Este trabalho visa avaliar a recarga e o sistema de fluxo do aqüífero Guarani com o auxílio de um modelo numérico, aplicado à área delimitada pelas bacias hidrográficas dos rios Jacaré-Guaçú e Jacaré-Pepira (sub-bacias do rio Tietê, na região central do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil). Com este fim, foi estabelecido um modelo conceitual para o sistema de escoamento subterrâneo. Técnicas em SIG foram utilizadas no armazenamento, processamento e análise de dados levantados em intensa revisão bibliográfica, bem como, gerados mapas com as características dimensionais e hidrogeológicas. Os fenômenos hidrológicos mais significativos foram selecionados, resultando na construção do modelo conceitual para estimativa de fluxo e recarga do aqüífero, que possui na área de estudo significativa extensão de afloramento. Foram atribuídas seis zonas de recarga correspondentes a formações e estruturas geológicas que compõem o aqüífero semiconfinado e livre. O modelo foi calibrado pelas vazões de base, obtidas de hidrogramas diários, e pelos níveis estáticos de poços. Uma análise de sensibilidade foi realizada envolvendo os parâmetros de ajuste da calibração. Os resultados mostram existir interação entre as recargas do aqüífero, provenientes das duas bacias, e indicam que o aqüífero essencialmente drena a sua recarga através dos rios. Os fluxos laterais (fluxo subterrâneo entre bacias), a descarga profunda e a explotação por poços representam pequenas saídas em comparação à recarga total, contudo, a ação dos poços apresenta efeitos com alguma tendência regional no entorno dos maiores centros urbanos da área de estudo. A determinação das vazões de base identificou os trechos ao longo dos rios nos quais o aqüífero os carrega e é carregado. Apesar do aqüífero essencialmente abastecer os rios, os trechos nos quais os rios o carregam são significativos e importantes por serem trechos nas quais o aqüífero é potencialmente mais vulnerável. / This work aims to assess the recharge and flow system of the Guarani aquifer with the aid of a numeric model, applied to the area delimited for the hydrographic basins of the rivers Jacaré-Guaçú and Jacaré-Pepira (sub-basin of the Tietê river, in the central region of São Paulo State, Brazil). Thus, a conceptual model for groundwater flow system was established. GIS based tools was used in the storage, processing and analysis of data raised in intense bibliographical revision as well as generated maps with the dimensional and hydrogeologic characteristics. Main hydrologic phenomena were selected, leading to a groundwater conceptual model for evaluation of recharge and groundwater flow, taking into account the significant outcrop region in the study area. The geologic formations and structures were attributed to six corresponding zones of recharge that compose the semi-confined and free aquifer. The model was calibrated by the baseflow from daily hydrograms and by the static level from wells. It was carried out a sensitivity analysis including the calibration parameter set. The results show that there is interaction between aquifer recharge from the two basins and that the aquifer mainly drain its recharge into the rivers. The lateral flows (groundwater flows between basins), the deep discharge and the groundwater exploitation from wells represent small exits in comparison to the total recharge; however, the action of the wells presents effect with some regional trend in the vicinity of the biggest urban centers of the study area. The determination of the baseflows identified the stretches to long of the rivers in which the aquifer loads and is loaded. Despite the aquifer essentially supplying the rivers, the stretches in which the rivers load it are significant and important for being stretches in which the aquifer is potentially more vulnerable.

Superexplotação de águas subterrâneas é um termo que vem sendo utilizado irrestritamente na literatura científica e na mídia. Entretanto não existe definição técnica do termo, sendo utilizado quando os efeitos negativos da explotação dos aquíferos são percebidos. Apesar da indefinição técnica, o termo superexplotação traz consigo um alerta à sociedade, colocando a explotação do aquífero em evidência. Logo seu uso pode ser justificado desde que essas limitações sejam reconhecidas. Ante uma análise criteriosa dos efeitos do bombeamento de poços é possível delinear seis aspectos de superexplotação de aquíferos: (1) hidráulico, relacionado à exaustão física do aquífero; (2) qualidade de água, queda na qualidade da água a níveis inaceitáveis; (3) econômico, caracterizado pelo aumento exacerbado nos custos de bombeamento; (4) ecológico, relacionado à diminuição da vazão de rios e outros corpos d\'água e extinção da flora e fauna dependentes do aquífero; (5) geotécnico, identificado como a perda da estabilidade de terrenos devido à retirada de água do aquífero; e (6) ético e social, relacionado à distribuição desigual dos recursos hídricos. Nesse cenário, Recife é um exemplo típico de cidade abastecida parcialmente com águas subterrâneas, em Recife houve uma expansão muito rápida da rede de poços, bombeamento desordenado, queda acentuada nos níveis d\'água e depreciação da qualidade da água. Dessa forma nos últimos anos os trabalhos desenvolvidos na área caracterizaram o regime de explotação dos aquíferos como superexplotação. Esse trabalho analisou o regime de explotação do Sistema Aquífero Cabo, em Recife, frente aos seis aspectos de superexplotação. Para tanto foram utilizados dados históricos de análises químicas e medições de nível obtidos por projetos anteriores, ademais foram realizadas duas campanhas de amostragem de água e uma campanha para geofísica da área. Com esses métodos não foi possível caracterizar a superexplotação do Aquífero Cabo, entretanto foi identificada uma área onde pode estar ocorrendo depreciação da qualidade da água, todavia essa queda na qualidade não está relacionada ao bombeamento. No aspecto econômico foi caracteriza um expressivo custo extra devido à queda dos níveis d\'água, entretanto a explotação do aquífero ainda é muito vantajosa frente ao abastecimento público. No aspecto ético foi demonstrado que os usuários do Aquífero Cabo têm poder aquisitivo maior, não havendo impedimentos de acesso ao aquífero. Como estratégia foi proposta a outorga mediante monitoramento do poço, sendo os dados utilizados para alimentar um modelo de fluxo da região. Dessa forma esse modelo seria cada vez mais representativo, podendo ser utilizado como ferramenta de gestão e para prever cenários futuros. / Groundwater overexploitation are been used in scientific literature and media in an unrestrained way. Nevertheless there are no technical definition of this term, usually this expression are used when the negative aspects of groundwater exploitation are perceived by stakeholders. Despite his technical indetermination the term puts groundwater exploitation in evidence, creating more awareness for the situation. Then the usage can be justified since those limitations are taken into account. Before careful analysis of pumping effects is possible to outline six aspects of overexploitation: (1) hydraulic, related to aquifer exhaustion; (2) water quality, decline of water quality to unacceptable levels; (3) economic, increase of pumping costs to an level in which others sources of water are more suitable; (4) ecologic, related to loss of base flow in rivers and others superficial water bodies and extinction of aquifer dependent flora and fauna; (5) loss of land stability due to water withdrawal; (6) ethic and social, related to unequal distribution of water resources. In this scenario, Recife is a typical example of partial groundwater supplied city, in Recife there was a very fast increase of wells, uncontrolled pumping, marked water level drawdown and decrease of water quality in some spots. Therefore in the last years all studies in characterized the area as overexploitated. This study analyzed the exploitation regime in Cabo Aquifer, in Recife, in face of the previous cited six aspects os overexploitation. For this purpose, were historical chemical analysis and water level logging were used, furthermore two sampling campaigns and one geophysical campaign were done. With these methods were not possible to characterize an overploitation scenario. However, were possible to delineate and area in which groundwater depreciation might be happening, nonetheless this depreciation are not related to groundwater pumping. Concerning the economic aspect the extra costs due to drawdown was estimated, notwithstanding, even with extra costs, groundwater exploitation where much more advantageous than water from public supply. Regarding the ethical aspect were shown that Cabo Aquifer users has high economic power, therefore any of those users are hindered to aquifer access. As management strategy was purposed that groundwater permission would be only gave to users who are involved in well monitoring programs, such monitoring data would be used to feed an flux model. In this way, this model could be an managing tool and also foresee future scenarios.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Over half of total flows in the global river network are composed of non-perennial rivers. This indicates the importance of non-perennial river systems in supporting the biodiversity. It has been established that groundwater is one of the elements that control the flow regimes and classification (whether perennial or not) of a river system. However, the use of hydrogeological characteristics to establish the influence of groundwater on non-perennial river systems remain to be widely unpublished. This study, therefore, intends to conceptualize and explain the role of hydrogeological characteristics in non-perennial rivers, using the Heuningnes catchment in the Western Cape Province of South Africa as a case study. The study has argued that thorough characterization of aquifers is essential in order to adequately establish the extent of aquifer-river connectivity and how groundwater influences flows and chemical loading in non-perennial river systems. The study has three objectives namely: (i) to determine the aquifer characteristics (ii) to characterise the aquifer-river interaction and (iii) to conceptualize the groundwater flow system. Records review, field, analytical and laboratory-based methods were used to collect and interpret geological, groundwater level, pumping test, hydro-chemical and environmental stable isotopic data in order to characterise groundwater occurrence, flow system and its interaction with the rivers of the study area. Water samples were taken from groundwater, surface water and rainfall during both dry and wet periods. Results show that the study area has a topography-controlled water table with shallow depth to groundwater levels ranging on average from 3 - 10 m, which result into largely a local groundwater flow system. Transmissivity values determined from constant rate pumping test range between 0.17 and 1.74 m2/day. Results exhibit that the low transmissivity values are associated with the weathered nature of the Table Mountain sandstone and the unfractured Bokkeveld shale formations. Hydrochemical data results indicate that both groundwater and river samples in the upstream part of the study area are characterised as fresh water with TDS values of less than 1000 mg/l while the downstream part has saline waters with TDS ranging from 2000 – 35000 mg/l. Results also show that Na-Cl is the dominant water composition for both groundwater and river water. The order of major ion dominance is similar for the two water sources, with concentration ranges from high to low in the order of Na+>Mg2+>Ca2+>K+ and Cl->SO42->HCO3- for cations and anions respectively. The similar patterns and trends in salinity and major ion data suggest the connectivity between the aquifer and the river. Environmental stable isotope data indicate river samples in upstream areas having depleted δ18O (-4.3 to -5.12‰) and δ2H (-22.9 to -19.3‰) signatures similar to groundwater indicating a stable and continuous groundwater contribution to the river flows. Meanwhile, high evaporative enrichment of δ18O (1.13 to 7.08‰) and δ2H (38.8 to 7.5‰) is conceived in river samples from downstream areas. Ionic ratios and isotope-salinity relationships suggest that groundwater chemistry is derived from sea sprays, evaporation and dissolution of Bokkeveld shale host rock. Geological, hydrogeological, hydrochemical and environmental stable isotope data were used to develop a conceptual hydrogeological model which explains the role of groundwater in non-perennial river systems. Results indicate that the North East – South West fault on the north-eastern part of the study area seem to act as a conduit to groundwater flow thereby supplying water to the upstream rivers while the East -West fault in the northern part seem to act as a barrier to groundwater flow resulting into a hydraulic discontinuity between upstream and downstream areas. Meanwhile, the relatively low conductive formation in the downstream areas coupled with a relatively low hydraulic gradient (0.000843) suggests there is slow Darcian groundwater flows resulting in less flushing and high salinization of groundwater. Eventually, in the downstream part of the study area there is slow and minimal groundwater discharge to the rivers resulting into groundwater failing to maintain the river flows and pools. In general, rivers of the study area largely gain water from groundwater although the amount of groundwater discharge varies from one river segment to another in both upstream and downstream parts. The conceptual model has led to the development of a proposed optimum management of non-perennial rivers including the effects of groundwater abstraction on the river flows. / 2022-09-01

In Fluid-, Filter- und Sedimentproben von vier geothermischen Anlagen des Norddeutschen Beckens wurden mit molekulargenetischen Verfahren unterschiedliche mikrobielle Gemeinschaften nachgewiesen. Die mikrobielle Zusammensetzung in den Prozesswässern wurde dabei durch die Aquiferteufe, die Salinität, die Temperatur und den verfügbaren Elektronendonatoren und -akzeptoren beeinflusst. Die in den anoxischen Prozesswässern identifizierten Organismen zeichneten sich durch einen chemoheterotrophen oder chemoautotrophen Stoffwechsel aus, wobei Nitrat, Sulfat, Eisen (III) oder Bikarbonat als terminale Elektronenakzeptoren fungierten. Mikroorganismen beeinflussten den Betrieb von zwei Anlagen negativ. So reduzierten im Prozesswasser des Kältespeichers am Berliner Reichstag vorhandene Eisenoxidierer, nahe verwandt zu der Gattung Gallionella, die Injektivität der Bohrungen durch Eisenhydroxidausfällungen in den Filterschlitzen. Biofilme, die von schwefeloxidierenden Bakterien der Gattung Thiothrix in den Filtern der obertägigen Anlage gebildet wurden, führten ebenfalls zu Betriebsstörungen, indem sie die Injektion des Fluids in den Aquifer behinderten. Beim Wärmespeicher in Neubrandenburg waren Sulfatreduzierer vermutlich an der Bildung von Eisensulfidausfällungen in den obertägigen Filtern und im bohrlochnahen Bereich beteiligt und verstärkten Korrosionsprozesse an der Pumpe im Bohrloch der kalten Aquiferseite. Organische Säuren in den Fluiden sowie mineralische Ausfällungen in den Filtern der obertägigen Anlagen waren Belege für die Aktivität der in den verschiedenen Anlagen vorhandenen Mikroorganismen. Es wurde zudem deutlich, dass Mikroorganismen auf Grund der hohen Durchflussraten in den Anlagen chemische Veränderungen in den Prozesswässern deutlich sensitiver anzeigen als chemische Analyseverfahren. So deuteten Änderungen in der Zusammensetzung der mikrobiellen Biozönosen und speziell die Identifikation von Indikatororganismen wie Eisen- und Schwefeloxidierern, fermentativen Bakterien und Sulfatreduzierern auf eine erhöhte Verfügbarkeit von Elektronendonatoren oder akzeptoren in den Prozesswässern hin. Die Ursachen für die an den Geothermieanlagen auftretenden Betriebsstörungen konnten dadurch erkannt werden. / Distinct microbial communities were found in fluid, filter, and sediment samples taken from four geothermal plants in the North German Basin by using molecular genetic techniques. The microbial composition in process fluids was influenced by aquifer depth, salinity, temperature, and available electron donors and acceptors. The organisms identified in the anoxic process fluids were closely related to chemoheterotrophs and chemoautotrophs that use nitrate, sulfate, ferric iron, and bicarbonate as the terminal electron acceptor. Microorganisms adversely affected operation of two geothermal plants. For example, Gallionella-related iron oxidizing bacteria, abundant in process fluids of the cold store at the Berliner Reichstag caused operation failures due to the formation of iron hydroxide scale that clogged the filter slots in the wells and led to a reduction of injectivity. In addition, biofilms formed by sulfur oxidizing Thiothrix sp. in filters of the topside facility drastically reduced injectivity. At the heat store in Neubrandenburg, sulfate reducing bacteria were probably involved in the formation of iron sulfides in filters of the topside facility and in the near wellbore area, and may have increased corrosion processes on the well pump at the cold side of the aquifer. Volatile fatty acids in process fluids and mineral scales in filters of the topside facility indicated the activity of microorganisms present in the different geothermal plants. In addition, it was shown that microorganisms react more sensitive than chemical analyses because of the high fluid flow in the plants, and thus indicate chemical changes in process fluids. Changes in the microbial community composition, and particularly the identification of indicator organisms, such as iron and sulfur oxidizer, fermentative, and sulfate reducing bacteria were suitable for the detection of increased availability of electron donors and acceptors. Thus, reasons for operation failures occurring at geothermal plants could be identified.

Caves, the cornerstone feature of karst aquifers, are little understood in Florida. This dissertation, which analyzes the morphology, elevation, lithologic setting, and hydrology of caves in west-central Florida, demonstrates that the karst of the unconfined Floridan aquifer differs from the paradigm view of karst presented in modern geology textbooks. The differences reflect setting: eogenetic (west-central Florida) vs. telogenetic (conventional). Interpretations about the architecture of cavernous porosity in this dissertation come from detailed surveys (497 stations) of seven air-filled caves.The surveys reveal that solution cavities within the unconfined Floridan aquifer align along NE-SW and NW-SE fractures. The surveys further identify tabular zones of cavernous porosity that extend for tens of meters. Characteristic "plus-sign" passages occur at the intersection of solution-enlarged fractures and the tabular horizons. The caves, as surveyed, do not connect points of discrete aquifer input to springs. Rather, they are separated by intact bocks of aquifer matrix, ever- narrowing fissures, sediment fills, and breakdown. With an additional 574 spot elevations from 63 previously surveyed air-filled and submerged caves and 526 foot-length cavities encountered in 26 drilled wells, the assembled data reveal that cave passages above and below the watertable of the unconfined Floridan aquifer cluster at similar elevations throughout west-central Florida. At the largest scale, the levels of cavities cut across geologic structure, thus suggesting a water-table origin. The close linkage of the water table and sea level this coastal setting suggests the levels reflect positions of paleosea level. Given that the air-filled caves in west-central Florida reflect higher sea levels,the coastline would have been close when the air-filled caves formed. The levels organize according to a sea-level datum at elevations of 30 m, 20-22 m, 12-15 m,and 3-5 m. The levels are similar in elevation to nearby terraces evident in GIS and LIDAR topographic data. The terraces correspond to the classic, Quaternary marine terraces of the coastal plain of the southeastern U.S.A. Given that the now-submerged caves reflect lower sea levels, the coastline was far from the caves when they formed. They organize according to a watertable datum at depths of 15 m, 30-40 m, 60-70 m, and > 100 m with some correspondence to marine terrace and paleoshoreline features identified on the sea floor of the west florida shelf using GIS and multibeam bathymetry. The multigenerational origin of these deeper caves masks the correspondence. Although past water tables are seen to be the first-order control of cave passages regionally, lithology appears to play a significant role at the scale of an individual cave. Approximately 2,000 measurements of matrix permeability from more than 228 m of continuous core from the unconfined Floridan aquifer of west-central Florida reveal a wide-ranging facies-dependent matrix permeability[log k(m2)= -12.9 +/- 1.6, total range]. Solution passages tend to be wider where the matrix permeability is greater. Time-series analysis on measurements of spring discharge from 31 springs and published time series from 28 additional sites reveal key differences between eogenetic and telogenetic karst aquifers, reflecting the difference in matrix permeability of the eogenetic [log k(m2) from -14 to -11] and telogenetic[log k(m2) from -15 to -20] limestones. For instance, log Q/Qmin flow-duration curves have greater slopes at eogenetic karst springs, a manifestation of lowerratios between the maximum and mean discharge (Qmax/Qmean). Additionally,aquifer inertia as defined on auto correlograms is greater in eogenetic karst than telogenetic karst.Hydrographs of spring flow and water level vary on a seasonal or longertime scale. The localized, convective-style storm events typical of the Florida summer rainy season are not realized as individual peaks in these hydrographs.Apparently, large, widespread, storm events, such as hurricanes in the late summer and fall and frontal systems in the winter and spring, are necessary to produce significant changes in storage. Data from nine pressure transducers in caves and in the aquifer matrix across the unconfined Floridan aquifer all record immediate increases in the water level due to Hurricanes Frances and Jeanne in September of 2004. The increases are simultaneous over large regions. These changes do not propagate through the aquifer as a pulse like the classic scenario of conduit flow in telogenetic karst aquifers.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-30T13:37:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JAQUELINE PEREIRA SALGADO -DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2016.pdf: 4613492 bytes, checksum: e2106196261e0c2eb71ee8147c208d65 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-30T13:37:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JAQUELINE PEREIRA SALGADO -DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2016.pdf: 4613492 bytes, checksum: e2106196261e0c2eb71ee8147c208d65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-02 / Na Paraíba a utilização das águas subterrâneas tem crescido consideravelmente, de forma que essas águas estão cada vez mais suscetíveis a contaminações, tanto pelo lançamento de esgotos sem tratamento quanto por outras ações antropogênicas, especialmente atividades agropastoris. Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a influência causada pelo lançamento de esgotos na qualidade das águas subterrâneas e a viabilidade destas em usos diversos. Para realização desta pesquisa foram escolhidos 9 poços ao longo do aquífero aluvial do Rio Sucurú, no município de Sumé-PB. Os indicadores de qualidade selecionados foram: físico-químicos - alcalinidade bicarbonato, alcalinidade carbonato, cálcio, cloretos, condutividade elétrica, DBO, DQO, ferro, magnésio, nitrato, nitrito, nitrogênio amoniacal, OD, pH, potássio, salinidade, sódio, sólidos totais dissolvidos, temperatura, turbidez; e microbiológicos - coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli. Ao longo do aluvião foram identificadas diversas fontes de poluição antrópica, que exercem influência na qualidade da água do aquífero. Através da metodologia GOD, o aquífero foi classificado com nível de vulnerabilidade médio. Os indicadores relacionados à salinidade mostraram altos níveis de sais ao longo do aluvião, o que restringe o uso para irrigação. Os parâmetros mínimos para classificação das águas subterrâneas de acordo com a Resolução CONAMA 396/2008, estiveram, na maioria dos poços, acima do VMP, exceto para nitrato, qualificando, dessa forma, as águas do aquífero como Classe 4. Assim foi concluído que as águas do aquífero aluvial do rio Sucurú somente podem ser utilizadas sem tratamento, para usos menos restritivos. / In Paraíba, the usage of groundwater has increased considerably, therefore, these water resources are more susceptibles to contamination, either by the discharge of untreated wastewater, or by other anthropogenic activities, above all, agropastoral activities. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of the sewage discharge on the groundwater quality and the viability of these resources for various uses. For this research 9 wells along the alluvial aquifer of Sucuru River in Sumé-PB were chosen. The water quality indicators selected were: physico-chemical - bicarbonate and carbonate alkalinity, calcium, chloride, conductivity, BOD, COD, iron, magnesium, nitrate, nitrite, ammoniacal nitrogen, DO, pH, potassium, salinity, sodium, total dissolved solids, temperature, turbidity; microbiological - thermotolerant coliforms and E-Coli. Along the alluvium were indentified various fonts of anthropogenic pollution, which have influence on the aquifer water quality. Through the GOD method, the aquifer was classified with medium vulnerability level. The indicators related to salinity presented high salt levels along the alluvion, which restricts the water use to irrigation. The minimal parameters for the classification of groundwater according to the CONAMA Resolution 396/2008, have been, on most the wells, above the MVA, except for nitrate, thus qualifying the aquifer water as Class 4. Therefore it was concluded that the water from the alluvial aquifer of the Sucuru River can only be used, untreated, for least restrictive uses.

Superexplotação de águas subterrâneas é um termo que vem sendo utilizado irrestritamente na literatura científica e na mídia. Entretanto não existe definição técnica do termo, sendo utilizado quando os efeitos negativos da explotação dos aquíferos são percebidos. Apesar da indefinição técnica, o termo superexplotação traz consigo um alerta à sociedade, colocando a explotação do aquífero em evidência. Logo seu uso pode ser justificado desde que essas limitações sejam reconhecidas. Ante uma análise criteriosa dos efeitos do bombeamento de poços é possível delinear seis aspectos de superexplotação de aquíferos: (1) hidráulico, relacionado à exaustão física do aquífero; (2) qualidade de água, queda na qualidade da água a níveis inaceitáveis; (3) econômico, caracterizado pelo aumento exacerbado nos custos de bombeamento; (4) ecológico, relacionado à diminuição da vazão de rios e outros corpos d\'água e extinção da flora e fauna dependentes do aquífero; (5) geotécnico, identificado como a perda da estabilidade de terrenos devido à retirada de água do aquífero; e (6) ético e social, relacionado à distribuição desigual dos recursos hídricos. Nesse cenário, Recife é um exemplo típico de cidade abastecida parcialmente com águas subterrâneas, em Recife houve uma expansão muito rápida da rede de poços, bombeamento desordenado, queda acentuada nos níveis d\'água e depreciação da qualidade da água. Dessa forma nos últimos anos os trabalhos desenvolvidos na área caracterizaram o regime de explotação dos aquíferos como superexplotação. Esse trabalho analisou o regime de explotação do Sistema Aquífero Cabo, em Recife, frente aos seis aspectos de superexplotação. Para tanto foram utilizados dados históricos de análises químicas e medições de nível obtidos por projetos anteriores, ademais foram realizadas duas campanhas de amostragem de água e uma campanha para geofísica da área. Com esses métodos não foi possível caracterizar a superexplotação do Aquífero Cabo, entretanto foi identificada uma área onde pode estar ocorrendo depreciação da qualidade da água, todavia essa queda na qualidade não está relacionada ao bombeamento. No aspecto econômico foi caracteriza um expressivo custo extra devido à queda dos níveis d\'água, entretanto a explotação do aquífero ainda é muito vantajosa frente ao abastecimento público. No aspecto ético foi demonstrado que os usuários do Aquífero Cabo têm poder aquisitivo maior, não havendo impedimentos de acesso ao aquífero. Como estratégia foi proposta a outorga mediante monitoramento do poço, sendo os dados utilizados para alimentar um modelo de fluxo da região. Dessa forma esse modelo seria cada vez mais representativo, podendo ser utilizado como ferramenta de gestão e para prever cenários futuros. / Groundwater overexploitation are been used in scientific literature and media in an unrestrained way. Nevertheless there are no technical definition of this term, usually this expression are used when the negative aspects of groundwater exploitation are perceived by stakeholders. Despite his technical indetermination the term puts groundwater exploitation in evidence, creating more awareness for the situation. Then the usage can be justified since those limitations are taken into account. Before careful analysis of pumping effects is possible to outline six aspects of overexploitation: (1) hydraulic, related to aquifer exhaustion; (2) water quality, decline of water quality to unacceptable levels; (3) economic, increase of pumping costs to an level in which others sources of water are more suitable; (4) ecologic, related to loss of base flow in rivers and others superficial water bodies and extinction of aquifer dependent flora and fauna; (5) loss of land stability due to water withdrawal; (6) ethic and social, related to unequal distribution of water resources. In this scenario, Recife is a typical example of partial groundwater supplied city, in Recife there was a very fast increase of wells, uncontrolled pumping, marked water level drawdown and decrease of water quality in some spots. Therefore in the last years all studies in characterized the area as overexploitated. This study analyzed the exploitation regime in Cabo Aquifer, in Recife, in face of the previous cited six aspects os overexploitation. For this purpose, were historical chemical analysis and water level logging were used, furthermore two sampling campaigns and one geophysical campaign were done. With these methods were not possible to characterize an overploitation scenario. However, were possible to delineate and area in which groundwater depreciation might be happening, nonetheless this depreciation are not related to groundwater pumping. Concerning the economic aspect the extra costs due to drawdown was estimated, notwithstanding, even with extra costs, groundwater exploitation where much more advantageous than water from public supply. Regarding the ethical aspect were shown that Cabo Aquifer users has high economic power, therefore any of those users are hindered to aquifer access. As management strategy was purposed that groundwater permission would be only gave to users who are involved in well monitoring programs, such monitoring data would be used to feed an flux model. In this way, this model could be an managing tool and also foresee future scenarios.

O estudo hidrogeoquímico dos aquíferos Tubarão (sedimentar, granular) e Cristalino (granítico, fissural) na Região de Salto (SP), tem como proposta avaliar os processos da interação água-solo-rocha que influem na composição química das águas e discutir a origem de anomalias de fluoreto e salinidade. Para averiguar a relação dessas anomalias com fontes naturais ou antropogênicas, foram estudados processos geoquímicos envolvidos nos níveis rasos e profundos de duas microbacias hidrográficas, onde se têm instaladas várias industriais. As águas dos aquíferos apresentam concentrações iônicas, pH e condutividade elétrica mais elevados em relação às águas subterrâneas rasas, sendo predominantemente bicarbonatadas cálcicas e sódicas no Aquífero Cristalino e bicarbonatadas e sulfatadas sódicas no Tubarão. A salinidade, pH e concentração de sódio destas águas tende a aumentar com a profundidade e no sentido do fluxo subterâneo das áreas de recarga para as de descarga nos principais rios da região. As anomalias geoquímicas ocorrem somente nas águas profundas. A origem do fluoreto é atribuída a alteração de biotita nos granitos e de micas e argilominerais nas rochas sedimentares. O F- está associado a águas bicarbonatadas e sulfatadas sódicas e a valores alcalinos de pH. Os focos de maior salinidade ocorrem em localidades próximas ao Rio Tietê e ao Rio Jundiaí. Ela pode estar associada a lineamentos estruturais de direção NE e NW, mas não se descarta a hipótese de águas residuais aprisionadas durante a deposição marinha dos sedimentos ou à circulação restrita da água subterrânea no Aquífero Tubarão. O sistema profundo encontra-se relativamente isolado em relação aos níveis subsuperficias rasos/superficiais, constatado pelos distintos fluxos subterrâneos e características físico-químicas e químicas. Os solos, sedimentos e águas superficiais e de poços cacimba apresentam evidências de degradação ocasionada por lançamento de esgotos e de um antigo lixão. / The hydrogeochemical study of Tubarão (sedimantary, granular) and Cristallyne (Granitic, fissural) aquifers in Salto Region, evaluates water-soil-rock interaction processes that have influence on water chemical composition and discuss the origin of fluoride and salinity anomalies in ground waters. To investigate the correlation between these anomalies with natural or antropogenic sources, geochemical process studies considering shallow and deep portions were conducted in two small watersheds, where several industries are installed. Deep ground waters present higher ionic concentrations, pH and electrical conductivity when compared to shallow ground waters; they are mainly bicarbonated calcic and sodic in the Crystalline Aquifer and bicarbonated or sulfated sodic in Tubarao Aquifer. The salinity, pH and sodium concentration of these water rise with deepness and from recharge to discharge areas in the main regional rivers. Geochemical anomalies only occur in deep waters. The origin of fluoride is attributed to biotite alteration in granites and to micas and clayminerals in sedimentary rocks. The fluoride is associated to bicarbonated and sulfated sodic waters and alcaline pH values. Focal points of high salinity occur in places near Tietê River and Jundiaí River. It can be associated to structural lineaments with NE and NW directions, but the hypothesis of residual waters that remained in the pore spaces of rocks during marine deposition of sediments cannot be rejected, as well as restrict portions of ground water circulation in the Tubarão Aquifer. The deep system is relatively isolated to the superficial and shallow subterraneous levels, verified by their distinct water flow and physicochemical and chemical properties. Soils, sediments and superficial waters and shallow groun dwater present evidences of degradation, caused by sewerage and an old waste dump.

Os metais são encontrados em todos os organismos vivos, sendo responsáveis por diversas funções e suas deficiências podem comprometer diversas funções biológicas, Mas, quando presentes em concentrações excessivas podem causar efeitos deletérios, modificando uma população ou um conjunto de espécies dentro de um ecossistema. O aquífero Bauru é predominantemente freático e grande parte do aquífero Guarani estudado neste trabalho localiza-se na sua faixa aflorante. Portanto apresentam vulnerabilidade alta, mostrando-se expostos ao risco de degradação antropogênicas, seja por atividades agrícolas ou uso do solo sem critérios em relação as suas aptidões. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram a validação da técnica de análise dos elementos químicos cobalto, estanho, fósforo, lítio, molibdênio, níquel, prata, tálio, titânio e vanádio por espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma (ICP-OES) com nebulizador ultrassônico acoplado, avaliação da presença desses elementos em amostras coletadas nos aquíferos Bauru e Guarani, visando propor valores de referência para os elementos em estudo. Foram avaliados 57 e 34 pontos de coleta, respectivamente nos aquíferos Bauru e Guarani, em 88 municípios no Estado de São Paulo, em quatro campanhas distintas. As análises efetuadas nos pontos de coleta dos Aquíferos Bauru e Guarani, nas quatro campanhas de coleta (março e setembro de 2010 e 2011) apresentaram concentrações menores que o Limite de Quantificação do Método para os elementos químicos cobalto, estanho, molibdênio, prata, tálio e titânio. Para esses elementos químicos sugere-se que o Valor de Referência de Qualidade seja a metade do Limite de Quantificação do Método. Para os metais lítio e níquel não houve diferenças significativas nos resultados obtidos para a maioria dos pontos de coleta sendo que os valores das concentrações máximas e mínimas encontradas são próximas ao terceiro quartil calculado. A presença de vanádio nos poços cujas concentrações encontradas foram acima de 50?.L-1V deve ser avaliada de forma mais criteriosa para verificar se há tendência de aumento de concentração. Existe uma variação significativa nas concentrações de fósforo encontradas nos Aquíferos Bauru e Guarani. É necessário investigar a origem deste elemento químico, se é natural ou antrópica, a fim de propor ações de controle, bem como a gestão de recursos hídricos. / Metals are found in all living organisms and are responsible for various vital functions and its deficiencies can impair biological functions, but, when present in excessive concentrations can cause deleterious effects on human health or a group of species in an ecosystem. In the present work, we studied the Bauru aquifer that is predominantly freatic and a region of the Guarani Aquifer located in a strip outcropping. Considering that, these water bodies are vulnerable, being exposed to the risk of anthropogenic degradation, due to both agricultural activities and the use of land without criteria. The objectives of this study were to validate the technique for analysis of the chemical elements cobalt, tin, phosphorus, lithium, molybdenum, nickel, silver, thallium, titanium and vanadium using Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) with ultrasonic nebulizer; to determine the presence of these elements in samples collected from Bauru and Guarani aquifers and finally, we aimed to propose the Reference Quality Values (RQVs) for each chemical, based on our results. We analyzed 57 and 34 water samples collected from Bauru and Guarani aquifers, respectively, in a total of 88 municipalities in the State of São Paulo, in four distinct periods (March and September 2010 and 2011). Our results showed that the concentrations of the chemicals cobalt, tin, molybdenum, silver, thallium and titanium were below to the quantification limit of the method in all samples collected. For the metals lithium and nickel there were no significant differences between the results collected from the most sites, and the maximum and minimum concentrations are found near the third quartile calculated. The concentration of vanadium in the aquifer water samples was higher than 50?g.L-1V and we suggested that this concentration should be carefully evaluated, in order to verify an increase tendency. We detected a significant variation in phosphorus concentration found in Bauru and Guarani aquifers. So, we also suggested that the origin of this chemical should be investigated to determine if it is natural or anthropogenic in order to propose control actions, as well as the management of water resources.

Este trabalho visa avaliar a recarga e o sistema de fluxo do aqüífero Guarani com o auxílio de um modelo numérico, aplicado à área delimitada pelas bacias hidrográficas dos rios Jacaré-Guaçú e Jacaré-Pepira (sub-bacias do rio Tietê, na região central do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil). Com este fim, foi estabelecido um modelo conceitual para o sistema de escoamento subterrâneo. Técnicas em SIG foram utilizadas no armazenamento, processamento e análise de dados levantados em intensa revisão bibliográfica, bem como, gerados mapas com as características dimensionais e hidrogeológicas. Os fenômenos hidrológicos mais significativos foram selecionados, resultando na construção do modelo conceitual para estimativa de fluxo e recarga do aqüífero, que possui na área de estudo significativa extensão de afloramento. Foram atribuídas seis zonas de recarga correspondentes a formações e estruturas geológicas que compõem o aqüífero semiconfinado e livre. O modelo foi calibrado pelas vazões de base, obtidas de hidrogramas diários, e pelos níveis estáticos de poços. Uma análise de sensibilidade foi realizada envolvendo os parâmetros de ajuste da calibração. Os resultados mostram existir interação entre as recargas do aqüífero, provenientes das duas bacias, e indicam que o aqüífero essencialmente drena a sua recarga através dos rios. Os fluxos laterais (fluxo subterrâneo entre bacias), a descarga profunda e a explotação por poços representam pequenas saídas em comparação à recarga total, contudo, a ação dos poços apresenta efeitos com alguma tendência regional no entorno dos maiores centros urbanos da área de estudo. A determinação das vazões de base identificou os trechos ao longo dos rios nos quais o aqüífero os carrega e é carregado. Apesar do aqüífero essencialmente abastecer os rios, os trechos nos quais os rios o carregam são significativos e importantes por serem trechos nas quais o aqüífero é potencialmente mais vulnerável. / This work aims to assess the recharge and flow system of the Guarani aquifer with the aid of a numeric model, applied to the area delimited for the hydrographic basins of the rivers Jacaré-Guaçú and Jacaré-Pepira (sub-basin of the Tietê river, in the central region of São Paulo State, Brazil). Thus, a conceptual model for groundwater flow system was established. GIS based tools was used in the storage, processing and analysis of data raised in intense bibliographical revision as well as generated maps with the dimensional and hydrogeologic characteristics. Main hydrologic phenomena were selected, leading to a groundwater conceptual model for evaluation of recharge and groundwater flow, taking into account the significant outcrop region in the study area. The geologic formations and structures were attributed to six corresponding zones of recharge that compose the semi-confined and free aquifer. The model was calibrated by the baseflow from daily hydrograms and by the static level from wells. It was carried out a sensitivity analysis including the calibration parameter set. The results show that there is interaction between aquifer recharge from the two basins and that the aquifer mainly drain its recharge into the rivers. The lateral flows (groundwater flows between basins), the deep discharge and the groundwater exploitation from wells represent small exits in comparison to the total recharge; however, the action of the wells presents effect with some regional trend in the vicinity of the biggest urban centers of the study area. The determination of the baseflows identified the stretches to long of the rivers in which the aquifer loads and is loaded. Despite the aquifer essentially supplying the rivers, the stretches in which the rivers load it are significant and important for being stretches in which the aquifer is potentially more vulnerable.