Thesis (MSc.(Pharmacology)--Faculty of Health Sciences)-University of Pretoria, 2007.

Thesis (M. Med. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center; full text release delayed at author's request until 2006 May 26.

Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Luis Claudio Di Stasi / Banca: Maria Del Carmen Velazquez Pereda / Banca: Vera Lucia Borges Isaac / Resumo: A pele é uma importante barreira biológica que interage com inúmeros estímulos ambientais. O desequilíbrio entre essas interações pode resultar em alterações metabólicas importantes, como processos inflamatórios freqüentes e agressivos ao tecido cutâneo. Assim, produtos com atividade anti-inflamatória tópica são de grande interesse farmacêutico e cosmético. Physalis angulata L. (camapú) da família Solanaceae ocorre principalmente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, onde é usado na medicina popular como anti-inflamatório e no tratamento de problemas da pele. Com base nestas informações, a espécie foi escolhida para esse estudo, onde avaliamos a atividade anti-inflamatória do extrato de camapú em culturas de queratinócitos humanos. Culturas de queratinócitos foram sensibilizadas com LPS (200 μg/ml) e depois tratadas com o extrato hidrometanólico (70%) liofilizado de camapú nas concentrações 15,23; 7,62; 3,81 μL/mL. Avaliamos a atividade anti-inflamatória no sobrenadante das culturas pela quantificação dos mediadores: Interleucinas 1 alfa (IL-1α), 6 (IL-6) e 10 (IL-10), prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) e histamina através de ensaios imunoenzimáticos (ELISA). Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística (ANOVA e Dunnett). As duas menores concentrações do extrato foram capazes de reduzir a síntese de histamina em até 70% e, em média, 50% da síntese de PGE2, em comparação aos controles incubados apenas com LPS.A maior concentração avaliada do extrato reduziu em 60% a produção de IL-6 e houve diminuição de 30% para as outras duas concentrações quando comparadas ao controle inflamado, enquanto que as duas maiores concentrações do extrato reduziram em 45% a síntese de IL-1 α. Para o perfil da citocina anti-inflamatória IL-10 apenas a menor concentração do extrato foi capaz de aumentar em 40% a concentração dessa interleucina no ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The skin, as the primary interface between the body and the environment can respond to a great range of environmental stimuli. Altered responses can lead to important alterations in the tissue physiology such as an excessive inflammation condition, which can produce effects ranging from mild discomfort to permanent impairment of tissue integrity. The pharmaceutical and cosmetic use of natural products is increasing; therefore, products with potential anti inflammatory activity are very significant for the research in this area. Physalis angulata L. belongs to the Solanaceae family and grows in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil where it is known as Camapu. It is used in popular medicine as anti inflammatory and for skin disorders. Based on this information the extract of this species was assayed in the search for anti inflammatory activity on human keratinocytes cultures. Theses cultures were incubated with LPS (200μg/ml) and then treated with hydromethanolic (70%) extract of lyophilized P. angulata at three concentrations (1.523x10-2, 7.62x10-3, e 3.81x10-3 mg/ml). We evaluated the anti inflammatory activity in cultures supernatants through quantification of inflammatory mediators: Interleukine-6 (IL-6) and 10 (IL-10), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and histamine.Statistical analysis was performed (ANOVA e Dunnett) and significant difference was taken as p < 0.05. At the lower concentrations the extract was able to reduce 70% the concentration of histamine and 50% of prostaglandin E2. IL-6 concentrations were reduced by the three concentrations of the extract compared to LPS controls, while the two higher concentrations of the extract reduced by 45% the synthesis of IL-1α.For the profile of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 the lowest concentration of the extract was able to increase 40% its concentration in the culture supernatant.These result ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:53:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 checon_jt_me_botib.pdf: 672285 bytes, checksum: d13a0ee5c101a54f8aed60e3139a2121 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A pele é uma importante barreira biológica que interage com inúmeros estímulos ambientais. O desequilíbrio entre essas interações pode resultar em alterações metabólicas importantes, como processos inflamatórios freqüentes e agressivos ao tecido cutâneo. Assim, produtos com atividade anti-inflamatória tópica são de grande interesse farmacêutico e cosmético. Physalis angulata L. (camapú) da família Solanaceae ocorre principalmente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, onde é usado na medicina popular como anti-inflamatório e no tratamento de problemas da pele. Com base nestas informações, a espécie foi escolhida para esse estudo, onde avaliamos a atividade anti-inflamatória do extrato de camapú em culturas de queratinócitos humanos. Culturas de queratinócitos foram sensibilizadas com LPS (200 μg/ml) e depois tratadas com o extrato hidrometanólico (70%) liofilizado de camapú nas concentrações 15,23; 7,62; 3,81 μL/mL. Avaliamos a atividade anti-inflamatória no sobrenadante das culturas pela quantificação dos mediadores: Interleucinas 1 alfa (IL-1α), 6 (IL-6) e 10 (IL-10), prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) e histamina através de ensaios imunoenzimáticos (ELISA). Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística (ANOVA e Dunnett). As duas menores concentrações do extrato foram capazes de reduzir a síntese de histamina em até 70% e, em média, 50% da síntese de PGE2, em comparação aos controles incubados apenas com LPS.A maior concentração avaliada do extrato reduziu em 60% a produção de IL-6 e houve diminuição de 30% para as outras duas concentrações quando comparadas ao controle inflamado, enquanto que as duas maiores concentrações do extrato reduziram em 45% a síntese de IL-1 α. Para o perfil da citocina anti-inflamatória IL-10 apenas a menor concentração do extrato foi capaz de aumentar em 40% a concentração dessa interleucina no... / The skin, as the primary interface between the body and the environment can respond to a great range of environmental stimuli. Altered responses can lead to important alterations in the tissue physiology such as an excessive inflammation condition, which can produce effects ranging from mild discomfort to permanent impairment of tissue integrity. The pharmaceutical and cosmetic use of natural products is increasing; therefore, products with potential anti inflammatory activity are very significant for the research in this area. Physalis angulata L. belongs to the Solanaceae family and grows in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil where it is known as Camapu. It is used in popular medicine as anti inflammatory and for skin disorders. Based on this information the extract of this species was assayed in the search for anti inflammatory activity on human keratinocytes cultures. Theses cultures were incubated with LPS (200μg/ml) and then treated with hydromethanolic (70%) extract of lyophilized P. angulata at three concentrations (1.523x10-2, 7.62x10-3, e 3.81x10-3 mg/ml). We evaluated the anti inflammatory activity in cultures supernatants through quantification of inflammatory mediators: Interleukine-6 (IL-6) and 10 (IL-10), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and histamine.Statistical analysis was performed (ANOVA e Dunnett) and significant difference was taken as p < 0.05. At the lower concentrations the extract was able to reduce 70% the concentration of histamine and 50% of prostaglandin E2. IL-6 concentrations were reduced by the three concentrations of the extract compared to LPS controls, while the two higher concentrations of the extract reduced by 45% the synthesis of IL-1α.For the profile of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 the lowest concentration of the extract was able to increase 40% its concentration in the culture supernatant.These result ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O Ãleo-resina da Copaifera langsdorffii (Leguminaceae) Ã utilizado popularmente no tratamento de processos inflamatÃrios e na cicatrizaÃÃo de feridas e Ãlceras. Estudos prÃvios estabeleceram as propriedades gastroprotetora e antiinflamatÃria em modelos animais. O presente estudo avaliou o potencial antiinflamatÃrio do Ãleo-resina da Copaifera langsdorffii (ORCL) e de seu constituinte diterpÃnico, Ãcido kaurenÃico (AK) nos modelos experimentais de colite induzida por Ãcido acÃtico (UC-AA), por Ãcido trinitrobenzÃnico sulfÃnico (UC-TNBS), e ainda, indometacina e isquemia-reperfusÃo induzindo inflamaÃÃo intestinal (II-IND e II-I/R). E tambÃm, o potencial de cicatrizaÃÃo de feridas foi avaliado em ratos com feridas abertas e com incisÃo. Ratos foram prÃ-tratados via oral (15 e 2 horas antes) ou retal 2 horas apÃs a induÃÃo da colite, com ORCL (200 e 400mg/Kg), AK (50 e 100mg/Kg) ou veÃculo (1mL, 2% Tween 80 ou 1mL, 2% DMSO). A colite foi induzida pela aplicaÃÃo de 2mL de Ãcido acÃtico 4% (v/v) ou TNBS (0,25 mL com 20mg) e 24 ou 72 horas depois, os danos na mucosa do cÃlon foram avaliados, medidos os nÃveis de mieloperoxidase e malonaldeÃdo. No modelo de (CU-AA), houve uma importante reduÃÃo no escore da lesÃo e peso Ãmido nos animais tratados com as substÃncias teste, quando comparado ao controle veÃculo. Os efeitos foram confirmados na bioquÃmica pela significante reduÃÃo da atividade da mieloperoxidase (MDA), o marcador da infiltraÃÃo de neutrÃfilos e pela marcada diminuiÃÃo nos nÃveis de malonaldeÃdo, um indicador da lipoperoxidaÃÃo. AlÃm de o Ãcido acÃtico aumentar os nÃveis de nitrito e da enzima catalase no cÃlon, onde o tratamento com ORCL diminuiu significativamente. A anÃlise microscÃpica revelou uma diminuiÃÃo da infiltraÃÃo de cÃlulas inflamatÃrias e do edema da submucosa, nos segmentos do cÃlon tratados com ORCL ou AK. De maneira similar, no modelo de UC-TNBS, houve uma reduÃÃo do escore da lesÃo e peso Ãmido do cÃlon de animais prÃ-tratados com ORCL (400mg/Kg, v.o. ou retal) 2, 24 e 48 horas apÃs a injeÃÃo intracolÃnica de TNBS. A atividade da MPO, mas nÃo MDA e catalase foram significativamente afetados pelo prÃ-tratamento com ORCL. As observaÃÃes histolÃgicas indicam uma proteÃÃo parcial do ORCL, como UC-TNBS Ã um modelo crÃnico, talvez houvesse necessidade de uma terapia mais prolongada. No modelo de II-I/R, quarenta e cinco minutos de isquemia seguida de uma hora de reperfusÃo da artÃria mesentÃrica superior causou significante aumento nos nÃveis de MPO, catalase, MDA e nitrito, com uma significante diminuiÃÃo dos grupos sulfidrÃlicos nÃo-protÃicos (NP-SH/GSH) indicando um estresse oxidativo. Estes valores foram sigificamente revertido pelo prÃ-tratamento via oral com ORCL (200 e 400mg/Kg), sugerindo que ORCL anula o estresse oxidativo. Animais prÃ-tratados com ORCL (200 e 400mg/Kg, v.o.) ou AK (100mg/Kg, v.o.), 12 e 2 horas antes da administraÃÃo de 20mg/Kg de indometacina causando toxicidade intestinal, foi capaz de ser evidenciado pela diminuiÃÃo nos nÃveis de MPO e nitrito. Diferente da indometacina, ORCL mas nÃo AK falharam em induzir o aumento signifativo na permeabilidade intestinal. Este efeito do ORCL foi similar ao inibidor seletivo de COX-2, rofecoxibe. Estas observaÃÃes sugerem que ORCL Ã isento de toxicidade intestinal diferente da toxicidade intestinal dos inibidores clÃssicos nÃo seletivos da COX. AlÃm disso, ORCL promove cicatrizaÃÃo de feridas aberta ou com incisÃo em ratos evidenciada pela contraÃÃo e tensÃo da pele. Os dados indicam um potencial antiinflamatÃrio do Ãleo-resina da copaÃba e do seu diterpeno Ãcido kaurenÃico, possivelmente mediado pelos mecanismos antioxidantes e anti-lipoperoxidativo / Copaiba oil-resin from Copaifera langsdorffii (Leguminaceae) is a reputed traditional remedy for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and to promote healing of ulcers and wounds. Previous studies established its anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective properties through animal experimentation. The present study extended these earlier studies to analyse the intestinal anti-inflammatory potential of oil-resin Copaifera langsdorffii (ORCL) and its diterpene constituent, kaurenoic acid (KA) in rat models of ulcerative colitis induced by acetic acid (AA-UC), and trinitribenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS-UC), and in indomethacin -and ischemia-reperfusion-induced intestinal inflammation (IND-II and I/R-II). Further, its wound healing potential was evaluated in rats on open and incision wounds. Rats were pretreated orally (15 hrs and 2 hrs before) or rectally 2 hrs before the induction of colitis with ORCL (200 and 400 mg/kg), KA (50 and 100 mg/kg) or vehicle (1 ml, 2% Tween 80 or 1 ml, 2% DMSO). Colitis was induced by intracolonic instillation of a 2 ml of 4% (v/v) acetic acid solution or TNBS (0.25 ml of 20 mg) and 24 hrs or 72 hrs latter, the colonic mucosa was analysed for the severity of macroscopic colonic damage, the myeloperoxidase and the malondialdehyde levels. In AA-UC model, a marked reduction in Gross damage score and in wet weight/length ratio of colonic tissue were evident in animals pretreated orally or rectally with test substances, as compared to vehicle alone-treated controls. This effect was confirmed biochemically by a significant reduction in colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, the marker of neutrophilic infiltration and by a marked decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) level, an indicator of lipoperoxidation. Besides, AA elevated increase in the levels of nitrite and catalase activity in colon tissue was also significantly decreased by ORCL treatment. Furthermore, microscopical examination revealed the diminution of inflammatory cell infiltration, and the submucosal edema in colon segments of rats pretreated with ORCL or KA. In a similar manner, in TNBS-UC, a marked reduction in Gross damage score and in wet weight/length ratio of colonic tissue was evident by ORCL pretreatment (400 mg/kg, p.o. or intra-rectal) at 2, 24 and 48 hrs after intracolonic injection of TNBS. MPO activity but not the MDA and catalase levels were significantly affected by ORCL treatment. Histological observations also indicated only a partial protection by ORCL, suggesting that TNBS-UC being a chronic model, a more prolonged therapy may be needed. In the model of I/R-II, five forty minute of ischemia followed by one hour reperfusion of superior mesenteric artery caused significant elevations of MPO, catalase, MDA and nitrite levels with a significant decrease in non-protein sulfhydryls (NP-SH/ GSH) indicating an oxidative stress. These changes were significantly reversed by oral pretreatment with ORCL (200 and 400 mg/kg), suggesting that ORCL obliterates oxidative stress. Pretreatment of animals with ORCL (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) or KA (100 mg/kg, p.o.), 12 and 2 hrs before the administration of 20 mg/kg indomethacin mitigated the intestinal toxicity as evidenced by decreases in tissue levels of MPO and nitrite. Unlike indomethacin, ORCL but not KA at either dose failed to induce a significant increase in intestinal permeability. This effect of ORCL simulated that of a selective COX-2 inhibitor, rofecoxib. These observations suggest that ORCL is devoid of intestinal toxicity unlike the classical non-selective COX inhibitors. Also, ORCL promoted wound healing in rats on experimental open or incision wounds as evidenced by an early wound contraction and increased wound tensile strength. The data indicate a significant anti-inflammatory potential of copaiba oil-resin and its diterpenoid, kaurenoic acid possibly mediated through an antioxidant/anti-lipoperoxidative mechanism(s)

The widespread acceptance of topical formulations intended for local and/or regional activity has prompted renewed interest in developing a model to determine the bioavailability of drugs in order to establish bioequivalence as a means of evaluating formulation performance of multisource products and also for use during formulation development. Current in vivo techniques such as blister suction and skin biopsy amongst others used to determine the bioavailability and/or bioequivalence of topical formulations are either too invasive to generate appropriate concentration-time profiles or require large numbers of study subjects thereby making the study expensive and time-consuming. Moreover, there are currently no sampling techniques that can demonstrate dermal bioavailability and/or bioequivalence of topical formulations intended for local and/or regional activity. Dermal microdialysis is a relatively new application of microdialysis that permits continuous monitoring of endogenous and/or exogenous solutes in the interstitial fluid. The technique is involves the implantation of semi-permeable membranes which are perfused with an isotonic medium at extremely slow flow rates and collection of microlitre sample volumes containing diffused drugs. Tape stripping, a relatively older technique, has been extensively used in comparative bioavailability studies of various topical formulations. However, due to shortcomings arising from reproducibility and inter-subject variation amongst others, the published FDA guidance outlining the initial protocol was subsequently withdrawn. The incorporation of transepidermal water loss with tape stripping has garnered renewed interest and has been used for the determination of drug bioavailability from a number of topical formulations. Hence the primary objective of this research is to develop and evaluate microdialysis sampling and tape stripping techniques, including the incorporation of the determination of transepidermal water loss, to assess the dermal bioavailability of ketoprofen from topical gel formulations and to develop models for bioequivalence assessment. A rapid UPLC-MS/MS method with requisite sensitivity for the analysis of samples generated from dermal microdialysis was developed and validated which accommodated the microlitre sample volumes collected. An HPLC-UV method was developed and validated for the analysis of samples generated from the in vitro microdialysis and in vivo tape stripping studies. The work presented herein contributes to a growing body of scientific knowledge seeking to develop a model for the determination of bioequivalence of pharmaceutically equivalent topical formulations intended for local and/or regional activity in human subjects.

M.Tech. / Purpose: Posterior mechanical neck pain is considered a debilitating musculoskeletal problem and is one of the most common reasons for visiting an emergency department (Murphy, 2000). Anti-inflammatory creams and gels are readily available to individuals suffering from musculoskeletal pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Traumeel®S ointment together with chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy as a treatment form for posterior mechanical neck pain, with regards to pain, disability and cervical spine range of motion. Method: This study was a comparative study and consisted of two groups of fifteen. The participants were between the ages of eighteen and forty-five, with a half male to female ratio. The potential participants were examined and accepted according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Group A received chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy followed by the application of aqueous cream over the upper trapezius muscle area of the posterior neck. This was the placebo group. Group B received chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy followed by the application of Traumeel®S ointment over the upper trapezius muscle area of the posterior neck. This was the experimental group. Objective and subjective findings were based on the above treatment protocols. Procedure: Treatment consisted of seven consultations over a three week period. Objective and subjective readings were taken at the beginning of the first, fourth and seventh consultations. Subjective readings were taken from the Vernon-Mior Neck Pain and Disability Index as well as from the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Objective readings were taken from measurements taken from the Cervical Range of Motion device (CROM). At the first to the sixth consultations participants received spinal manipulative therapy with either the application of aqueous cream or the application of Traumeel®S ointment depending on whether they were in group A or group B. Results: Clinically and statistically significant improvements in both group A and group B were seen over the course of the study with regards to cervical spine range of motion, pain and disability. Conclusion: The results show that both treatment protocols were effective in decreasing cervical spine pain and disability and increasing cervical spine ROM. Group B receiving Traumeel®S ointment did show a greater increase in cervical spine ROM clinically, but statistically there was no significant difference between the two groups.

The present program of research, therefore, was designed to attempt to gain new insights into the possible etiology of inflammatory states - for when new information concerning the etiology of these diseases states becomes available, more meaningful screening procedures for anti-inflammatory drugs will certainly be devised. Two preliminary studies have been published.