problèmes NP-difficile, la majorité des travaux de recherche ont été concentrés sur l'utilisation des méthodes approchées pour le résoudre.Ce problème est également multicritère, la solution proposée dans ce travail permet à la fois une réduction du temps de voyage et également de la distance parcourue. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons notre contribution à l'étude et à la résolution du problème de transport à la demande multicritère et dynamique en appliquant l'algorithme de recuit simulé multi-objectif. Une grande partie de notre travail concerne la conception, le développement et la validation des approches qui permettent de donner des solutions optimales ou quasi optimales, pour un PTD. Ces approches utilisent une méthode multicritère qui s’appuie sur l’algorithme de recuit simulé. La modélisation du PTD est représentée par une architecture multi-acteurs. Cette architecture met en évidence l’aspect distribué du système ainsi que les interactions et les relations qui peuvent avoir lieu entre les différents acteurs. Nous présentons dans ce travail un Système Multi-Agents pour la planification des itinéraires des véhicules affectés au transport des voyageurs. Les agents de ce système utilisent le module d’optimisation développé dans la première partie / The Dial a Ride Problem (DRP) is to take passengers from a place of departures to places of arrivals. Different versions of the dynamic Dial a Ride Problem are found in every day practice; transportation of people in low-density areas, transportation of the handicapped and elderly persons and parcel pick-up and delivery service in urban areas. In the DRP, customers send transportation requests to an operator. A request consists of a specified pickup location and destination location along with a desired departure or arrival time. The ultimate aim is to offer an alternative to displacement optimized individually and collectively. The DRP is classified as NP-hard problem that’s why most research has been concentrated on the use of approximate methods to solve it. Indeed the DRP is a multi-criteria problem, the proposed solution of which aims to reduce both route duration in response to a certain quality of service provided. In this thesis, we offer our contribution to the study and solving the DRP in the application using a multi agent system based on the Multi-Objective Simulated Annealing Algorithm

Dans le cadre de l'optimisation multiobjectif, les métaheuristiques sont reconnues pour être des méthodes performantes mais elles ne rencontrent qu'un succès modéré dans le monde de l'industrie. Dans un milieu où seule la performance compte, l'aspect stochastique des métaheuristiques semble encore être un obstacle difficile à franchir pour les décisionnaires. Il est donc important que les chercheurs de la communauté portent un effort tout particulier sur la facilité de prise en main des algorithmes. Plus les algorithmes seront faciles d'accès pour les utilisateurs novices, plus l'utilisation de ceux-ci pourra se répandre. Parmi les améliorations possibles, la réduction du nombre de paramètres des algorithmes apparaît comme un enjeu majeur. En effet, les métaheuristiques sont fortement dépendantes de leur jeu de paramètres. Dans ce cadre se situe l'apport majeur de TRIBES, un algorithme mono-objectif d'Optimisation par Essaim Particulaire (OEP) qui fonctionne automatiquement,sans paramètres. Il a été mis au point par Maurice Clerc. En fait, le fonctionnement de l'OEP nécessite la manipulation de plusieurs paramètres. De ce fait, TRIBES évite l'effort de les régler (taille de l'essaim, vitesse maximale, facteur d'inertie, etc.).Nous proposons dans cette thèse une adaptation de TRIBES à l'optimisation multiobjectif. L'objectif est d'obtenir un algorithme d'optimisation par essaim particulaire multiobjectif sans paramètres de contrôle. Nous reprenons les principaux mécanismes de TRIBES auxquels sont ajoutés de nouveaux mécanismes destinés à traiter des problèmes multiobjectif. Après les expérimentations, nous avons constaté, que TRIBES-Multiobjectif est moins compétitif par rapport aux algorithmes de référence dans la littérature. Ceci peut être expliqué par la stagnation prématurée de l'essaim. Pour remédier à ces problèmes, nous avons proposé l'hybridation entre TRIBES-Multiobjectif et un algorithme de recherche locale, à savoir le recuit simulé et la recherche tabou. L'idée était d'améliorer la capacité d'exploitation deTRIBES-Multiobjectif. Nos algorithmes ont été finalement appliqués sur des problèmes de dimensionnement des transistors dans les circuits analogiques / Meta-heuristics are recognized to be successful to deal with multiobjective optimization problems but still with limited success in engineering fields. In an environment where only the performance counts, the stochastic aspect of meta-heuristics again seems to be a difficult obstacle to cross for the decision-makers. It is, thus, important that the researchers of the community concern a quite particular effort to ease the handling of those algorithms. The more the algorithms will be easily accessible for the novices, the more the use of these algorithms can spread. Among the possible improvements, reducing the number of parameters is considered as the most challenging one. In fact, the performance of meta-heuristics is strongly dependent on their parameters values. TRIBES presents an attempt to remedy this problem. In fact, it is a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm that works in an autonomous way. It was proposed by Maurice Clerc. Indeed, like every other meta-heuristic, PSO requires many parameters to be fitted every time a new problem is considered. The major contribution of TRIBES is to avoid the effort of fitting them. We propose, in this thesis, an adaptation of TRIBES to the multiobjective optimization. Our aim is to conceive a competitive PSO algorithm free of parameters. We consider the main mechanisms of TRIBES to which are added new mechanisms intended to handle multiobjective problems. After the experimentations, we noticed that Multiobjective-TRIBESis not competitive compared to other multiobjective algorithms representative of the state of art. It can be explained by the premature stagnation of the swarm. To remedy these problems, we proposed the hybridization between Multiobjective-TRIBES and local search algorithms such as simulated annealing and tabu search. The idea behind the hybridization was to improve the capacity of exploitation of Multiobjective-TRIBES. Our algorithms were finally applied to sizing analogical circuits' problems

O resíduo estudado neste trabalho é originado do processo de obtenção de alumínio metálico, de grande interesse no Brasil pelo fato do país ser detentor de algumas das maiores reservas do mineral bauxita no mundo, utilizado como fonte de alumínio. Tendo como estratégia a geração de resíduo zero, colaborando para as tecnologias ambientalmente amigáveis, este trabalho estuda a incorporação de um resíduo resultante da recuperação de alumínio presente na escória gerada durante o processo de produção primária do alumínio metálico, por plasma térmico. Utilizando-se o diagrama de equilíbrio de fases do sistema Al2O3-CaO-SiO2, fez-se a adequação das composições visando a incorporação de resíduo no produto cerâmico sem alterar as características de processamento do material. A obtenção de vidros e de fritas vitrocerâmicas com o resíduo borra branca foi realizada fazendo-se a fusão das composições calculadas e, para os vitrocerâmicos, tratamento térmico posterior de devitrificação. Os produtos obtidos foram caracterizados utilizando-se técnicas de análise tais como difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia do infravermelho (FTIR). Foi possível obter material vitrocerâmico com até 30% de resíduo de alumínio, após a fusão a 1300°C e devitrificação a 900°C. Em adição, o resíduo demonstrou ser um promissor material auxiliar na formação de fases cristalinas em baixos tempos de tratamento térmico. / This work studies the residue obtained from the process of aluminum metal extraction activities, a great interest process, because of Brazil own some of the biggest bauxite mineral reserves in all the world. As a useful choice for no residue generation, and a support for environmentally friendly technologies, this work studies the white dross residue (WDR), from the process of aluminum metal reduction by thermal plasma. The phase equilibrium diagram of Al2O3-Ca O-SiO2 system was used to calculate the compositions. The WDR were incorporated in a ceramic product without modifying its principal characteristics. The fusion and devitrification treatments were studied. XRD (X-ray diffractometry), SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and FTIR (transformed Fourier infrared) were used to investigate the glass and glassceramic samples. These techniques showed that is possible to get glassceramic with up to 30 mass% of WDR after molten at 1300 deg C and annealed at 900 deg C. In addition, the WDR showed to be a promising material in attainment of crystalline phases in less times of heat treatment for annealing.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-12-21T11:49:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fausto Stefanello Tomazi_.pdf: 1429293 bytes, checksum: 4e85a45b348c5d3cbf6a7e9e13e1be3b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-21T11:49:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fausto Stefanello Tomazi_.pdf: 1429293 bytes, checksum: 4e85a45b348c5d3cbf6a7e9e13e1be3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-23 / Nenhuma / Os sistemas de potência desempenham um papel fundamental na economia de uma nação, fornecendo energia elétrica com qualidade e sem interrupções a população. Para que isto seja possível grandes investimentos no setor são aplicados para garantir o fornecimento. No entanto, qualquer equipamento está sujeito a falhas, e analisar o impacto que falhas em equipamento afetam o fornecimento é uma das tarefas executadas pelos centros de controle, chamada de Análise de Segurança. Desta forma, os centros de controle são responsáveis por realizar planos de contingência para que em caso de algum equipamento saia de operação o impacto sofrido pela rede seja o menor possível. Uma importante tarefa da Análise de Segurança é a Seleção de Contingências. Esta tarefa sendo encarregada de selecionar os equipamentos mais importantes do sistema para que a tarefa de Análise de Segurança possa criar planos de prevenção caso os respectivos equipamentos saiam de operação. Os grandes sistemas elétricos existentes hoje são compostos de milhares de equipamentos, e uma análise mais detalhada para cada equipamento é algo de difícil resolução, sendo neste cenário que a seleção de contingência ganha importância. A Seleção de Contingência é encarregada de buscar e classificar as restrições mais importantes da rede, porem para redes de grande porte com milhares de itens, analisar o impacto de cada item é uma tarefa que pode levar muito tempo, não permitindo que o cálculo seja efetuado durante a operação do sistema. Desta forma faz-se necessário executar a Seleção de Contingências de forma eficiente e eficaz. Este estudo propõe o desenvolvimento do algoritmo metaheurístico de Simulated Annealing a fim de que a seleção de contingência seja executada de forma que atenda todas as restrições de tempo impostas pelos centros de controle. Nos experimentos é possível verificar que após uma sintonia de parâmetros para a instancia do problema abordado, os resultados encontrados atende as restrições dos centros de controle e também é possível visualizar que os resultados são ligeiramente melhores que resultados de trabalhos encontrados na literatura, onde o mesmo problema é abordado pela metaheurística do Algoritmo Genético. / Power systems play a key role in a nation's economy by providing quality, uninterrupted power to the population. For this to be possible large investments in the sector are applied to guarantee the supply. However, any equipment is subject to failures, and analyzing the impact that equipment failures affect supply is one of the tasks performed by control centers, called Safety Analysis. In this way, the control centers are responsible for carrying out contingency plans so that in the event of any equipment leaving the operation the impact suffered by the network is as small as possible. An important task of Security Analysis is the Selection of Contingencies. This task is in charge of selecting the most important equipment in the system so that the Security Analysis task can create prevention plans if the respective equipment goes out of operation. The large electrical systems that exist today are made up of thousands of equipment, and a more detailed analysis for each equipment is difficult to solve, and in this scenario contingency selection is important. The Contingency Selection is responsible for searching and classifying the most important restrictions of the network, but for large networks with thousands of items, analyzing the impact of each item is a task that can take a long time, not allowing the calculation to be performed During system operation. In this way it is necessary to perform the Contingency Selection efficiently and effectively. This study proposes the development of the metaheuristic algorithm of Simulated Annealing in order that the contingency selection is performed in a way that meets all the time constraints imposed by the control centers. In the experiments it is possible to verify that after a tuning of parameters for the instance of the problem approached, the results found meets the control center constraints and it is also possible to visualize that the results are slightly better than results of works found in the literature, where the same Problem is addressed by the metaheuristic of the Genetic Algorithm.

Capacitive crosstalk noise can affect the delay of a switching signal or induce a glitch on a static signal causing timing violations or chip failure. Crosstalk noise depends on coupling parasitics, driver strength, signal timing characteristics, and signal transition patterns. Layout level crosstalk analysis techniques are generally pessimistic and computationally expensive for large designs due to lack of design flexibility at lower-levels of design hierarchy. The architectural decisions such as type of interconnect architecture, number of storage and execution units, network of communicating units, data bus width, etc., have a major impact on the quality of design attributes such as area, speed, power, and noise. To address all these concerns, we propose a high-level synthesis framework to optimize for worst-case crosstalk patterns on coupled nets, a floorplan driven high-level synthesis framework to minimize coupling capacitance, and an on-chip technique to dynamically detect and eliminate worst-case crosstalk pattern on bus-based macro-cell designs. Due to Miller coupling effect, the switching activity pattern on adjacent nets may increase the effective capacitance seen by a victim net and thereby it may cause a worst-case signal delay on the victim net. However, signal activity pattern on coupled nets are dependent on data correlations which in turn depend on resource sharing. The resource sharing in turn depends on scheduling, allocation, and binding during high-level synthesis flow. Therefore, we propose a Simulated Annealing (SA) based design space exploration of HLS design subspace, bus line re-ordering, and encoding subspaces to optimize for worst-case crosstalk pattern in bus-based macro-cell designs. We demonstrate that the proposed framework will aid layout level techniques in eliminating false positive violations. We also propose an SA based algorithm to explore floorplan and HLS subspaces to optimize coupling capacitances in bus-based macro-cell designs. We have integrated an RTL floorplanner in HLS flow to estimate coupling capacitances between bus lines. Crosstalk analysis using Cadence Celtic shows that the designs generated by the proposed framework results in less number of crosstalk violations compared to designs generated through traditional ASIC design flow. We also propose an on-chip crosstalk detection and elimination technique that dynamically detects and eliminates worst-case crosstalk pattern with minimum area penalty compared to other layout level techniques reported in the literature.

Electron Beam Induced Deposition (EBID) is a direct write fabrication process with applications in circuit edit and debug, mask repair, and rapid prototyping. However, it suffers from significant drawbacks, most notably low purity. Work over the last several years has demonstrated that deposition from bulk liquid precursors, rather than organometallic gaseous precursors, results in high purity deposits of low resistivity (LPEBID). In this work, it is shown that the deposits resulting from LP-EBID are only highly conductive when deposited at line doses below 25μC/cm. When the dose exceeds this value, the resulting structure is highly porous providing a poor conductive pathway. It is also shown that beam current has no significant effect on the resistivity of the deposits. Nanowires with resistivity significantly lower than the previous best result of 67μΩ•cm were achieved, with the lowest resistivity being only 6.6μΩ•cm, only a factor of 4 higher than that bulk copper of 1.7μΩ•cm.