Anotações têm sido associadas a documentos em todas as gerações de sistemas hipermídia. Este trabalho explora o uso de anotações como hiperdocumentos de primeira classe baseados em sua semântica. Nesse contexto, anotações são entidades próprias, na forma de hipertexto, possuindo seus próprios atributos e operações. A Web Semântica é uma extensão da Web atual na qual é dado um significado bem definido à informação, permitindo que informações sejam compreensíveis não só por humanos, mas também por computadores. Este trabalho possui como objetivo prover um serviço aberto, o GroupNote, de suporte a anotações colaborativas como hiperdocumentos de primeira classe na Web Semântica. Para prover esse serviço foram realizadas a modelagem conceitual e a definição e implementação de uma API, a API GroupNote. Como um estudo de caso do serviço GroupNote foi construída a aplicação WebNote, uma ferramenta que permite que usuários tenham seu próprio repositório de anotações na Web. / Annotations have been associated with documents in all the generations of hypermedia systems. This work investigates annotations as first class hyperdocuments based on their semantics: annotations are entities (with their own attributes and operations) in the hypertext form. The Semantic Web is an extension of the current Web in which a well-defined meaning is given to information, allowing the information to be comprehensible not only by humans, but also by machines. This work aims at providing an open service, GroupNote, to support collaborative annotations as first class hyperdocuments in the Semantic Web. The provision of the GroupNote service demanded the conceptual modeling, the definition and implementation of its API. As a case study of the GroupNote service, the WebNote application was built as a tool that allows users to have your own repository of annotations in the Web.

This study has been carried out as a part of the EC funded project, SMARTDOC IST-2000-28137, with the objective of developing application components that provide highly interactive visualization and collaboration functionalities. The low-level components from the graphics library AVS OpenViz 2.0 are used as the development basis. The application components can be inserted into electronic documents that allow embedded controls such as web documents or Microsoft Word or PowerPoint documents. Instead of displaying results as static images, a SMARTDOC component provides the ability to visualize data and interact with it inside the document. Although the principal goal of the SMARTDOC project is to create components in a number of different application domains this study concentrates on developing a medical imaging application component in collaboration with the project partners AETmed and professor Alan Jackson at the University of Manchester. By incorporating the application component into patient reports, the clinicians are provided the ability to interact with the 3D data that is described in the reports. To improve the usability of the component, it makes use of a visual user interface (VUI), which gives the user the ability to interact and change parameters directly in the visualization process. Collaborative work over geographical distances is an area that is becoming increasingly common and thus more interesting. As the availability of bandwidth has increased and the communication technologies have advanced, many companies express their interest for this new practical method of work. A company with offices in different countries would benefit from collaborative techniques providing closer cooperation within the company. Specialized institutions and laboratories could gather much experience and information through collaborative research. Medical imaging and visualization technique are areas where distinct disciplines such as networking, user interfaces and 3D visualization naturally can be fused together in order to develop collaborative environments. The visualization components developed within the SMARTDOC project will be the foundation for collaborative application components integrated with the Microsoft DirectX® multimedia library. In the medical imaging area, collaborative work can be used to improve diagnoses, journaling and teaching. This study focuses on developing a prototype of an interactive visualization component for 3D medical imaging and creating a collaborative environment using a multimedia library originally meant for network gaming.

Manter os documentos de requisitos atualizados e recuperar os requisitos de um software são desafios enfrentados por desenvolvedores no seu dia a dia durante o desenvolvimento, a manutenção e a evolução de sistemas. Embora existam técnicas para gestão de requisitos, muitas vezes estas técnicas não são aplicadas, os requisitos não são atualizados e a única fonte de informação confiável sobre um software passa a ser seu código-fonte. Esta tese apresenta a TDRRC, uma técnica para a documentação e recuperação dos requisitos no código-fonte usando anotações. A TDRRC possibilita a reengenharia de requisitos sem que haja uma interrupção no desenvolvimento e permite que os requisitos sejam documentados em ambientes de desenvolvimento ágil. A TDRRC contribui para a redução dos problemas relacionados à atualização dos requisitos, pois o desenvolvedor responsável pelo programa passa a ser responsável pela documentação e atualização dos requisitos no código-fonte que ele escreve e mantém. Este trabalho apresenta também formas de aplicar a TDRRC na reengenharia de requisitos, em métodos ágeis e na gestão de requisitos, assim como a sua aplicação em um estudo de caso. / Keeping requirements documents updated and recovering requirements of a software are common challenges faced by developers on their day to day activities. Although there are many requirements management techniques, usually these techniques are not applied, requirements are not updated and the only reliable source of information about a software becomes its source code. This thesis presents TDRRC, a technique that can be used to document and retrieve requirements from the source code using annotations. Applying TDRRC, it is possible to reengineer the requirements of a software without interrupting its development. Also requirements can be documented in a agile environment. TDRRC also contributes to minimize requirements documents update issues as the developer will be clearly responsible for documenting and updating the requirements in the source code he is programming. This thesis also presents how to apply the technique in a requirement reengineering project, in a agile development environment and in a requirements management process. Finally a case study is presented.

El proyecto de investigación propuesto se enmarca dentro del área de diseño de producto con aplicaciones de modelado sólido CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing). Concretamente, se pretende hacer un estudio de las herramientas de anotación asociativas disponibles en las aplicaciones comerciales de modelado CAD con el fin de analizar su uso, viabilidad, eficiencia y efectos en la modificación y reutilización de modelos digitales 3D, así como en la gestión y comunicación del conocimiento técnico vinculado al diseño. La idea principal de esta investigación doctoral es establecer un método para representar y evaluar el conocimiento implícito de los ingenieros de diseño acerca de un modelo digital, así como la integración dinámica de dicho conocimiento en el propio modelo CAD, a través de anotaciones, con el objetivo de poder almacenar y comunicar eficientemente la mayor cantidad de información útil acerca del modelo, y reducir el tiempo y esfuerzo requeridos para su alteración y/o reutilización. / Dorribo Camba, J. (2014). ANNOTATION MECHANISMS TO MANAGE DESIGN KNOWLEDGE IN COMPLEX PARAMETRIC MODELS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ALTERATION AND REUSABILITY [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/45997 / TESIS

Negation is a complex phenomenon present in all human languages, allowing for the uniquely human capacities of denial, contradiction, misrepresentation, lying, and irony. It is in the first place a phenomenon of semantical opposition. Sentences containing negation are generally (a) less informative than affirmative ones, (b) morphosyntactically more marked—all languages have negative markers while only a few have affirmative markers, and (c) psychologically more complex and harder to process. Negation often conveys positive meaning. This meaning ranges from implicatures to entailments. In this dissertation, I develop a system to reveal the underlying positive interpretation of negation. I first identify which words are intended to be negated (i.e, the focus of negation) and second, I rewrite those tokens to generate an actual positive interpretation. I identify the focus of negation by scoring probable foci along a continuous scale. One of the obstacles to exploring foci scoring is that no public datasets exist for this task. Thus, to study this problem I create new corpora. The corpora contain verbal, nominal and adjectival negations and their potential positive interpretations along with their scores ranging from 1 to 5. Then, I use supervised learning models for scoring the focus of negation. In order to rewrite the focus of negation with its positive interpretation, I work with negations from Simple Wikipedia, automatically generate potential positive interpretations, and then collect manual annotations that effectively rewrite the negation in positive terms. This procedure yields positive interpretations for approximately 77% of negations, and the final corpus includes over 5,700 negations and over 5,900 positive interpretations. I then use sequence-to-sequence neural models and provide baseline results.

This master thesis deals with an architecture Model-View-Controller. It explains the principle, model, usage and benefits of an architecture. Futhure more, it presents the best known web frameworks on Java platform which derive benefit from this architecture. There are frameworks like Apache Struts, Tapestry and Spring. In my thesis, the principles of framworks and the work with them are described. Concerning another part of my thesis, there are simple applications which use this frameworks. The work gives instructions to make these applications. It describes and compares the latest versions of these tools. It deals more with framework Spring, describes its elementary principles and modules with enhanced sight to Web MVC of Spring.

Technology is changing education. Just 30 years ago, instructors were using slow, inefficient technology such as projectors and reels of film, whereas today they have instant access to video from anywhere in the world. This capability has the potential to change the way that language is being taught and learned. Instead of students relying solely on their teacher and textbook for linguistic input, they have access to the Internet which holds a seemingly endless amount of information. This study was inspired by the belief that it is possible to maximize the potential benefit from that availability by implementing the theory that people learn language best when they have access to comprehensible input (Buri, 2012; Crossley, Allen, & McNamara, 2012; Krashen, 1985; Shintani, 2012; Zarei & Rashvand 2011). It also implements the belief of some second-language acquisitions theorists that subtitled video provides language learners with more comprehensible input than non-subtitled video alone (Borrás & Lafayette, 1994; Chun & Plass, 1996; Danan, 2004; Di Carlo, 1994). Thus, this study used interactive subtitled video to investigate the effects of three word definition types on participants' vocabulary comprehension and involved the selection of 120 Russian (L2)words of equal difficulty that were randomly sorted into one of four groups -- three treatments and a control group. Each treatment group contained 30 Russian words with a different type of definition in English (L1): dictionary definitions, which provided the viewers with the definition they would find in the bilingual dictionary; glosses which provided the viewers with the exact meaning of the word only as it pertains to the given context; and annotations which provided an explanation to clarify a word's use in different contexts or its non-traditional uses. Participants totaled 53 men and women ages 18-30 from 4 countries, US, Canada, Germany, and Sweden, who were advanced L2 learners of Russian. To control for the possible effects of a pretest, some of the subjects took a vocabulary pretest, and then all subjects watched a film in Russian with Russian subtitles, which was immediately followed by a vocabulary posttest. Results showed that annotations were most conducive to vocabulary gains, followed by glosses, dictionary definitions, and no definition, respectively. Although this was not the case for all participants, this outcome did hold for the majority, and several possible reasons for this outcome are discussed.

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This thesis presents a method for integrating heterogeneous gene/protein datasets at the functional level based on Gene Ontology term similarity. Often biologists want to integrate heterogeneous data sets obtain from different biological samples. A major challenge in this process is how to link the heterogeneous datasets. Currently, the most common approach is to link them through common reference database identifiers which tend to result in small number of matching identifiers. This is due to lack of standard accession schemes. Due to this problem, biologists may not recognize the underlying biological phenomena revealed by a combination of the data but by each data set individually. We discuss an approach for integrating heterogeneous datasets by computing the similarity among them based on the similarity of their GO annotations. Then we group the genes and/or proteins with similar annotations by applying a hierarchical clustering algorithm. The results demonstrate a more comprehensive understanding of the biological processes involved.