Orientador: Susanne Rath / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T15:44:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Doretto_KeityMargareth_M.pdf: 885846 bytes, checksum: 58deaa5a75fe44417e40247d90966df2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Compostos orgânicos a base de antimônio ainda são empregados no tratamento de leishmaniose e, no Brasil, o fármaco de primeira escolha continua sendo o antimoniato de N-metilglucamina (ANMG). Este fármaco a base de Sb(V) não possui estrutura química definida, tendo sido relatados, entre outros, a presença de Sb(III) como contaminantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a síntese e caracterização de ANMG e o desenvolvimento e validação de métodos analíticos para a especiação de antimônio (Sb(III) e Sb(V)) no ANMG, usando a voltametria de onda quadrada e a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência associada a um detector de arranjo de diodos (HPLC-DAD). A determinação de Sb(III) no ANMG foi realizada por voltametria de onda quadrada, usando o eletrodo de gota pendente de mercúrio (HMDE) e ácido clorídrico 2,0 mol L como eletrólito suporte. Para a determinação de Sb(V) foi avaliado o uso da voltametria adsortiva com redissolução catódica por onda quadrada usando o ácido cloranílico (AC) como agente complexante. No entanto, o método não apresentou seletividade para a determinação de Sb(V) no ANMG na presença de Sb(III) e N-metilglucamina. Sendo assim, foi desenvolvido e validado um método HPLC-DAD para a especiação de Sb(V) no ANMG, através do complexo formado com AC. A separação foi realizada em uma coluna de fase reversa octadecil híbrida e uma fase móvel composta de solução aquosa de ácido fosfórico pH 2 e metanol por eluição com gradiente e quantificação em 310 nm. Todos os métodos desenvolvidos foram validados mediante avaliação dos seguintes parâmetros: faixa linear, linearidade, sensibilidade, seletividade, precisão intra-ensaio e inter-ensaio, limites de detecção e quantificação e exatidão. O produto de síntese, obtido a partir da reação entre Sb(V) N-metilglucamina, foi caracterizado por análise elementar e espectrometria de massas em tandem por interface de ionização por electrospray (ESI-MS/MS Q-ToF). Foi confirmada a coexistência de várias espécies de antimônio em solução, assim foi possível realizar a especiação de antimônio, quanto ao estado de oxidação, por essa técnica / Organic compounds containing antimony are still employed in the treatment of leishmaniasis and, in Brazil, the drug of choice, continues to be N-methylglucamine antimoniate (ANMG). This drug containing Sb(V) doesn¿t possess a defined chemical structure, and several contaminants Sb(III), among others, has been reported. The aim of this work was the synthesis and characterization of ANMG and the development and validation of analytical methods for antimony speciation (Sb(III) and Sb(V)) in ANMG, using square wave voltammetry (SWV) and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The determination of Sb(III) in ANMG was accomplished by SWV, using the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) and 2.0 mol L hydrochloric acid as a supporting electrolyte. For the determination of Sb(V) the use of square wave adsorptive stripping cathodic voltammetry was evaluated, using the HMDE and chloranilic acid (AC) as a complexing agent. However, the method didn¿t present selectivity for the determination of Sb(V) in ANMG in the presence of Sb(III) and N-methylglucamine. Due to this fact, a HPLC-DAD method was developed and validated for the speciation of Sb(V) in ANMG by formation of a compound with AC. The separation was carried out with a reverse phase octadecyl hybrid column with a mobile phase composed of an aqueous phosphoric solution, pH 2 and methanol over gradient elution and quantification at 310 nm. All of the development methods were validated by evaluation of the following parameters: linear range, linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, intra-assay and inter-assay precisions, limit of detection, limit of quantification and accuracy. The product obtained by synthesis using Sb(V) and N-methylglucamine as reagents, was characterized by elementary analysis and by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS Q-ToF). The presence of several species containing antimony in solution was confirmed and antimony speciation, in relation to the oxidation state, was carried out / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-06-15T11:35:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tamiresmartinhaomachado.pdf: 4666656 bytes, checksum: b71e71df107c39709c20a42e1c35c2c6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T16:06:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tamiresmartinhaomachado.pdf: 4666656 bytes, checksum: b71e71df107c39709c20a42e1c35c2c6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T16:06:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tamiresmartinhaomachado.pdf: 4666656 bytes, checksum: b71e71df107c39709c20a42e1c35c2c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 / Vidros transparentes do sistema vítreo 0.95TeO2-(0.05-x)Sb2O3–xCuO contendo nanopartículas de cobre foi preparado com sucesso pelo método convencional de fusão – resfriamento dos materiais precursores, utilizando a rota redox do óxido de antimônio. Esta técnica de preparação de vidros permite a produção de nanopartículas metálicas durante a fusão dos materiais, através da reação de oxidação Sb3+ → Sb5+ + 2e-, que permite a redução de íons metálicos. A investigação estrutural foi realizada por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), difração de raios X (DRX) e espectroscopia Raman. Imagens de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) e espectroscopia UV-visível evidenciaram a formação de clusters de nanopartículas de cobre cúbicas, distribuídas aleatoriamente em meio a matriz vítrea. A eficácia dos efeitos plasmônicos das nanopartículas de cobre promoveu a intensificação da fluorescência dos íons érbio. A interação da radiação excitante e amostra levou ao processo de excitação térmica, promovendo o aumento da população de níveis de energia específicos dos íons érbio, com consequente resposta óptica, evidenciada pela estrutura vibrônica presente no espectro de fluorescência dos vidros de teluritos contendo nanopartículas de cobre dopados com íons érbio. Além disso, os efeitos plasmônicos das nanopartículas de cobre na intensificação das emissões no infravermelho e conversão ascendente nos vidros de teluritos co-dopados com íons Yb3+/Ce3+/Er3+ sob excitação em 980 nm também foram investigados. As contribuições dos íons Yb3+ e Ce3+ também foram discutidas. A eficiência da ressonância do plasmon de superfície localizado (LSPR) das nanopartículas de cobre promoveu um melhoramento de cerca de 47% da emissão em 1550 nm dos íons Er3+. Além disso, o tempo de decaimento da transição Er3+: 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 aumentou em cerca de 50% na amostra contendo nanopartículas de cobre. Finalmente, os vidros de teluritos contendo nanopartículas de cobre apresentaram resultados interessantes quando utilizados como substratos para obtenção de espectros Raman intensificados por superfície (espectros SERS), sendo obtidos satisfatoriamente espectros SERS para soluções de 2,2’-bipiridina 1,0 × 10-5 mol.L-1 e do corante azul do Nilo 1,0 × 10-7 mol.L-1. / Transparent 0.95TeO2-(0.05-x)Sb2O3-xCuO glassy system containing copper nanoparticles were successfully prepared by the conventional melt quenching method of starting materials, using the antimony oxide redox route. This technique allows the production of metallic nanoparticles during melting, through the reaction Sb3+ → Sb5++ 2e-, which leads to the reduction of metallic ions. The structural investigation was carried out by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy image (TEM) and UV-visible spectroscopy evidenced the formation of cubic copper nanoparticles, randomly embedded in the glassy matrix. The effectiveness of the plasmonic effects of the copper nanoparticles provided the enhancement of the fluorescence of the erbium ions. The interaction between excitant radiation and sample led to the thermal excitation, which increased the population of specific energy levels of erbium ions, with consequent optical response into vibronic structure, as can be seen in the erbium-doped tellurite glasses containing copper nanoparticles. Furthermore, the plasmonic effects of the copper nanoparticles on the enhancement of the infrared and upconversion emissions intensities in the Er3+/Yb3+/Ce3+ co-doped transparent tellurite glasses under 980 nm laser diode excitation were investigated. The roles of Yb3+ and Ce3+ as sensitizers are also discussed. The effectiveness of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the copper nanoparticles provided an improvement about 47% of the 1550 nm luminescence intensity of the Er3+ ions. Moreover, the lifetime of the Er3+: 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition increased around 50 % in the copper nanoparticle containing samples. Finally, the tellurite glasses containing copper nanoparticles showed interesting results as substrates for obtainment of surface enhanced Raman spectra (SERS spectra) and SERS spectra were satisfactorily obtained for 2,2'-bipyridine 1.0 × 10 -5 mol.L-1 and Nile blue dye 1.0 × 10-7 mol.L-1 solutions.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work aimed to explore the speciation analysis of chromium, selenium and antimony, elements of clinical and geochemical relevance, in the saline samples seawater, hydrothermal fluid and hemodialysis fluid. These samples, although linked to different research areas, have many similarities relating to their chemical compositions or the presence of metallic species as contaminants as well as major components. Voltammetric methods were used to the determination of the analytes in high salt media without the use of dilution, masking agents or separation steps. Since changes in the matrix composition may affect the analyte peak current magnitude, factors affecting the voltammetric behavior of the species related to sample composition (e.g., presence of dissolved organic matter and ionic strength) were evaluated. The chromium speciation analysis was performed by the adsorptive collection of the Cr-DTPA complex on the mercury working electrode, followed by stripping in combination to a catalytic step. Cr(III) species was found as predominant in the hydrothermal fluid sample and, Cr(VI), in the seawater sample, whereas in hemodialysis fluids an ignorable concentration was determined. Selenium was determined by the co-electrolysis of Cu2Se followed by a cathodic stripping in acidic medium. The UV-irradiation pre-treatment step was used for the reductively conversion of non-electroactive species into Se(IV) as well as for dissolved organic matter photo-oxidation, and the speciation was applied to the real sample analysis, where no selenium species were found. The combined use of adsorptive and anodic stripping voltammetry was employed for antimony determination. Chloranilic acid was chosen as the Sb(III) complex forming reagent (pH 3.0) and the total antimony concentration was evaluated by anodic stripping voltammetry in a 5.0 mol L-1 HCl medium. Sb(III) was found as the predominant species in the hydrothermal fluid sample, whereas Sb(V) is predominant in the seawater sample. No antimony species were found in the hemodialysis fluid. Concerning chromium, selenium and antimony species, remarkable peak current dependences on peak potential, deposition potential, deposition time and scan rate were observed for all investigated media. The limit of detection values were appropriate to the analytes determination, so that the present techniques consist in simple, fast and low cost procedures for the speciation analysis of elements of clinical and geochemical relevance in high salt content samples with accuracy and sensitivity. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo explorar a análise de especiação de cromo, selênio e antimônio, elementos de relevância clínica e geoquímica, em amostras salinas água do mar, fluido hidrotermal e concentrado salino de hemodiálise. Tais amostras, embora ligadas a diferentes áreas de pesquisa, apresentam similaridades relacionadas à presença de espécies metálicas como contaminantes, assim como a componentes majoritários. Métodos voltamétricos foram usados na determinação dos analitos em meios de alta concentração salina sem diluição, agentes mascarantes ou etapas de separação. Uma vez que mudanças na composição da matriz em análise podem afetar a magnitude da corrente de pico para os analitos, fatores que influenciam o comportamento voltamétrico das espécies e relacionados à composição das amostras (presença de matéria orgânica dissolvida e força iônica) foram avaliados. A análise de especiação de cromo foi executada pela adsorção de complexos Cr-DTPA no eletrodo de trabalho de mercúrio seguida de redissolução aliada a um passo catalítico. Observou-se a predominância de Cr(III) em fluido hidrotermal e, de Cr(VI), em água do mar, sendo o analito determinado em concentração desprezível na amostra de concentrado salino de hemodiálise. Determinou-se selênio por uma etapa de co-eletrólise de Cu2Se com posterior redissolução catódica do composto em meio ácido. Empregou-se o pré-tratamento por irradiação UV para a redução fotolítica de espécies não-eletroativas em Se(IV), assim como para a foto-oxidação da matéria orgânica, sendo a análise de especiação aplicada a amostras reais, para as quais não se evidenciou a presença de espécies de selênio. Fez-se o uso combinado de voltametria adsortiva e voltametria anódica de redissolução, para a determinação de antimônio. Escolheu-se o reagente ácido cloranílico para a formação de complexos com Sb(III) (pH 3,0), sendo a concentração total de antimônio avaliada por voltametria de redissolução anódica em HCl 5,0 mol L-1. Observou-se a predominância de Sb(III) em fluido hidrotermal e, de Sb(V), em água do mar. Não se evidenciou a presença de espécies de antimônio na amostra de concentrado salino de hemodiálise. Levando-se em conta as espécies de cromo, selênio e antimônio, uma dependência entre corrente de pico, potencial de deposição, tempo de deposição e velocidade de varredura foi observada em todos os meios investigados. Obtiveram-se limites de detecção adequados para a determinação dos analitos, sendo que as técnicas otimizadas consistem em procedimentos simples, rápidos e de baixo custo, aplicados à análise de especiação de elementos de relevância clínica e geoquímica, em amostras de alta concentração salina, com exatidão e sensibilidade.

This thesis is organized in to six chapters. The contents of each chapter are briefly summarized in the following sections. Chapter 1 introduces different Fe-based superconductors. Within a very short span of their discovery, they quickly expanded to include six different crystal structures. The crystal structure of these systems and their Tc’s are discussed in this chapter. In particular, the properties of Fe1+yTe are described with specific reference to isovalent doping and nonisovalent doping using different elements that affect the superconducting transition in this material. In chapter 2, the basic principles of growth and characterization techniques are explained. These are: 1. Modified Bridgman technique, 2. X-ray diffraction technique, 3. Electron Probe Micro Analyzer to determine chemical composition, 4. SQuID – For magnetization measurements, 5. Closed cycle refrigerator and He Cryostat – for resistivity measurements. The fabrication of high temperature furnace for Bridgman setup is also discussed. Crystal growth and characterization of parent Fe1+yTe and Sb doped Fe1+yTe system are discussed in chapter 3 and chapter 4 respectively. Details of crystal growth by modified Bridgman technique are described here. The characterization includes analysis of crystalline phase, structure and composition. Detailed structural information is extracted from Rietveld refinement of X-ray powder diffraction and the composition analyzed using EPMA. Temperature dependence of magnetization and transport behavior are also discussed. The ideal doping range of Sb in Fe1+yTe is defined in this chapter. In chapter 5, the effect of Sb doping of Fe1.05Te0.50Se0.50 is investigated. The crystal growth and characterization of the new superconductor, Fe1.05Te0.50Se0.48Sb0.02 are deliberated. The superconducting transition observed in transport measurements at zero field and the magnetic field dependence of transition temperatures are discussed. Estimation of upper critical Page|vi|Preface field using Ginzburg-Landau theory as well as the field dependence of magnetization of this crystal is explained in this chapter. The thesis concludes with a chapter on summary and outlook on all investigations. Finally, the scope of future work is outlined in the last section.

Liquid composition for antimony doped tin oxide solgel deposition was prepared. Anorganic precursors of tin and antimony were used (tin(IV) chloride, antimony(III) chloride). ATO nanoparticles were dispergated in composition. This composition was used for spincoating deposition of thin films. Composition was analyzed by thermal analysis TGA and DSC. Sheet resistence of prepared samples were examined by four probe sensing. RMS roughness and thickness was measured by profilometry. Samples were analyzed by scan electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Transmittance and haze were measured and calculated by UV-VIS spektrometry with integration sphere.

The master thesis deals with comparison of atomic fluorescence spektrometry and high resolution continuum source atomic absorption spektrometry for three methods generation of volatile compounds Antimony. In both methods of atomic antimony detection, it compares the most common chemical generation of volatile compounds (hydrides) with two alternative methods - electrochemical and UV - photochemical. The values of performance parameters for the determination of Sb(III) and Sb(V) were determined for all the above combinations. In the case of chemical generation, a surprisingly almost four times higher limit of detection of Sb(III) was found in connection with AFS detection than AAS detection. The final part was devoted to UV - photochemical vapor generation, with AAS detection for Sb(III) reaching limit of detection 4,96 ppb, for Sb(V) 8,63 ppb. Although UV - photochemical generation of volatile antimony compounds did not reach such performance parameters as chemical or electrochemical generation, it was observed that the sensitivity of antimony determination increased greatly when introducing oxygen into the apparatus. The interference study also found a significant positive effect of Fe(II) on the generation efficiency, and this modification partially persisted without further introduction of these...

A novel strategy for the intercalation of antimony (Sb) under the (6√3 × 6√3)R30° reconstruction, also known as buffer layer, on SiC(0001) is reported. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, it is demonstrated that, while the intercalation of the volatile Sb is not possible by annealing the Sb-coated buffer layer in ultrahigh vacuum, it can be achieved by annealing the sample in an atmosphere of Ar, which suppresses Sb desorption. The intercalation leads to a decoupling of the buffer layer from the SiC(0001) surface and the formation of quasi-freestanding graphene. The intercalation process paves the way for future studies of the formation of quasi-freestanding graphene by intercalation of high-vapor-pressure elements, which are not accessible by previously known intercalation techniques, and thus provides new avenues for the manipulation of epitaxial graphene on SiC.

No description available.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is an excellent material for bottling water, beverages, edible oils and other liquids because it is light, tough and transparent. PET bottles are also extensively reused for storage of drinking water, beverages and other liquids and for solar disinfection of microbiologically unsafe drinking water in the tropics. In spite of the usefulness of PET bottles earlier works have reported leaching of antimony and acetaldehyde from the bottle matrix into the liquid contents. Both antimony trioxide and acetaldehyde belongs to Group 2B (possible carcinogens) in the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogen classification. Additionally acetaldehyde associated with alcoholic beverages (derived from alcoholic beverage and formed endogenously) has recently been upgraded to IARC Group 1 carcinogen (carcinogenic to humans). The research aims to assess the pattern and extent of antimony and acetaldehyde migration from British and Nigerian polyethylene terephthalate bottles into bottle contents under typical use and reuse conditions. The research compares the assessed extents of migration with the current regulations to determine whether the maximum acceptable levels of antimony and acetaldehyde are being exceeded and whether current regulations might need to be reassessed. To achieve these goals the pattern and extent of PET bottle use and reuse in Britain and Nigeria were appraised through survey. The survey revealed that new bottles with contents are typically stored prior to use for periods ranging between one and 7 days, with Nigerians storing for longer periods than British respondents. However storage of up to one year was reported. The extent of bottle reuse was high and similar for the two countries. Nevertheless Nigerian respondents reuse bottles for longer periods than British respondents. The survey findings together with relevant literature were used to design laboratory experiments that assessed the extent of antimony and acetaldehyde migration from PET bottles into water/beverages. A total of 82 brands of bottled water and soft drinks in plastic and glass bottles and in cartons were collected. A few samples from Nigeria in plastic pouches were collected. Materials used in bottling including glass and plastic bottle materials, metal and plastic bottle cap materials and plastic cap lining materials were collected. All samples were collected in supermarkets and shops in Britain and Nigeria except drinking water from taps which was collected in Britain only. Some bottles were aged for the purpose of studying the impact of bottle aging on chemical migration. Other bottles were stored with their contents to study the impact of long term storage of bottle contents on chemical migration. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterise PET bottle material and other materials associated with water and soft drink bottling. Antimony and other trace metals in water and soft drinks were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Antimony content of PET and other plastics was determined by microwave digestion and ICP-MS. Acetaldehyde content of water and soft drinks and PET were determined using headspace gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID). Accuracy and precision for determination of antimony and other trace elements in bottle materials and bottle contents were good as recoveries were around 100% and coefficients of variation were less than 15% for all analysis types. Accuracy and precision for determination of acetaldehyde in bottle materials and bottle contents were also good as recoveries were around 100% and coefficients of variation were less than 15% for all analysis types. Impact of long term storage, elevated temperatures, bottle thickness, carbonation, bottle aging and bottle size on migration of antimony and acetaldehyde were also assessed. All plastic bottle materials analysed were found to be PET. Bottle cap materials were either polyethylene or polypropylene. All plastic cap lining materials from Britain and some from Nigeria were found to be ethylene vinyl acetate/polypropylene copolymer. Plastic cap lining materials from some Nigerian soft drinks were identified as polyvinyl chloride. Glass bottle materials analysed were found to be soda-lime glass. Metal bottle caps were identified as tinplate, tin-free-steel coated with chromium or aluminium coated with chromium. The antimony concentration in 32 PET bottle materials from Britain and Nigeria were similar and ranged between 177 and 310 mg/kg with an average of 250±30 mg/kg. The concentration agrees well with the industry reported concentration of between 150 and 350 mg/kg. The concentration of residual acetaldehyde in 25 fresh PET bottle materials from Britain and Nigeria ranged between 0.95 and 12.52 µg/g. The average concentration in British and Nigerian soft drinks PET materials are 4.76 and 2.17µg/g respectively. Concentration of residual acetaldehyde was higher in soft drinks and still water PET materials than in sparkling water materials. The concentration of residual acetaldehyde decreases as the bottle wall material becomes older. Also the thinner the bottle walls the lower the concentration of residual acetaldehyde. Antimony concentration in 47 freshly purchased British bottled water and soft drinks ranged between 0.03 and 6.61µg/L with only one sample going above the EU acceptable limit. Concentrations of other trace elements measured were low except titanium which was detected at part per million levels in soft drinks. Lead content of a Nigerian soft drink in glass bottle stored for 2 months was above the EU acceptable limit for lead. At realistic temperatures of 40 and 60°C antimony concentration in the water remained below the EU acceptable limit even after 48 hours of exposure but the concentration exceeded the limit for most exposures at 80°C. Concentration of antimony in some Nigerian bottled water and soft drinks was above the EU limit after 11 months of storage at room temperature. Aged bottles leach lower amount of antimony than new bottles. Similarly larger bottles leach lower amount of antimony than smaller bottles. The average acetaldehyde concentrations found in British fruit juices, carbonated soft drinks, sparkling water and still water were 5113, 1458, 22 and 8 µg/L respectively. Acetaldehyde was not detected in water bottled in glass. The concentration of acetaldehyde in five fruit juice samples in PET bottles and carton was beyond the EU specific migration limit (SML) of 6mg/kg. Also the tolerable daily intake of acetaldehyde could be exceeded as a result of intake of some soft drinks and fruit juices. Acetaldehyde content in soft drinks increase with storage but the increase cannot be accounted for by the residual acetaldehyde in PET. Acetaldehyde was found to be outgassing from some bottles. It was also found to be capable of migrating from soft drinks into bottle wall. Without replenishment the concentration of acetaldehyde in solution decreases with time. The use of PVC cap lining in Nigeria as found in this study is a cause for concern as PVC is associated with health risk issues. The study recommends actions to ensure that antimony in fruit juices and other bottled products remain within the regulatory standard from bottling to consumption for the purpose of safeguarding the health of consumers. Glass used in bottling should be well scrutinized to ensure that it does not contain high levels of lead or other chemical substances that can cause harm to consumers through migration into contents. PET bottles can safely be used for solar water disinfection without the risk of antimony intake at concentrations above safe limits as water temperature achievable as the result of the technique doesn¿t go beyond 60°C. Also aged bottles are safer to use than new bottles because their chemical leaching was found to be lower than that of new bottles. This study recommends the reassessment of the absence of international guidelines for acetaldehyde in water and foods. The study also recommends that the amount of acetaldehyde that can be added to soft drinks as flavouring agent should be below the specific migration limit (SML) for migration of acetaldehyde from PET bottle into bottle contents. This is essential since the SML was designed to ensure that exposure to acetaldehyde, as a result of intake of bottled water and soft drinks in PET bottles, is below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for acetaldehyde. As antimony was reported to go beyond the safe limits in some Nigerian bottled water and soft drinks after 11 months of storage this study discourages the use of bottle contents stored for a very long time. / Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in the United Kingdom

No description available.