Distraction from personal technology is a widely recognized problem in the modern classroom. Further, instructors have limited abilities to determine when students are waxing or waning in attentiveness. This evaluative experiment leverages the Apple Watch’s heart rate sensors to capture signs of attentiveness in participants simulating remote university lectures of differing interest levels as determined by YouTube commenters. Once captured, the heart rate data separated and analyzed to determine the effect of the lecture treatment on the participants’ heart rates. Twenty-seven students from Mississippi State University’s Electrical and Computer Engineering and Computer Science and Engineering departments elected to participate in the experiment, which shows a statistically relevant finding that the participants’ heart rates generally accelerated when presented interesting content and decelerated when treated with the uninteresting content, expressing with confidence the finding that the Apple Watch is capable of measuring attentiveness through heart rate.

The smartwatch has been predicted to be the next big thing in the ecosystem of wearable and mobile devices. The success of the smartphone has a lot to do with the support from third party developers and their applications. This support will most likely be of utmost importance if the smartwatch is going to be successful. But what are suitable applications for this type of device? What are people's expectations and opinions on smartwatches? This thesis work delved into these matters with focus on development for the Apple Watch. This was done through an online survey that reached more than 1400 people, through a field study for one person that used the smartwatch as an air-travel tool and finally through a usability test conducted on five people that tried out several applications, most of which were developed for this project. Four different applications were implemented: a timetable application, a museum audio-guide, a game and an airline application. The results indicate that people generally expected the smartwatch to act as an extension for their smartphones and notifications seemed to be an area in which the smartwatch excelled. The results also show that there are many applicable areas the smartwatch can be used for, but that interaction with these should be kept quick and simple. This is extra important given the limited screen-size and special considerations should be taken on what content to display. / Smarta klockor har länge framstått som nästa stora insteg inom ekosystemet av mobila enheter. Succén bakom smarttelefoner har mycket att göra med det stora stödet från tredjepartsutvecklare och deras applikationer. För att smarta klockor ska nå liknande nivåer är det troligt att detta tredjepartsstöd är av stor betydelse. Men vad är lämpliga applikationer för detta format? Vad har folk för förväntningar på denna plattform? Det här arbetet har handlat om dessa ämnen med fokus på utveckling mot Apple Watch. Arbetet har gjorts genom en enkätundersökning online som nått över 1400 användare, genom en fältstudie på en person där en applikation för flygresor testats samt genom ett användartest på fem personer där dessa fått testa på ett antal applikationer för Apple Watch, varav de flesta av dessa var utvecklade för detta projekt. Totalt implementerades fyra applikationer: en tidtabellsapplikation för kommunaltrafik, en ljudguide för ett museum, ett spel och en applikation för flygresande. Resultaten visar att folk verkar förvänta sig att en smart klocka ska fungera som en förlängning av deras smarttelefon och det verkar som att notifikationer är ett väldigt bra användningsområde för formatet. Resultaten visar också att det verkar finnas många olika användningsområden för smarta klockor men att interaktioner med dessa bör vara korta och lätthanterliga. Detta är extra viktigt givet den begränsade skärmstorleken och man bör noga överväga hur och vad man presenterar för användaren.

Apple WatchTM huserar funktionaliteter inom medicinteknik. Detta är ett examensarbete inom medicinteknik som ställer frågan om hur pass bra mätningar den utför i förhållande till motsvarande medicinteknisk produkt. Smartklockan kan identifiera R-toppar i EKG mycketväl, och därigenom också förmaksflimmer. I förhållande till pulsoximeter presenteras syremättnad några procentenheter för högt och följsamheten är något stel. Apple WatchTM mäter puls bra vid högre hjärtslagsfrekvenser, men har kraftigt begränsad träffsäkerhet och sämre följsamhet vid mätningar i vila. Det kan inte styrkas att Apple WatchTM kan användas som verktyg för att ställa någon medicinsk diagnos, utifrån testerna i detta arbetet, där datamängd och urvalsgrupp samtidigt varit för liten för att kunna ge riktig statistisk signifikans. / The Apple WatchTM has functionalities related to the field of medical technology. This is a degree project in medical engineering that raises the question how adequate measurements it can acquire, in relation to a corresponding medical device. The Apple WatchTM can identify R waves in ECG very well and thereby also atrial fibrillation. In relation to pulse oximeters, oxygen saturation is given a few percentage points too high and the compliance is somewhat rigid. Apple WatchTM measures heart rate well at higher heart rates, but has severely limited accuracy and has poorer compliance when measuring at rest. The tests of this work shows that the Apple WatchTM should not be used as a tool for making any medical diagnosis, but the amount of data and test subjects were not sufficient enough to make it statistically significant.

The medical health industry is entering a new era and technology will play a great role in this area. Equipment in hospitals is in many cases strictly dependent on technology that works. However, technology in the medical health industry will maybe become a bigger part of our private lifestyle. This lifestyle includes digital health apps, wearables and devices that track your daily physical routines with “Internet of things”. These ways of keeping track of your health can be used for private purposes, but also to complement medical studies with clinical results. This thesis will focus on how wearables can complement a medical study where patients with severe heart failure will use the smartwatch Apple Watch. This smartwatch will collect data on patients daily physical activity pattern and thereafter analyze this data in order to find activity patterns. This thesis intends to answer the questions How can wearables such as the Apple Watch benefit medical heart research? and what makes the Apple Watch a suitable wearable for the medical study at Lund’s University Hospital? Interviews were therefore held with medical heart researchers and addressed the purpose of the medical study and their choice of wearable. Thereafter, a examination of the Apple Watch was conducted and it together with the interview indicated that the Apple Watch in fact is a suitable wearable. Finally, an exportation process where data from the Apple Watch was done where the exported data then was decoded in Microsoft Excel. The purpose of this was to examine statements that were revealed in the interview. That being said, the thesis came to the conclusion that the Apple Watch contributes a lot when mixing complementing data from wearables with clinical records. Another conclusion was that this tracking device was suitable for the medical study. In what extension the Apple Watch is suitable, is yet unclear since the medical study is in need of further patients and research where one compares wearables against each other.

As a college student, there is a risk of spending a large part of the day with sedentary studies, which can have negative effects on students' health. With the intention of counteracting this and devoting more time to physical activity, Wearable fitness tracker (WFT) is an increasingly common technical aid for students. The most sought-after option on the market among students is Apple's smartwatch called the Apple Watch. In previous studies conducted on wearable fitness trackers, it was shown that the use of WFTs resulted in the perception of health having positive changes. Similarly, studies concerning the integrated social functions showed that the use of these significantly increases the individual's intention to continue exercising and to continue using the service that provided the functions. Therefore, this study examined whether the usability of the exercise-related features of the Apple Watch has an impact on the attitude toward physical activity of college students. This quantitative study used a digital survey with a variety of questions for participants to answer. The System Usability Scale was used as the basis for some of the questions that would measure usability, and the Exercise Motives and Gains Index (EMGI) was used to measure attitudes towards training. The results of the study showed that the usability for mainly two categories of functions, Gaming and Sharing, was of great importance for whether the attitude towards physical activity changed. In addition, 3% of participants claim to not meet the health recommendations after owning the Apple Watch, which is a decrease compared to the 29% before the smartwatch was acquired. Despite the reported numbers that the vast majority claim to be more physically active since acquiring the Apple Watch, no connection between a change in attitude and the increase could be established. / Universitetsstudenter riskerar att tillbringa en stor del av dagen åt stillasittande studier, vilket kan ha negativa effekter på deras hälsa. Med avsikt att motverka detta och ägna mer tid åt fysisk aktivitet är Wearable Fitness Trackers (WFT) ett allt vanligare tekniskt hjälpmedel för studenter. Ett av de mest efterfrågade alternativen på marknaden bland studenter är smartklockan Apple Watch. I tidigare studier utförda på Wearable Fitness Trackers visades att fortsatt användning av WFTs hade en positiv relation med upplevda hälsoförbättringar. Andra studier som rörde spelifierade och sociala funktioner i hälsoappar och WFTs, visade att användning av de funktionerna ökar intentionen att fortsätta använda tjänsterna eller tekniken, samt att fortsätta träna. I denna studie undersöktes huruvida användbarheten av de träningsrelaterade funktionerna i Apple Watch har en påverkan på inställningen till fysisk aktivitet hos universitetsstudenter. Denna kvantitativa studie använde en digital enkät med ett flertal frågor för deltagarna att besvara. System Usability Scale användes för att mäta användbarhet, och Exercise Motives and Gains Index (EMGI) användes för mätning av inställning till fysisk aktivitet. Resultatet av studien visade att användbarheten för två funktionskategorier, Gaming och Sharing, hade stor betydelse för om inställningen till fysisk aktivitet förändrats. Dessutom uppgav 3% av deltagarna att de inte uppfyllde hälsorekommendationerna efter ägandet av Apple Watch, vilket är en minskning jämfört med 29 procent innan smartklockan införskaffades. Trots att en överväldigande majoritet av deltagarna uppgett att de utövar mer fysisk aktivitet idag, kunde ingen koppling mellan en förändring i attityd och den ökning som uppgavs etableras.

The Apple Watch is capable of recording single-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs). To incorporate such devices in routine medical care, the reliability of such devices to obtain precordial leads needs to be validated. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and reliability of a smartwatch (SW) to obtain precordial leads compared to standard ECGs. We included 100 participants (62 male, aged 62.8 ± 13.1 years) with sinus rhythm and recorded a standard 12-lead ECG and the precordial leads with the Apple Watch. The ECGs were quantitively compared. A total of 98 patients were able to record precordial leads without assistance. A strong correlation was observed between the amplitude of the standard and SW-ECGs’ waves, in terms of P waves, QRS-complexes, and T waves (all p-values < 0.01). A significant correlation was observed between the two methods regarding the duration of the ECG waves (all p-values < 0.01). Assessment of polarity showed a significant and a strong concordance between the ECGs’ waves in all six leads (91–100%, all p-values < 0.001). In conclusion, 98% of patients were able to record precordial leads using a SW without assistance. The SW is feasible and reliable for obtaining valid precordial-lead ECG recordings as a validated alternative to a standard ECG.

Some of the recently released smartwatch products feature a single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) recording capability. The reliability of obtaining 3-lead ECG with smartwatches is yet to be confirmed in a large study. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and reliability of smartwatch to obtain 3-lead ECG recordings, the classical Einthoven ECG leads I-III compared to standard ECG. To record lead I, the watch was worn on the left wrist and the right index finger was placed on the digital crown for 30 s. For lead II, the watch was placed on the lower abdomen and the right index finger was placed on the digital crown for 30 s. For lead III, the same process was repeated with the left index finger. Spearman correlation and Bland-Altman tests were used for data analysis. A total of 300 smartwatch ECG tracings were successfully obtained. ECG waves’ characteristics of all three leads obtained from the smartwatch had a similar duration, amplitude, and polarity compared to standard ECG. The results of this study suggested that the examined smartwatch (Apple Watch Series 4) could obtain 3-lead ECG tracings, including Einthoven leads I, II, and III by placing the smartwatch on the described positions.

Over the past 10 years, smartwatches have become increasingly popular for commercial use. Their ever-increasing capabilities, accuracy, and sophistication of smartwatches is making them increasingly appealing to physical activity researchers as a valuable research tool. The non-invasive nature, prevalence, and versatility of smartwatches is being utilized to track heart rate, blood-oxygen levels, activity and movement, and sleep. However, the current state of the art lacks a uniform method to extract, organize, and analyze data collected from these devices. The objective of this research was to develop a Python software library that is widely available, highly capable, and easy to use with the data collected by the Apple Watch. The library was designed to offer data science, visualization, and mining features that help physical activity research find and communicate patterns in the Apple Health data. The custom-built caching system of the library provides near-instant runtime to parse and analyze large files without trading off on memory usage. The Wanjara Smartwatch Library has significantly better performance, proven reliability and robustness, and improved usability than the alternatives discovered in the review of the literature. / Master of Science / Over the past 10 years, smartwatches have become increasingly popular for commercial use. Their ever-increasing capabilities, accuracy, and sophistication of smartwatches is making them increasingly appealing to physical activity researchers as a valuable research tool. The non-invasive nature, prevalence, and versatility of smartwatches is being utilized to track heart rate, blood-oxygen levels, activity and movement, and sleep. However, the current state of the art lacks a uniform method to extract, organize, and analyze data collected from these devices. The objective of this research was to develop a Python software library that is widely available, highly capable, and easy to use with the data collected by the Apple Watch. The library was designed to offer data science, visualization, and mining features that help physical activity research find and communicate patterns in the Apple Health data. The custom-built caching system of the library provides near-instant runtime to parse and analyze large files without trading off on memory usage. The Wanjara Smartwatch Library has significantly better performance, proven reliability and robustness, and improved usability than the alternatives discovered in the review of the literature.

The market for wearable devices is continuously growing and has seen an in- crease in interest and demand this past year, specifically smartwatch devices. With several big players entering and trying to take place in the market the number of devices and platforms grow. This leads to device and software fragmentation like the one seen in the world of smartphones. In this paper I discuss and compare the two smartwatch platforms Android Wear and Apple Watch in terms of possibilities, limitations and differences. Research is done to find cross-platform development possibilities for these platforms. Extensive theoretical background of both APIs is researched and presented. An app for both smartwatch platforms is developed with integration of the WebSocket protocol to function as a remote control for a Video-On-Demand web service. This is done to showcase the cross-platform possibilities and differences of the platforms. As a result the biggest differences are out- lined and a conclusion is made that cross-platform development for these platforms can be challenging but is possible on certain levels.

This thesis builds upon ethnography of Apple Watch user experience and explores its connections with Apple's different branding strategies such as official website advertisements for Apple Watch Series 4, Supplier Responsibility Progress Report (2019) and Today at Apple sessions held in Apple Stores. I draw on sociomaterial approaches with special emphasis on John Law's (2004) method-assemblage and the feminist critique of ANT managerial vision that allow me to conceptualize corporate practices as means of enacting singular and coherent commercial out-thereness and absences. The goal of this thesis is to explore possible connections between the user's experience and the corporate branding strategies which craft a series of commercial realities in order to translate the needs of other actants and enroll them in its corporate network. This paper also argues that ambivalence is central to this process as corporate branding is being constantly reshaped and reconfigured by both the branding strategy itself and the actants involved. Chapter I provides a semiotic analysis of advertisements inspired by Woolgar's (1990) concept of moral universe. The second chapter follows with examining the Progress Report which provides information on the production processes that are completely absent in exclusively...