Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department od Biochemical Sciences Candidate: Bc. Robin Klieber Supervisor: PharmDr. Anna Jirkovská, Ph.D. Title of thesis: The use of RNA interference for the modification of DNA topoisomerase II levels in cancer cells and its influence on the antineoplastic effect of anthracyclines. Topoisomerase II (TOP II) is an enzyme that alters the topological state of the DNA double helix during physiological processes through the formation of transient DNA double strand breaks. Two TOP II isoforms are known: TOP IIα is essential for proper separation of chromosomes in mitotic cells, whereas TOP IIβ is primarily associated with gene transcription. Anthracycline antibiotics (ANT) belong to the group of topoisomerase poisons that stabilize the covalent complex of TOP II and DNA. This prevents the religation of the DNA double strand breaks and thus causes irreversible DNA damage leading to programmed cell death. Although ANTs are frequently administered in various antineoplastic protocols (hematooncological malignancies, hormone-dependent tumors and others), the therapy still possess a high risk of irreversible cardiotoxicity. The mechanism of cardiotoxicity remains unraveled. However, it has been previously discussed that TOP IIβ inhibition could play a...

Glioblastoma multiforme é um câncer do sistema nervoso central agressivo e invasivo. Apesar dos avanços terapêuticos com cirurgia, radiação e quimioterapia, o tempo de sobrevida média permanece reduzido. Os polifenóis têm sido relatados por apresentarem várias atividades biológicas, incluindo atividade anticâncer. Nesse estudo, foi avaliada a potencial atividade antiglioma do extrato de Achyrocline satureioides (marcela) e seus principais flavonoides em modelos de glioblastoma in vitro e in vivo. O extrato de A. satureioides (100 μg/mL) assim como os flavonoides isolados (quercetina, 3-O-metilquercetina, luteolina e achyrobichalcona; em 10 μM ou doses menores) reduziram a proliferação de três linhagens celulares de glioma (C6, U87 e U251). A combinação do extrato de A. satureioides com temozolomida (TMZ) demonstrou elevada atividade antiproliferativa comparada com o quimioterápico sozinho em uma menor concentração (50 μg/mL). Cabe ressaltar que nenhuma toxicidade foi observada nas células sadias do cérebro (astrócitos primários, neurônios primários e culturas organotípicas de fatias do hipocampo) na concentração que afetou as células de gliomas. Entretanto, a administração do extrato de A. satureioides no modelo tumoral em ratos não apresentou o mesmo efeito conforme observado in vitro. Além disso, ele foi capaz de bloquear o efeito do TMZ. Esses resultados geram preocupação uma vez que extratos de plantas poderiam afetar a atividade de fármacos anticâncer, especialmente considerando que o chá de marcela é amplamente consumido pela população da América do Sul e indicado para alívios de sintomas como dores de cabeça e náuseas. Portanto, mais estudos in vivo usando os flavonoides isolados são necessários para investigar a potencial atividade antiglioma observada in vitro. / Glioblastoma multiforme is an aggressive and invasive central nervous system cancer. Despite the therapeutic improvements with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the median survival times remain dismal. Polyphenols have been reported to have numerous biological activities, including anticancer activity. In this study, the potential antiglioma activity of Achyrocline satureioides (marcela) extract and its main flavonoids was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo in glioblastoma models. A. satureioides extract (100 μg/mL) as well as the isolated flavonoids (quercetin, 3-O-methyl-quercetin, luteolin and achyrobichalcone; at 10 μM or lower doses) reduced proliferation of three glioma cell lines (C6, U87 and U251). Combination of A. satureioides extract with temozolomide (TMZ) showed enhanced antiproliferative activity compared to the chemotherapeutic alone at a lower concentration (50 μg/mL). Importantly, no toxicity was observed in healthy cells of the brain (primary astrocytes, primary neurons, and organotypic hippocampal slice cultures) at the concentration that affected glioma cells. However, administration of A. satureioides extract did not show the same effect in a rat tumor model as observed in vitro. In addition, it blocked the effect of TMZ. These results raise concern since plant extracts could affect the activity of anticancer drugs, especially considering that marcela tea is widely consumed by the South American population and indicated for relief of symptoms such as headaches and nausea. Therefore, further in vivo studies using the isolated flavonoids are required to investigate their potential antiglioma activity observed in vitro.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Brazil has got a great economic potential with regard to native medicinal species. The conservation of the plant genetic diversity available is, therefore, of paramount importance. However, the greater part of these species has not been sufficiently studied, mainly in terms of their cytotoxic and mutagenic potential. Among the Brazilian native medicinal plants that have been little studied is Peltodon longipes Kunth ex Benth. a plant popularly known in Brazil as hortelã-do-campo , which is used as stimulant, emmenagogue, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory. To encourage the use of native medicinal resources of a country are necessary studies of characterization of germplasm of species and also provide that they are included in a breeding program, while optimizing the use in folk medicine through cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies. Thus, the purpose of this study was to estimate the pollen viability of P. longipes, to evaluate the genotoxicity of the aqueous extracts of this species as well to determine phenolic compounds these extracts using chromatographic analysis. The pollen viability of 15 P. longipes accessions collected in 5 municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was evaluated by using 3 staining methods: 2% acetic orcein, 2% acetic carmine, and Alexander s stain. The genotoxicity of the aqueous extracts of two accessions, i.e., one collected in Santa Maria and the other one in Tupanciretã, was determined by the Allium cepa L. test, whereas the analysis of the phenolic compounds was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography. Of the 15 accessions of P. longipes, 13 showed high pollen viability, with values above 75% and the methods using 2% acetic carmine and Alexander reactive were more efficient for technical in species. All extracts presented antiproliferative potential, even though this effect was significantly higher in the extracts of the accession collected in Tupanciretã. This accession also showed a higher amount of rosmarinic acid and kaempferol, which may be linked to the effects observed in these extracts. Only the extracts of the accession collected in Santa Maria showed genotoxic potential. / O Brasil possui um imenso potencial econômico relacionado a espécies medicinais nativas, por isso é de extrema importância a conservação da diversidade genética vegetal disponível. No entanto, a grande maioria dessas espécies não foi suficientemente estudada no que se refere ao seu potencial citotóxico e mutagênico. Dentre as plantas medicinais nativas do Brasil, ainda pouco estudadas, está Peltodon longipes Kunth ex Benth. (hortelã-do-campo) utilizada como estimulante, emenagoga, antiséptica e antinflamatória. Para potencializar a utilização dos recursos medicinais nativos de um país são indispensáveis estudos de caracterização do germoplasma das espécies e também propiciar que as mesmas sejam incluídas em um programa de melhoramento genético, além de otimizar o uso na medicina popular através de estudos de citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a viabilidade polínica de P. longipes, avaliar a genotoxicidade dos extratos aquosos da espécie, bem como determinar os compostos fenólicos desses extratos por meio de análise cromatográfica. Para tanto, a viabilidade polínica de 15 acessos de P. longipes, coletados em cinco municípios do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, foi estimada a partir de três métodos colorímetros: orceína acética 2%, carmim acético 2% e reativo de Alexander. A genotoxicidade dos extratos aquosos de dois acessos, um de Santa Maria e outro de Tupanciretã (RS), foi determinada através do teste de Allium cepa L., enquanto a análise dos compostos fenólicos foi realizada por meio de cromatográfica líquida de alta eficiência. Dos 15 acessos de P. longipes, 13 apresentaram alta viabilidade polínica, com valores acima de 75% e os métodos utilizando carmim acético 2% e reativo de Alexander foram mais eficientes para a técnica na espécie. Todos os extratos de P. longipes demonstraram potencial antiproliferativo, embora o efeito tenha sido significativamente maior nos extratos do acesso de Tupanciretã. Esse acesso também apresentou maior quantidade de ácido rosmarínico e canferol, o que pode estar relacionado com os efeitos observados nesses extratos. Somente os extratos do acesso de Santa Maria demonstraram potencial genotóxico.

Interferons (IFNs) are a class of structurally related proteins first discovered to be produced by virus-infected cells. By now, several other inducing agents have been described. IFNs exert multiple effects on cells exemplified by the establishment of an antiviral state, inhibition of cell proliferation and alteration of different immune reactions. In the present thesis the inhibition of cellular growth concentrated on effects in the early cell cycle have been studied. The human glioma cell line 251 MG was found to be blocked in the S phase of the cell cycle upon addition of IFN both to exponentially growing and growth-factor depleted, synchronized cells. Thymidine kinase and DNA-polymerase activities were reduced in parallel with the S phase effect. 2-5 oligo Anucleotides transfected into glioma cells lead to inhibition of cell growth, exponentially growing cells being blocked in the S phase as during IFN treatment. In contrast, synchronized, restimulated cells were blocked in the cellcycle phase where they resided at the time of transfection. As 2-5 oligo A synthetase activity was induced in the middle of the Gl phase, these results might indicate that the kinetics of expression of oligonucleotides after IFN additiondetermines the type of cell cycle block obtained in differenttumor cells. IFN inhibited preferentially proteins originating from newly synthesized mRNA in Sw 3T3 cells, c-mvc did not seem to be included among these proteins. In both cell systems c-myc expression was unaltered after IFN treatment. In clone T1 selected from the the Sw 3T3 cell line , c-mvc expression was uncoupled to growth and seemed to be growth factor independent. The change in c-myc expression in clone T1 compared to SW 3T3 cells did not render the cells sensitive to IFN. Hence, c-myc regulation does not seem to be the mechanism by which IFN regulates cell growth in this system. The proliferation marker KI-67 antigen was shown not to be causatively involved in growth inhibition of IFN. The reduced levels of the antigen was proposed to be a secondary effect caused by the G0/G1 arrest. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1991, härtill 6 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Les Phostines représentent une nouvelle classe de glycomimétiques contenant un atome de phosphore à la place du carbone anomérique. Leur synthèse a été réalisée par la condensation de furanoses protégés et de différents H-phosphinates en milieu basique. Ces phostines se sont révélées être très efficaces in vitro et in vivo contre des cellules cancéreuses de glioblastome de rat et humaines. Dans ce projet, nous avons eu pour premier but d’obtenir, majoritairement, le diastéréoisomère le plus actif. Différentes réactions ont été réalisées, en changeant la nature de la base ou le contre-ion de cette dernière. Une très légère amélioration a été notée avec le méthylate de césium au profit du dérivé de type glucose. Dans un deuxième temps, et dans le but d’améliorer l’activité anticancéreuse et de pouvoir étudier la biodistribution des phostines, différentes modifications chimiques ont été réalisées. Des dihydroxy-2,3- et 2,6-oxaphosphinanes, des thiophostines et des phostines de la série L ont été synthétisées. Par la suite, des variations, en alpha de l’atome de phosphore, nous ont permis d’obtenir des phostines halogénées, ainsi que deux nouveaux produits: un acide furanosylphosphinique et l’oxaphosphine-3-ène. La réactivité chimique de la fonction éther d’énol de ce dernier a été examinée, en synthétisant un beta-cétophosphinate et des beta-énaminophosphinates. Finalement des pseudo-disaccharides ont été synthétisés afin d’améliorer la biodisponibilité des phostines. Les phostines testées ont manifesté des propriétés anticancéreuses à une concentration de l’ordre du nanomolaire envers différentes lignées cellulaires, montrant la capacité de cette famille de composés de lutter contre certains types de cancers. / The Phostines represent a new class of glycomimetics, containing a phosphinolactone function instead of the anomeric carbon. Their synthesis was achieved by the reaction of protected furanose with various H-phosphinates, in the presence of a base. These compounds have been found to be very effective in vitro and in vivo against rat and human glioblastoma cells.In this project, our first goal was to obtain the most active phostine with higher diastereoselectivity. Different reactions were tested, changing the base or its counter ion. A very slight improvement was noted with cesium methoxide, favoring the glucose-like derivative.In the context of improving the anticancer activity and to study the biodistribution of the phostines, different chemical modifications were carried out. Dihydroxy-2,3- and 2,6-oxaphosphinanes, thiophostines and phostines of the L series were synthesized. Therefore, variations in alpha position of the phosphorus atom have produced halogenated phostines and two new products: furanosylphosphinic acid and the oxaphosphine-3-ene.The chemical reactivity of the enol ether of this latter has been examined by synthesizing beta-ketophosphinate and beta-enaminophosphinates. Finally, pseudo-disaccharides were synthesized to improve the bioavailability of phostines.The tested phostines have exhibited anticancer properties at nanomolar concentration against different cell lines, showing the ability of this family of compounds to fight some types of cancers.

Les dispositifs plasma à la pression atmosphérique (PA) produisent de nombreuses espèces actives physiques (photons, particules chargées, champ électriques etc.) et chimiques (radicaux libres, espèces réactives de l'oxygène, espèces réactives de l'azote etc.). Ces espèces connues pour leurs effets biologiques directs ou indirects font de l'utilisation des jets de plasmas froids à la PA pour des traitements biomédicaux un sujet de recherche en plein développement. La recrudescence des cas de radiorésistance et chimiorésistance chez les micro-organismes et les cellules cancéreuses impose la recherche de nouveaux modes de traitements innovants. C'est dans ce contexte général que s'inscrit les travaux présentés ici dont l'enjeu majeur est la compréhension des mécanismes d'actions des plasmas froids à la PA sur le cancer colorectal (deuxième cause de mortalité par cancer en France). Le travail de thèse présenté concerne l'utilisation d'un modèle biologique in-vitro (sphéroïde tumoraux multicellulaire du cancer du côlon HCT116) en 3 dimensions qui permet de prendre en compte des paramètres déterminants dans la prolifération tumorale. Ce modèle permet ainsi une meilleure prédiction des résultats in vivo dans l'objectif d'une étude clinique ultérieure. De plus les cinétiques de créations des espèces actives ont été étudiées dans leur globalité depuis le dispositif plasma jusqu'aux interactions intracellulaires à partir d'analyses physiques, biologiques et chimiques. Le traitement indirect par utilisation de liquides activés par jet de plasma d'hélium a été privilégié pour élaborer un traitement endoscopique du cancer colorectal. L'ensemble des travaux menés sur l'observation des interactions des liquides activés par plasma sur les sphéroïdes tumoraux multicellulaires a permis de révéler deux modes d'actions distincts. Le premier étant une génotoxicité du liquide activé induite par la présence de peroxyde d'hydrogène dont l'action induit une cassure double brin de l'ADN intracellulaire conduisant les cellules à la mort par apoptose. Une interaction directe des radicaux libres produits dans le milieu avec les composants de ce dernier (acides aminés, glucose, etc.) ainsi que la présence de nitrites et nitrates induisent également un effet antiprolifératif à long terme du milieu activé par plasma sur les tumeurs HCT116. Différentes méthodes comme la résonance paramagnétique électronique et la spectroscopie d'émission optique ont permis de révéler des voies de création possibles conduisant à la formation de ces espèces actives. Des campagnes d'essais thérapeutiques ont permis d'évaluer la capacité des liquides activés par plasma à cibler davantage les cellules cancéreuses plutôt que les cellules saines ce qui en fait une méthode de traitement sélectif particulièrement prometteuse. Le développement et la caractérisation d'un second jet de plasma d'argon a été réalisé avec l'objectif d'optimiser l'effet antiprolifératif des plasmas sur les tumeurs tout en tenant compte des contraintes imposées par l'utilisation d'un tel dispositif pour le traitement du cancer colorectal. / Plasma devices at atmospheric pressure (AP) generate many physical active species (photons, charged particles, electric field, etc.) and chemical (free radicals, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, etc...). This species are well known for their direct or indirect biological effects thus biomedical treatment by low temperature plasma jets at AP is currently a hot research topic. The upsurge of radioresistance and chemoresistance of microorganisms and cancer cells requires the development of new biomedical treatment. In this general context, the present work is a step towards the understanding of the effect induced by low temperature plasma jets at atmospheric pressure on colorectal cancer (second leading cause of death by cancer in France). This thesis focuses on the implementation of an in vitro biological model (multicellular tumor spheroid of colorectal cancer HCT116) in 3 dimensions which allows to take into account key parameters in tumor proliferation. This model is also well suited for the prediction of in vivo results in the aim of a subsequent clinical study. Further research about kinetic reactions of active species has been studied from the plasma device up to intracellular interactions through physical, biological and chemical analyses. Indirect treatment of tumors was carried out through helium plasma jet activated liquids. This solution was chosen for its relevance for endoscopic treatment of colorectal cancer. Interaction between plasma activated liquid and multicellular tumor spheroids has shown two distinct pathways. The first one is the genotoxicity of activated medium induced by the occurrence of hydrogen peroxide which induced DNA damages once penetrated in intracellular medium and leading to cell death by apoptosis. A direct interaction between free radicals generated in liquid medium and the latter components (amino acids, glucose, etc.) associated with the occurrence of nitrites and nitrates induces a long-term antiproliferative effect of plasma activated liquid. Chemical pathways of the formation of these active species were identified by using different analysis techniques such as electron paramagnetic resonance and optical emission spectroscopy. Therapeutic analysis have also demonstrated that plasma activated liquid damage preferentially colon cancer cells rather than healthy cells making it a particularly promising selective treatment method. The design and the characterization of a second plasma jet using argon as a carrier gas was carried out with the aim to improve the antiproliferative effect of plasmas on tumors while taking into account the requirement for the use of such device for colorectal cancer treatment.

Les thérapies anticancéreuses basées sur des principes physiques (radiofréquences, ultrasons, laser, électroporation...) ont considérablement augmenté lors de la dernière décennie. Leurs objectifs sont de détruire directement les cellules cancéreuses, de favoriser l'entrée ciblée de molécules thérapeutiques ou encore de stimuler le système immunitaire du patient afin d'éliminer la tumeur. Le plasma froid suscite l'intérêt dans le domaine de l'oncologie grâce à sa capacité à générer des espèces réactives oxygénées (ROS) et azotées (RNS) qui peuvent être génotoxiques et cytotoxiques pour les cellules cancéreuses. Deux approches d'utilisation du plasma sont étudiées : soit l'exposition directe de cellules au jet plasma, soit l'exposition indirecte via l'utilisation d'un Milieu Activé par Plasma (PAM). Le PAM étant plus facile à délivrer par injection dans la tumeur, c'est cette approche qui est choisie lors de ces travaux. Le travail de thèse présenté consiste à étudier l'effet génotoxique et cytotoxique du PAM, obtenu après exposition du milieu au jet de plasma d'hélium, sur des tumeurs in vitro et in vivo. Pour les études in vitro, nous avons choisi d'utiliser un modèle 3D : le sphéroïde (MCTS - MultiCellular Tumor Spheroid). Ce modèle présente des caractéristiques proches du modèle in vivo grâce à son organisation en sphéroïde. Les MCTS présentent en effet des gradients de pénétration d'oxygène, de nutriments et de prolifération cellulaire. La première partie de la thèse concerne l'identification et la quantification des espèces générées dans le PAM. Les méthodes d'analyses utilisées sont la résonance paramagnétique électronique, la fluorimétrie, la colorimétrie, la chromatographie en phase liquide et la spectrométrie de masse. Ces analyses ont mis en évidence que la toxicité du PAM était due à plusieurs facteurs : d'un côté la génération de ROS et RNS mais aussi à la dégradation des nutriments pour les cellules contenues dans le milieu via par exemple l'oxydation et la nitrosylation des acides aminés. La deuxième partie est dédiée à l'étude des effets du PAM sur les MCTS HCT-116 (cancer du côlon).[...] / Cancer therapies based on physical principles (radiofrequency, ultrasound, laser, electroporation...) have considerably increased in the last decade. Their objectives are to directly destroy cancer cells, to favor the targeted entry of therapeutic molecules or to stimulate the patient's immune system in order to eliminate the tumor. Cold plasma still arouses interest in the field of oncology through its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) which can be genotoxic and cytotoxic for cancer cells. Two approaches to the use of plasma are studied: either direct exposure of cells to the plasma jet, or indirect exposure via the use of a Plasma Activated Medium (PAM). The PAM being easier to deliver by injection into the tumor, this approach was chosen in this work. The work presented consists in studying the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of PAM resulting from exposure of the medium to the helium plasma jet on in vitro and in vivo tumors. For in vitro studies, we chose to use a 3D model: the spheroid (MCTS - MultiCellular Tumor Spheroid). This model has similar characteristics to the in vivo model thanks to its spheroidal organization. The spheroids have indeed gradients of oxygen penetration, nutrients and cell proliferation. The first part of the thesis concerns the identification and quantification of the species generated in PAM. The analytical methods used are paramagnetic electronic resonance, fluorimetry, colorimetry, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. These analyses revealed that the toxicity of PAM was due to several factors: on the one hand to the generation of ROS and RNS and on the other hand to the degradation of cell nutrients contained in the medium via, for example, the oxidation and nitrosylation of the amino acids. The second part is dedicated to the study of the effects of PAM on HCT-116 (colon cancer) spheroids[...]