INTRODUÇÃO: A incidência de rotura do LCA aumentou, principalmente, entre atletas jovens. Além disso, esta população possui compromissos esportivos e necessidade de retornar às atividades em curto prazo. O posicionamento dos túneis é uma das variáveis mais importantes no sucesso da reconstrução do LCA em que o cirurgião pode intervir. Apesar de existirem trabalhos sobre reconstrução do LCA e avaliações funcionais, poucos estudos prospectivos avaliam a relação entre o posicionamento radiográfico dos túneis e os resultados clínicos. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a relação entre o posicionamento radiográfico dos túneis na reconstrução do LCA e as avaliações funcionais de atletas no período de retorno ao esporte. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi conduzido prospectivamente em 86 atletas (23 ± 5,9 anos, 63 homens) com lesão do LCA submetidos à reconstrução artroscópica pela técnica transtibial no Grupo de Medicina do Esporte do IOT HC-FMUSP, de 2008 a 2010. Realizadas radiografias digitais (aparelho Duo Diagnost InRad) nos planos coronal, sagital e incidência de túnel e mensurações no sistema iSite PACS HC-FMUSP (Philips). Coletados protocolos de Tegner, Lysholm, IKDC objetivo, IKDC subjetivo e retorno ao esporte aos seis e 12 meses (m). Avaliada força de associação pelo teste de correlação de Pearson, regressão logística e ANOVA, p<0,05 (STATA 10). RESULTADOS: Radiografias projeção plano coronal (fêmur 38 ± 4%; tíbia 43 ± 3%), projeção plano sagital (fêmur Amis 62 ± 7%; fêmur Harner 74 ± 8%; tíbia 39 ± 6%), inclinação do enxerto (plano coronal 190 ± 40; incidência túnel 190 ± 50). Avaliações funcionais: Lysholm (6m = 87 ± 10,7; 12m = 91 ± 12,2), Tegner (6m = 5 ± 1,4; 12m = 7 ± 1,8), IKDC subjetivo (6m = 75 ± 13,8; 12m = 85 ± 14,5), retorno ao esporte em 12m (66,7%). Projeções sagitais de túneis femorais por sobre a linha de Blumensaat ( de Pearson = -0,33, p = 0,02), assim como túneis tibiais no plano coronal ( de Pearson = 0,35, p = 0,01) e sagital (F = 3,36, p = 0,04) possuem associações significativas com as escalas funcionais. Estas relações não puderam ser explicadas por fatores basais ou demográficos. CONCLUSÃO: Nos atletas, as projeções dos túneis femorais mais posteriores, assim como projeções dos túneis tibiais mais mediais e posteriores, estão relacionadas a menores valores de avaliações funcionais. / There has been an increase of ACL injuries occurring in young athletes. Aside from this increase, athletes have intensive scheduling and must resume physical activity shortly after injury. Tunnel positioning is one of the most important variables in ACL reconstruction success in which surgeons can interfere. Although there are many studies on ACL reconstruction and functional assessments, few studies have prospectively investigated the relationship between radiographic tunnel positioning and clinical outcomes. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between tunnel positioning and functional assessments in athletes during return to sports. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted with 86 athletes (23 ± 5.9 years, 63 males) who underwent transtibial ACL reconstruction in the Sports Medicine Group (IOT-HC FMUSP) from 2008 to 2010. Digital radiographs were acquired (Duo diagnostic InRad) in coronal, sagittal and tunnel incidence and analyzed at iSite PACS HC-FMUSP (Philips). Tegner, Lysholm, IKDC form and return to sports were collected at six and 12 months (m). Task force was assessed by Pearson correlation test, logistic regression and ANOVA, p<0.05 (STATA 10). RESULTS: Radiographic coronal view (femur 38 ± 4%, tibia 43 ± 3%), sagittal view (femur Amis 62 ± 7%; femur Harner 74 ± 8%, tibia 39 ± 6%), graft inclination (coronal 190 ± 40; tunnel 190 ± 50). Functional outcomes: Lysholm (6 m = 87 ± 10.7, 12 m = 91 ± 12.2), Tegner (6 m = 5 ± 1.4, 12 m = 7 ± 1.8), IKDC subjective (6m = 75 ± 13.8; 12m = 85 ± 14.5), return to sports (66.7%). Femoral tunnel projections along Blumensaat line on sagittal view (PCC = -0.33, p = 0.02) and tibial tunnels on coronal view (PCC = 0.35, p = 0.01) and sagittal view (F = 3.36, p = 0.04) are statistically correlated to functional outcomes. These correlations between tunnel positioning on functional outcomes could not be explained by demographic or baseline characteristics. CONCLUSION: Athlete population has lower values of functional outcomes related to more posterior femoral tunnel projections and more medial and posterior tibial tunnel projections.

Introdução: Na reconstrução anatômica do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) com banda simples, o diâmetro dos túneis não preenche totalmente sua área de origem e inserção. Estudos recentes sugerem que a banda anteromedial teria um papel dominante na função estabilizadora do LCA em qualquer grau de flexão, o que favoreceria o posicionamento dos túneis nessa região. No entanto, ao se buscar reproduzir a função das duas bandas com um enxerto simples, a escolha mais intuitiva é posicioná-lo na região central. O posicionamento inadequado do enxerto poderá resultar em uma instabilidade residual, mais evidente em indivíduos com alta demanda funcional, como é o caso de esportistas. Retomar a prática esportiva no mesmo nível não depende somente da estabilidade isolada do joelho, é preciso que o equilíbrio postural seja reestabelecido. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o posicionamento do enxerto na região anteromedial ou central na origem e inserção do LCA. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo clínico prospectivo e randomizado, incluindo 42 esportistas (Tegner > 5) com lesão do LCA alocados para serem submetidos àreconstrução anatômica na posição anteromedial (22 pacientes - Grupo AM) ou central (20 pacientes - Grupo C). O desfecho primário foi obtido pelo valor médio da oscilação do centro de pressão (CP) de cada indivíudo no plano mediolateral (Xavg) avaliado na plataforma de força com apoio monopodálico simulando a posição de chute aos 6 meses de pós-operatório, enquanto os demais parâmetros de posturografia, escalas de Tegner, Lysholm, IKDC subjetivo, hop test e avaliação isocinética foram considerados desfechos secundários. Todos os resultados foram avaliados aos 6 e 12 meses, com exceção da escala de Tegner, avaliada somente aos 12 meses. Resultados: Na avaliação dos dados de posturografia fornecidos pela plataforma de força, o grupo C apresentou melhores resultados quando comparados ao grupo AM em três parâmetros de oscilação mediolateral do CP: valor médio (Xavg) na posição de chute aos 6 meses (-0,43 ± 0,15cm vs. -0,87 ± 0,18cm respectivamente, p < 0,05), deslocamento máximo (Xmax) na posição de apoio monopodálico simples aos 12 meses (1,05 ± 0,18cm vs. 1,28 ± 0,31 cm respectivamente, p < 0,05) e valor médio na posição de flexão do joelho aos 6 meses (0,31 + 1,35cm vs. -1,03 + 1,18cm respectivamente, p < 0,05). O grupo C também apresentou melhores resultados quando comparado ao grupo AM nas seguintes avaliações: índice de simetria do hop test aos 6 meses (93 ± 7% vs. 84 ± 17% respectivamente, p < 0,05) e aos 12 meses (100 ± 7% vs. 92 ± 7% respectivamente, p < 0,05) e deficit do pico de torque na velocidade angular de 60o/s aos 6 meses (12,55 ± 9,77 Nm vs. 22,9 ± 17,89 Nm respectivamente, p < 0,05). Conclusões: A reconstrução anatômica do LCA na posição central apresentou melhores resultados em três parâmetro de posturografia relacionados a oscilação no plano mediolateral (incluindo o desfecho primário), melhor índice de simetria no hop test e menor deficit do pico de torque na velocidade angular de 60o/s aos 6 meses, quando comparados à reconstrução na posição anteromedial. Não houve diferença significante quanto ao número de complicações / Introduction: Bone tunnel diameters in anatomical single-bundle anterior cruciate reconstruction cannot fulfill the footprint area. The latest studies have suggested that the anteromedial bundle might play a dominant role in ACL function at any flexion degree. This fact could support placing the bone tunnel on the anteromedial bundle footprint. However, positioning the graft at the center of the footprint could be a more efficient way to mimic part of the two-bundle function. Improper graft positioning may result in residual instability, particularly in individuals with higher functional demand, such as sport practitioners. Returning to their sport at the same level as before their injury could not be defined by knee stability alone; a global evaluation provided by more comprehensive parameters, such as postural balance, should also be included. The main purpose of this study is to compare grafts on anteromedial or central area positions in an ACL footprint. Methods: A prospective, randomized clinical study included 42 sports practitioners (Tegner > 5) with ACL injury undergoing anatomic ACL reconstruction on the anteromedial footprint (22 patients - AM group) or at the central footprint area (20 patients - Group C). The primary outcome was based on a mean center pressure (CP) mediolateral oscillation parameter analysis of each individual simulating a kicking motion on a force plate. Other posturography parameters, Tegner, Lysholm and IKDC subjective scales, a hop test and an isokinetic evaluation were considered as secondary outcomes. All results were evaluated at 6 and 12 months, with the exception of the Tegner scale, which was evaluated only at 12 months. Results; Group C presented better results in three posturography parameters when compared with Group AM: mean mediolateral plane oscillation with kicking position at 6 months (-0,43 ± 0,15cm vs. -0,87 ± 0,18cm respectively, p < 0.05), maximum CP lateral displacement with the one leg standing position at 12 months (1,05 ± 0,18cm vs. 1,28 ± 0,31 cm respectively, p < 0.05) and mean mediolateral plane oscillation with knee flexed position (0.31 ± 1.35 cm vs. -1.03 ± 1.18 cm respectively, p < 0.05) and). Group C also presented better results in the following evaluations: symmetry index in the hop test at 6 months (93 ± 7% vs. 84 ± 17% respectively, p < 0.05) and at 12 months (100 ± 7% vs. 92 ± 7%, respectively, p < 0.05) and torque peak deficit on angular velocity of 60 o/s at 6 months (12.55 ± 9.77 Nm vs. 22.9 ± 17, 89 Nm respectively, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Anatomic single bundle ACL reconstruction in the center of the ACL footprint shows better results compared with the anteromedial ACL footprint area in three posturography parameters related to coronal plane balance, index of symmetry in the hop test and the peak of torque deficit on an angular velocity of 60 o/s at 6 months. Surgical complications were similar in both groups

Introdução: Na reconstrução anatômica do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) com banda simples, o diâmetro dos túneis não preenche totalmente sua área de origem e inserção. Estudos recentes sugerem que a banda anteromedial teria um papel dominante na função estabilizadora do LCA em qualquer grau de flexão, o que favoreceria o posicionamento dos túneis nessa região. No entanto, ao se buscar reproduzir a função das duas bandas com um enxerto simples, a escolha mais intuitiva é posicioná-lo na região central. O posicionamento inadequado do enxerto poderá resultar em uma instabilidade residual, mais evidente em indivíduos com alta demanda funcional, como é o caso de esportistas. Retomar a prática esportiva no mesmo nível não depende somente da estabilidade isolada do joelho, é preciso que o equilíbrio postural seja reestabelecido. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o posicionamento do enxerto na região anteromedial ou central na origem e inserção do LCA. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo clínico prospectivo e randomizado, incluindo 42 esportistas (Tegner > 5) com lesão do LCA alocados para serem submetidos àreconstrução anatômica na posição anteromedial (22 pacientes - Grupo AM) ou central (20 pacientes - Grupo C). O desfecho primário foi obtido pelo valor médio da oscilação do centro de pressão (CP) de cada indivíudo no plano mediolateral (Xavg) avaliado na plataforma de força com apoio monopodálico simulando a posição de chute aos 6 meses de pós-operatório, enquanto os demais parâmetros de posturografia, escalas de Tegner, Lysholm, IKDC subjetivo, hop test e avaliação isocinética foram considerados desfechos secundários. Todos os resultados foram avaliados aos 6 e 12 meses, com exceção da escala de Tegner, avaliada somente aos 12 meses. Resultados: Na avaliação dos dados de posturografia fornecidos pela plataforma de força, o grupo C apresentou melhores resultados quando comparados ao grupo AM em três parâmetros de oscilação mediolateral do CP: valor médio (Xavg) na posição de chute aos 6 meses (-0,43 ± 0,15cm vs. -0,87 ± 0,18cm respectivamente, p < 0,05), deslocamento máximo (Xmax) na posição de apoio monopodálico simples aos 12 meses (1,05 ± 0,18cm vs. 1,28 ± 0,31 cm respectivamente, p < 0,05) e valor médio na posição de flexão do joelho aos 6 meses (0,31 + 1,35cm vs. -1,03 + 1,18cm respectivamente, p < 0,05). O grupo C também apresentou melhores resultados quando comparado ao grupo AM nas seguintes avaliações: índice de simetria do hop test aos 6 meses (93 ± 7% vs. 84 ± 17% respectivamente, p < 0,05) e aos 12 meses (100 ± 7% vs. 92 ± 7% respectivamente, p < 0,05) e deficit do pico de torque na velocidade angular de 60o/s aos 6 meses (12,55 ± 9,77 Nm vs. 22,9 ± 17,89 Nm respectivamente, p < 0,05). Conclusões: A reconstrução anatômica do LCA na posição central apresentou melhores resultados em três parâmetro de posturografia relacionados a oscilação no plano mediolateral (incluindo o desfecho primário), melhor índice de simetria no hop test e menor deficit do pico de torque na velocidade angular de 60o/s aos 6 meses, quando comparados à reconstrução na posição anteromedial. Não houve diferença significante quanto ao número de complicações / Introduction: Bone tunnel diameters in anatomical single-bundle anterior cruciate reconstruction cannot fulfill the footprint area. The latest studies have suggested that the anteromedial bundle might play a dominant role in ACL function at any flexion degree. This fact could support placing the bone tunnel on the anteromedial bundle footprint. However, positioning the graft at the center of the footprint could be a more efficient way to mimic part of the two-bundle function. Improper graft positioning may result in residual instability, particularly in individuals with higher functional demand, such as sport practitioners. Returning to their sport at the same level as before their injury could not be defined by knee stability alone; a global evaluation provided by more comprehensive parameters, such as postural balance, should also be included. The main purpose of this study is to compare grafts on anteromedial or central area positions in an ACL footprint. Methods: A prospective, randomized clinical study included 42 sports practitioners (Tegner > 5) with ACL injury undergoing anatomic ACL reconstruction on the anteromedial footprint (22 patients - AM group) or at the central footprint area (20 patients - Group C). The primary outcome was based on a mean center pressure (CP) mediolateral oscillation parameter analysis of each individual simulating a kicking motion on a force plate. Other posturography parameters, Tegner, Lysholm and IKDC subjective scales, a hop test and an isokinetic evaluation were considered as secondary outcomes. All results were evaluated at 6 and 12 months, with the exception of the Tegner scale, which was evaluated only at 12 months. Results; Group C presented better results in three posturography parameters when compared with Group AM: mean mediolateral plane oscillation with kicking position at 6 months (-0,43 ± 0,15cm vs. -0,87 ± 0,18cm respectively, p < 0.05), maximum CP lateral displacement with the one leg standing position at 12 months (1,05 ± 0,18cm vs. 1,28 ± 0,31 cm respectively, p < 0.05) and mean mediolateral plane oscillation with knee flexed position (0.31 ± 1.35 cm vs. -1.03 ± 1.18 cm respectively, p < 0.05) and). Group C also presented better results in the following evaluations: symmetry index in the hop test at 6 months (93 ± 7% vs. 84 ± 17% respectively, p < 0.05) and at 12 months (100 ± 7% vs. 92 ± 7%, respectively, p < 0.05) and torque peak deficit on angular velocity of 60 o/s at 6 months (12.55 ± 9.77 Nm vs. 22.9 ± 17, 89 Nm respectively, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Anatomic single bundle ACL reconstruction in the center of the ACL footprint shows better results compared with the anteromedial ACL footprint area in three posturography parameters related to coronal plane balance, index of symmetry in the hop test and the peak of torque deficit on an angular velocity of 60 o/s at 6 months. Surgical complications were similar in both groups

INTRODUÇÃO: A incidência de rotura do LCA aumentou, principalmente, entre atletas jovens. Além disso, esta população possui compromissos esportivos e necessidade de retornar às atividades em curto prazo. O posicionamento dos túneis é uma das variáveis mais importantes no sucesso da reconstrução do LCA em que o cirurgião pode intervir. Apesar de existirem trabalhos sobre reconstrução do LCA e avaliações funcionais, poucos estudos prospectivos avaliam a relação entre o posicionamento radiográfico dos túneis e os resultados clínicos. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a relação entre o posicionamento radiográfico dos túneis na reconstrução do LCA e as avaliações funcionais de atletas no período de retorno ao esporte. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi conduzido prospectivamente em 86 atletas (23 ± 5,9 anos, 63 homens) com lesão do LCA submetidos à reconstrução artroscópica pela técnica transtibial no Grupo de Medicina do Esporte do IOT HC-FMUSP, de 2008 a 2010. Realizadas radiografias digitais (aparelho Duo Diagnost InRad) nos planos coronal, sagital e incidência de túnel e mensurações no sistema iSite PACS HC-FMUSP (Philips). Coletados protocolos de Tegner, Lysholm, IKDC objetivo, IKDC subjetivo e retorno ao esporte aos seis e 12 meses (m). Avaliada força de associação pelo teste de correlação de Pearson, regressão logística e ANOVA, p<0,05 (STATA 10). RESULTADOS: Radiografias projeção plano coronal (fêmur 38 ± 4%; tíbia 43 ± 3%), projeção plano sagital (fêmur Amis 62 ± 7%; fêmur Harner 74 ± 8%; tíbia 39 ± 6%), inclinação do enxerto (plano coronal 190 ± 40; incidência túnel 190 ± 50). Avaliações funcionais: Lysholm (6m = 87 ± 10,7; 12m = 91 ± 12,2), Tegner (6m = 5 ± 1,4; 12m = 7 ± 1,8), IKDC subjetivo (6m = 75 ± 13,8; 12m = 85 ± 14,5), retorno ao esporte em 12m (66,7%). Projeções sagitais de túneis femorais por sobre a linha de Blumensaat ( de Pearson = -0,33, p = 0,02), assim como túneis tibiais no plano coronal ( de Pearson = 0,35, p = 0,01) e sagital (F = 3,36, p = 0,04) possuem associações significativas com as escalas funcionais. Estas relações não puderam ser explicadas por fatores basais ou demográficos. CONCLUSÃO: Nos atletas, as projeções dos túneis femorais mais posteriores, assim como projeções dos túneis tibiais mais mediais e posteriores, estão relacionadas a menores valores de avaliações funcionais. / There has been an increase of ACL injuries occurring in young athletes. Aside from this increase, athletes have intensive scheduling and must resume physical activity shortly after injury. Tunnel positioning is one of the most important variables in ACL reconstruction success in which surgeons can interfere. Although there are many studies on ACL reconstruction and functional assessments, few studies have prospectively investigated the relationship between radiographic tunnel positioning and clinical outcomes. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between tunnel positioning and functional assessments in athletes during return to sports. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted with 86 athletes (23 ± 5.9 years, 63 males) who underwent transtibial ACL reconstruction in the Sports Medicine Group (IOT-HC FMUSP) from 2008 to 2010. Digital radiographs were acquired (Duo diagnostic InRad) in coronal, sagittal and tunnel incidence and analyzed at iSite PACS HC-FMUSP (Philips). Tegner, Lysholm, IKDC form and return to sports were collected at six and 12 months (m). Task force was assessed by Pearson correlation test, logistic regression and ANOVA, p<0.05 (STATA 10). RESULTS: Radiographic coronal view (femur 38 ± 4%, tibia 43 ± 3%), sagittal view (femur Amis 62 ± 7%; femur Harner 74 ± 8%, tibia 39 ± 6%), graft inclination (coronal 190 ± 40; tunnel 190 ± 50). Functional outcomes: Lysholm (6 m = 87 ± 10.7, 12 m = 91 ± 12.2), Tegner (6 m = 5 ± 1.4, 12 m = 7 ± 1.8), IKDC subjective (6m = 75 ± 13.8; 12m = 85 ± 14.5), return to sports (66.7%). Femoral tunnel projections along Blumensaat line on sagittal view (PCC = -0.33, p = 0.02) and tibial tunnels on coronal view (PCC = 0.35, p = 0.01) and sagittal view (F = 3.36, p = 0.04) are statistically correlated to functional outcomes. These correlations between tunnel positioning on functional outcomes could not be explained by demographic or baseline characteristics. CONCLUSION: Athlete population has lower values of functional outcomes related to more posterior femoral tunnel projections and more medial and posterior tibial tunnel projections.

Thesis (MScPhysio (Physiotherapy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / Patients’ knowledge about the effectiveness of interventions is now recognized as an important facilitator of the implementation of evidence in practice. Evidence-based, patient education programs aim to impart knowledge about the efficacy and effectiveness about interventions to individuals. However, there is currently a lack of structured evidence-based educational programs to educate patients about the evidence-base for interventions prescribed by the health professionals in the field of orthopaedics. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to develop and validate an Arabic version of an evidence-based educational program for patients who are scheduled to undergo ACL reconstruction surgery in UAE, based on available evidence collated through a systematic review process. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted to generate clinical recommendations which were used to develop the evidence-based educational program. The evidence-based information was derived from secondary research to determine which rehabilitation strategies were most effective in improving outcome measurements following ACL reconstruction surgery. A pre-final draft of the evidence-based educational program was prepared and forward and back translated from English into the Arabic language. Feedback groups of ACL patients and physiotherapists were used to determine the content and face validity of the program. The final draft was validated in a group of 40 ACL patients waiting to undergo ACL reconstruction surgery at Zayed Military hospital and Abu Dhabi Knee and Sports Medicine Centre in the UAE, using checklists. RESULTS: A total of 40 patients undergoing ACL reconstruction surgery consented to participate in this study. All the subjects were male. The age range was between 18 to 38 years old with mean age of 28.5 years (SD 5.75). Most of the patients (65%) underwent ACL reconstruction surgery to the right knee. Of the total sample (n=40), the majority of the subjects who participated in this study (90 %), had ACL surgery for the first time. Most of the responses to the evidence-based educational program checklist were positive. iv CONCLUSION: It can be recommended that the newly-developed evidence-based educational program is a valid tool which can be given to ACL patients prior to ACL reconstruction to prepare them for the rehabilitation postoperatively. By informing patients of their condition, the expected outcomes of their condition and the effect of doing exercises to improve their condition, the patients will be more encouraged to partake in rehabilitation, as they know it is for their own good. This will ultimately improve overall patient care and improve management of ACL patients.

Bakgrund: Främre korsbandsskador (ACL-skador) är allvarliga och vanligt förkommande inom idrott, speciellt hos ungdomar i åldrarna 14-19 år. En förhöjd risk för ACL-skador har påvisats för individer aktiva inom fotboll och handboll, vilka är mycket populära sporter världen över. Inom dessa sporter har även kvinnor påvisats ha två till åtta gånger högre risk att drabbas än män. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka om det fanns någon skillnad i knästabilitet vid en hopp-landningsrörelse mellan tjejer och killar i åldrarna 16-19 år, aktiva inom fotboll och handboll samt att undersöka om det fanns någon skillnad mellan fotbollsspelarna och handbollsspelarna, oavsett kön. Metod: Ett drop jump-test utfördes av 20 ungdomar, aktiva inom fotboll och handboll, medelålder ±SD 17,0 ± 0,9 år. Testerna filmades i frontal- och sagittalplanet och analyserades sedan med hjälp av Landning Error Scoring System (LESS). Post hoc-analyser genomfördes för att kontrollera skillnader i 1) graden av valgusställning i knäleden mellan tjejerna och killarna och 2) graden av knäflexion mellan fotbolls- och handbollsspelarna i landningsmomentet. Ett oberoende student’s t-test användes till de statistiska analyserna och signifikansnivån sattes till p ≤ 0,05. Resultat: Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad i LESS-poäng mellan tjejerna och killarna (p = 0,694). Fotbollsspelarna hade signifikant lägre LESS-poäng än handbollsspelarna (p = 0,002). Andelen tjejer som uppvisade valgusställning i knäleden under testutförandet var högre än hos killarna. Fotbollsspelarna uppvisade enligt LESS tillräcklig knäflexion i landningsmomentet i högre utsträckning än handbollsspelarna under testutförandet. Slutsats: Ingen signifikant skillnad i knästabilitet och hopp-landningsteknik fanns mellan tjejerna och killarna. Fotbollsspelarna hade signifikant bättre knästabilitet och hopp-landningsteknik än handbollsspelarna. Tjejerna hade en större grad av valgusställning i knäleden vid testutförandet än killarna och handbollsspelarna uppvisade inte lika stor knäflexion som fotbollsspelarna vid testutförandet. Mer forskning krävs inom området för att resultaten ska kunna generaliseras. / Background: Anterior cruciate ligament injuries (ACL-injuries) are serious and common in sports, especially in adolescents between the ages of 14 and 19. An increased risk for ACL-injury has been shown in individuals active in soccer and team handball, which both are popular sports worldwide. Within these sports, women have been proven to have two to eight times greater risk for ACL-injury than men. Aim: The aim was to investigate whether there was any difference in knee stability during a jump-landing movement between girls and boys aged 16-19 years, active in soccer and team handball and also to investigate whether there was any difference between the soccer players and team handball players, regardless of gender. Method: A drop jump test was performed by 20 adolescents, active in soccer and team handball, mean ± SD age 17.0 ± 0.9 years old. The tests were recorded in the frontal and sagittal plane and were then analyzed using the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS). Post hoc analyzes were used to examine differences in 1) the degree of knee valgus alignment between the girls and the boys and 2) the degree of knee flexion between the soccer- and the team handball players in the landing movement. An independent student’s t-test was used in the statistical analysis and the level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: There was no significant difference in LESS-score between the girls and the boys (p = 0.694). The soccer players had significantly lower LESS-score (p = 0.002). A higher frequency of the girls displayed a knee valgus alignment during the test compared to the boys. The soccer players displayed according to LESS adequate knee flexion to greater extent than the team handball players did during the test. Conclusion: No significant difference in knee stability and jump-landing technique was found between the girls and the boys. The soccer players displayed significantly better knee stability and jump-landing technique than the team handball players. The girls displayed a greater degree of knee valgus during the test than the boys did and the team handball players displayed a smaller degree of knee flexion then the soccer players did. More research is required within the area to be able to generalize the results.

Title: Instrumental Gait Analysis in the ACL Patient Aim: to present an up to date review on the topic of instrumental analysis of straight ahead gait on a plain surface (both over-ground and on a treadmill) in ACL patients (both deficient and reconstructed). A second aim is to introduce the clinician (especially in the field of physiotherapy/rehabilitation) to the topic of gait analysis and its specific use for the ACL patient. Methods: a systematic review on the topic Results The review answers the questions of what instrumentation, phases of gait and variables is best to use/measure for clinical purposes. It also identifies and discusses three main gait strategies used by ACL patients: quadriceps avoidance, knee stiffening, pivot shift avoidance. Keywords: gait, analysis, walking, clinical, instrumental, anterior cruciate ligament, ACL, deficient, reconstruction, injury

Title: Physical therapy procedures in patients following the operation of the anterior cruciate ligament Objectives: The main objective of this work is to determine the influence of the chosen method of reconstruction and subsequent physiotherapy on the final status of the patient. And also if the group physiotherapy is the ideal therapeutic approach. Methods: In quantitative research the numerical analysis of the data was performed. Comparison of individual groups was performed simply through finding the frequency distribution of individual characters. Evaluated were the basic sets A (patients operated on by Bone - Tendon - Bone method, BTB) and B (patients operated on by hamstring graft method, STG). Both sets were assessed using the input and the output kinesiological analysis. The resulting values of the variables in each category (individual examinations in the input and output kinesiological analysis) were compared with each other.The statistical significance of observed differences was tested using the x2 (chi square) test at the significance level of p < 0.05. Results: It was determined that the selected surgical method (BTB and STG) has an effect on certain parameters evaluated in the input rated kinesiological analysis. These parameters in the majority of examinations performed at the...

L'ingénierie tissulaire est une discipline récente aux enjeux ambitieux et prometteurs : la régénération de tissus ou d'organes lésés voire détruits en mettant à profit des connaissances et compétences dans différents domaines à l'interface de la chimie et de la biologie. Pour répondre à la demande d'alternatives aux techniques chirurgicales actuelles de réparation du ligament antérieur croisé, nous avons décidé d'appliquer l'ingénierie tissulaire à ce tissu en associant matrices en polymères dégradables et cellules souches mésenchymateuses (CSM). Dans un premier temps, nous avons donc travaillé à la synthèse de polymères adaptés à l'application en cherchant à mettre l'accent sur l'obtention de propriétés élastiques. De nouveaux élastomères dégradables obtenus par des approches originales de photoréticulation chimique de poly(lactide) (PLA) et de poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) par voie nitrène ou thiol-yne ont notamment été développés avec des résultats prometteurs. En parallèle, des copolymères thermoplastiques multiblocs à base de PLA et poloxamine ou poloxamère nous ont permis de mener une étude plus appliquée. Ces copolymères ont en effet montré, en particulier au cours d'une étude de dégradation in vitro de 7 semaines, des propriétés, notamment thermiques et mécaniques, qui en font d'eux des candidats intéressants pour le conception d'une matrice ligamentaire. C'est pourquoi ils ont été utilisés pour la conception de prototypes de matrices de régénération textiles dont les propriétés mécaniques se sont révélées être très proches de celles du ligament. Après avoir démontré l'excellente cytocompatibilité de ces matrices avec des CSM, nous avons finalement mené des expériences de différenciation in vitro de ces CSM et sommes parvenus à favoriser leur orientation vers un phénotype ligamentocytaire, notamment grâce à un procédé de stimulation mécanique cyclique des cellules ensemencées sur les matrices textiles. / Tissue engineering is a recent discipline with ambitious and promising stakes: the regeneration of wounded or destroyed tissues or organs by taking advantage of knowledge and skills in various fields at the interface of chemistry and biology. In order to meet the need for alternatives to current surgical techniques of anterior cruciate ligament repair, we decided to apply the tissue engineering approach to this tissue by associating degradable polymer scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). At first we worked on the synthesis of biodegradable polymers suitable for the application and focused on getting elastic properties. New degradable elastomers obtained by chemical photocrosslinking of poly(lactide) (PLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) were developed by following nitrene or thiol-yne strategies and yielded promising results. In parallel, a more in depth and practical study was performed with PLA based thermoplastic multiblock copolymers embedding poloxamer or poloxamine. These copolymers exhibited properties that make them attractive candidates for the design of ligament regeneration scaffolds, and especially their thermal and mechanical properties during a 7 week in vitro degradation test. That is why they were used to design prototypes of textile scaffolds whose mechanical properties were found to be very close to the ligament's ones. After demonstrating the excellent cytocompatibility of these scaffolds with MSCs, we finally carried out in vitro differentiation experiments on these MSCs and managed to induce their orientation towards a ligamentocyte phenotype, particularly through a process of cyclic mechanical stimulation of cells seeded on the textile scaffolds.

O estudo analisa experimentalmente a integração tendinosa no túnel ósseo femoral na reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior do joelho esquerdo com o tendão do músculo semitendíneo autólogo, utilizando imagens de ressonância magnética, teste biomecânico e análise histológica em 15 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia. Após os períodos de quatro, oito e doze semanas do procedimento cirúrgico, os animais foram submetidos ao exame de ressonância magnética para avaliar o túnel femoral dos joelhos. A seguir os animais foram eutanasiados e os joelhos foram submetidos a testes de tração em uma máquina de ensaios mecânicos Kratos para verificar a integração do enxerto nos túneis e a exame histológico do túnel femoral. A análise dos resultados demonstrou integração mecânica do tendão no túnel femoral a partir da 4ª semana em todos os animais estudados e observou-se na histologia e nas imagens da ressonância magnética alterações do enxerto e da área ao redor de forma heterogênea, sugerindo um processo de cicatrização do tendão-osso, porém não se pode afirmar que ocorria a integração até a 12 semanas. / The purpose was to verify the incorporation (healing) of the graft of the semitendinous tendon into the femoral bone tunnel after an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and verify the post operative evolution of the biomechanical histology and magnetic resonance image analysis of the graft into the femoral bone tunnel. Fifteen New Zealand white rabbits were submitted to an intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the left knee, using semitendinous tendon autograft. The rabbits were submitted to an magnetic resonance image at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after surgery, after which they were euthanized. The left knee of each rabbit was disarticulated and the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was tested for the biomechanical properties and histological analysis of the femoral tunnel. Every rabbit knee showed incorporation of the tendon at the femoral tunnel as of the fourth week in all of the knees studied. After the fourth week signs of integration occurred in the histological analysis and heterogeneous alterations in the magnetic resonance image of the graft and the surrounding areas, which suggests a healing process. Despite the biomechanical incorporation of the graft in the femoral bone tunnel after the fourth week it was not possible to affirm that there occurred incorporation of the graft until the completion of 12 weeks in histological and magnetic resonance image analysis.