The topic of this thesis are adjectival antonyms in child-directed fiction. The primary aim of the thesis is to compare the usage of antonyms in adult fiction and child-directed fiction on the basis of a contextual co-occurrence of antonyms. The two areas of focus are the discourse functions of antonymy and the canonicity of antonyms. The thesis presents an analysis of antonyms identified in the context of 51 most frequent adjectives in a corpus of fiction written for children. The thesis is structured into three major parts. The first part provides a theoretical framework which summarizes the research of the discourse functions of antonymy and reviews the methods of measuring antonym canonicity. The second, methodological part, explains the methodology and describes the data used for the purposes of this study. The selection of data relies mostly on manual classification of the concordance lines. The third, analytical part, analyses and classifies the antonyms found in the corpus of child-directed fiction and compares them with selective samples extracted from adult fiction. A comparison of the most frequent adjectives in both corpora is also provided. Keywords: antonymy, discourse functions, antonym canonicity, ancillary antonymy, coordinated antonymy

The thesis deals with the relation of semantic opposition in the discourse of advertising. The aim of the thesis is to identify the techniques of advertising language based on the use of antonymy and describe their manipulative strategies. The thesis consists of two parts. The first is theoretical. It introduces the topics of advertising language and antonymy. It presents the views on definition of advertising, describes the influence of media on the language of advertising and summarizes the ba- sic advertising principles. Further, it defines antonymy and presents basic classification systems of opposites. Second part starts with the description of the research methodology and the database of advertisements created for the sake of the thesis. The following chapter analyses dis- tribution of classes of antonymy and describes individual advertising techniques and their manipulative force.

The phenomenon of enantiosemy in contemporary French The diploma thesis deals with enantiosemy in contemporary French. It is a linguistic phenomenon, which by its nature falls into the field of lexical semantics, but it receives much less, if any, attention. Despite the fact that the term « enantiosemy » was introduced in scientific circles more than a hundred years ago, its terminological definition has no fixed contours. The aim of the work is to define the term enantiosemy in a broader linguistic environment, to compare its grasp and to present the main lines of its characteristics. At the same time, we will notice the presence-absence of the analyzed phenomenon in the relevant study material of the French language. Also in this work will be shown different types of opposites of enantiosemic words. The selected enantiosemic words will be subjected to diachronic analysis. In addition, the phenomenon of interlingual enantiosemy will be investigated using the example of French and English. Key words : enantiosemy, opposites, homonymy, antonymy, semantics, polysemy, interlingual enantiosemy

The purpose of this study is to give a thorough and detailed account and analysis of the semantics of twelve Swedish dimensional adjectives: hög ‘high/tall', låg ‘low', bred ‘broad/wide', smal ‘narrow/thin', vid ‘broad', trång ‘narrow', tjock ‘thick', tunn ‘thin', djup ‘deep', grund ‘narrow', lång ‘long' and kort ‘short'. Focus has been placed on their spatial, non-metaphorical sense. The study was written within the framework of cognitive linguistics, where lexical definitions may be given in terms of prototypical and peripheral uses. Four sources of data have been considered: a corpus, consisting of contemporary fiction, an elicitation test, designed for the purpose, dictionary articles on the pertinent adjectives, and the author's own linguistic intuition as a native speaker. The methodology has involved categorisation of combinations of adjective and noun, based upon three major themes: orientation, function, and shape. In order to determine prototypical uses, precedence has been given to the outcome of the elicitation test over the corpus search. For both sources, frequency has played an important part. The ranking of senses as stated in the dictionary articles has also been considered. The results indicate that the dimensional adjectives differ quite markedly from each other, as opposed to a structural view where the adjectives traditionally have been regarded as forming a neat patchwork. Adjectives overlap each other for some uses (högt gräs ‘high grass', långt gräs ‘long grass' and even djupt gräs ‘deep grass'), while there are also situations in which no dimensional adjective can describe an object. Furthermore, adjectives forming pairs, such as djup – grund ‘deep – shallow', do not exhibit full antonymy, despite the fact that dimensional adjectives are traditionally cited as examples par excellence concerning antonymy.

The purpose of this study is to give a thorough and detailed account and analysis of the semantics of twelve Swedish dimensional adjectives: hög ’high/tall’, låg ’low’, bred ’broad/wide’, smal ’narrow’ vid ’broad’, trång ’narrow’, tjock ’thick’, tunn ’thin’, djup ’deep’, grund ’narrow’, lång ’long’ and kort ’short’. Focus has been placed on their spatial, non-metaphorical sense. The study was written within the framework of cognitive linguistics, where lexical definitions may be given in terms of prototypical and peripheral uses. Four sources of data have been considered: a corpus, consisting of contemporary fiction, an elicitation test, designed for the purpose, dictionary articles on the pertinent adjectives, and the author's own linguistic intuition as a native speaker. The methodology has involved categorisation of combinations of adjective and noun, based upon three major themes: orientation, function, and shape. In order to determine prototypical uses, precedence has been given to the outcome of the elicitation test over the corpus search. For both sources, frequency has played an important part. The ranking of senses as stated in the dictionary articles has also been considered. The results indicate that the dimensional adjectives differ quite markedly from each other, as opposed to a structural view where the adjectives traditionally have been regarded as forming a neat patchwork. Adjectives overlap each other for some uses (högt gräs ’high grass’, långt gräs ’long grass’ and even djupt gräs ’deep grass’), while there are also situations in which no dimensional adjective can describe an object. Furthermore, adjectives forming pairs, such as djup – grund ’deep – shallow’, do not exhibit full antonymy, despite the fact that dimensional adjectives are traditionally cited as examples par excellence concerning antonymy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:25:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3060.pdf: 1410899 bytes, checksum: 3015872a282e606335436041c1a0d0ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-25 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Among the most important lexical semantic relations to the class of adjectives is antonymy, i. e., opposition of senses as in fat/thin . WordNet, a lexical database for English, both establishes semantic relationships (such as synonymy, hiperonymy, etc.) between words and presents the concept of indirect antonymy (via synonymy: obese=fat/thin) for adjectives. This type of antonymy has not been represented at WordNet.Br yet, the Brazilian Portuguese WordNet, and at Electronic Thesaurus for Brazilian Portuguese (TeP), which contains the WordNet.Br core synsets. Thus, this research aims to study the antonymy in adjectives of Brazilian Portuguese (BP), to contribute to the refinement of the TeP and of WordNet.Br s database. The study takes up the occurrences of the 100 most frequent adjectives in the Mac-Morpho corpus from the LacioWeb project, which contains newspaper articles of Folha de São Paulo of the year 1994 and has 1,167,183 tokens. The adjectives were extracted by the Unitex concordancer. The research is motivated by three questions ( when two adjectives have closely similar meanings, why do they not have the same antonym? ; if antonymy is so important, why do many descriptive adjectives seem to have no antonym? ; and how the direct antonymy can be established? ). The main objectives are: to establish a lexical network that relates direct antonymy between adjectives and indirect antonymy between the synonyms of each adjective and its antonyms and to implement them in TeP, refining the representation of antonymy. / Dentre as relações léxico-semânticas mais importantes para a classe dos adjetivos está a antonímia, ou seja, a oposição de sentidos, como em: gordo/magro . A WordNet, uma base de dados lexicais do inglês, que estabelece relações léxico-semânticas e semântico-conceituais (como sinonímia, hiperonímia, respectivamente, etc.) entre as palavras, apresenta também o conceito de antonímia indireta (via sinonímia: obeso=gordo/magro) para os adjetivos. Esse tipo de antonímia ainda não está representada na WordNet.Br (WN.Br), a base de dados para o português do Brasil, e no Thesaurus Eletrônico para o Português do Brasil (TeP), que contém os synsets básicos da WN.Br. Sendo assim, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar a antonímia nos adjetivos do Português do Brasil (PB), com vistas a uma contribuição para o refinamento do TeP e da base de dados da WN.Br. O estudo é feito tendo como base as ocorrências dos 100 adjetivos mais frequentes no corpus Mac-Morpho, do projeto LacioWeb, que contém artigos jornalísticos de dez cadernos da Folha de São Paulo de 1994 e é composto de 1.167.183 ocorrências. Os adjetivos foram extraídos pelo concordanciador Unitex. Tomam-se por base na pesquisa três perguntas ( por que dois adjetivos com significados similares não têm o mesmo antônimo? , se a antonímia é tão importante, por que muitos adjetivos parecem não ter antônimos? e como é estabelecida a antonímia direta? ). Visa-se, assim, estabelecer uma rede semântica que possa relacionar a antonímia direta entre adjetivos e a antonímia indireta existente entre os sinônimos de cada adjetivo e seus antônimos, buscando implementá-las no TeP, refinando aí a representação da antonímia.

Negationsaffigering av adjektiv förekommer i flera indoeuropeiska språk. Tidigare studier visar på tydliga mönster, som att den affigerade stammen ofta är avledd och har positivt värde. Affigeringen skapar en negativ antonym till det affigerade ordet. Syftet med denna korpusstudie är att undersöka o-prefixet i dagens svenska. I första delen undersöks prefigerade stammars form och värde. Studiens resultat visar att 91,5 % av de 563 mest frekventa orden har en avledd stam, många av dessa är deverbala. Bland de 100 mest frekventa orden har stammen främst positivt värde. Det förekommer asymmetri i prefixets användning. 11,2 % av studiens prefigerade stammar har inte en icke-prefigerad form. 48 av de 100 mest frekventa orden tillhör den semantiska typen MÄNSKLIG BENÄGENHET. Studiens andra del undersöker antonymförhållanden mellan prefigerade och icke-prefigerade ord. I de få fall där det inte råder ett direkt antonymförhållande har det prefigerade ordet ofta en mer generell och abstrakt betydelse än det icke-prefigerade. Det prefigerade ordet kan också ha en äldre, inaktuell betydelse av stammen. Denna studie visar inga tydliga mönster i generalitet eller abstrakthet i betydelse mellan prefigerade ord och lexikala antonymer till den icke-prefigerade stammen. / Affixal negation of adjectives occur in several Indo-European languages. Previous studies show recurring patterns: the affixed stem is derived and has a positive value. The affixation creates a negative antonym. This corpus-based study examines the prefix o- in modern Swedish. The form and value of prefixed stems are investigated. The results of this study show that 91.5 % of the 563 most frequent prefixed words have a derived stem and many are deverbal. Among the 100 most frequent words, the stems have a positive value. Asymmetry in the use of the prefix occurs. 11.2 % of the study’s prefixed stems do not have a non-prefixed form. 48 of the 100 most frequent words belong to the semantic type HUMAN PROPENSITY. The second part of this study investigates the antonymic relationship between prefixed and non-prefixed words. The prefixed word often has a more general and abstract meaning when there is no direct antonymic relationship. The prefixed word may also have an older meaning, which is no longer used today. This study shows no clear patterns in differences in generality and abstractness in meaning between the prefixed word and the lexical antonym to the non-prefixed word.