Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) is a scarcely represented species in Northwest Coast archaeology, but its remains are abundant at Tse-whit-zen, a large, Lower Elwha Klallam village in modern Port Angeles, WA that was occupied over the past 2,800 years. Because sablefish flesh has high nutritional value and it can be easily captured from nearshore waters in its juvenile form, sablefish should have been pursued where it was available. Therefore, the scarcity of sablefish in many Northwest Coast archaeological sites could indicate this species was not abundant in past fisheries. However, current zooarchaeological reports do not contain sufficient information on taphonomic histories, sampling, or zooarchaeological methods to determine whether patterns of sablefish scarcity could actually explained by differential destruction of sablefish remains, sample size effects, screen size effects, or misidentification. In this thesis, I examine how each of these factors may have affected the abundance of sablefish remains in Northwest coast archaeological sites. I evaluate four hypotheses that attribute sablefish representation to zooarchaeological identification methods, screen size, sample size, and post-depositional destruction of fishbone. While I do not explicitly test whether social and ecological factors affect sablefish abundance, sociocultural and environmental variation can be considered likely explanations for the observed patterns of sablefish representation if the other hypotheses are rejected. I test my hypotheses using three scales of archaeological records. First, I reanalyzed six previously analyzed Salish Sea assemblages to assess whether criteria for sablefish identification exist, are valid, and have been applied consistently. Second, I synthesized fishbone data from 35 previously analyzed Northwest Coast assemblages to evaluate the effects of screen size, sample size, and post-depositional destruction on sablefish representation. Finally, I integrate previously unreported fishbone data from the analysis of Tse-whit-zen into the synthesis of previous studies. The Tse-whit-zen materials I report on here represent six discrete time periods in the 1,800-year history of one large area of the site, which encompasses part of a plankhouse, providing a unique opportunity to examine the effects of screening, sample size, and post-depositional destruction at an extremely fine scale. I also use data from the reanalysis of a portion of the Tse-whit-zen fishbone to verify the consistency of sablefish identification for this site. I reject all four hypotheses and conclude that the uneven distribution of sablefish is likely a true reflection of ecological factors, human decision-making, or both factors. Whether sablefish scarcity is related to distributions of sablefish in past environments, or whether humans chose not to pursue sablefish is not known from the current study. Connecting sablefish capture to specific seasons with body-size regression methods may reveal associations between sablefish acquisition and other seasonal fisheries and activities, and help evaluate whether they conflicted with sablefish procurement in some contexts. Although zooarchaeological identification and reporting methods do not appear to account for sablefish scarcity, zooarchaeologists need to include more information about their methods so that the validity of inter-assemblage comparisons can be assessed. Zooarchaeologists maximize the value of their contributions to anthropology, biological sciences, and human ecodynamics when they explicitly report the methods they use to identify animal remains. By reporting the methodological and analytic procedures they used in detail, zooarchaeologists enhance the reader's confidence in their conclusions and provide future researchers with the information that is required to replicate their results. Which elements were recorded, and the criteria that were used to make taxonomic attributions, fundamentally affect the primary faunal data that researchers use. This study is part of a growing interest among zooarchaeologists in data quality assurance and quality control, which constitute a critical part of every large-scale comparative analysis.

A dissertação traz a análise dos contextos tecnológicos das ocupações de grupos ceramistas na Cidade de Pedra, Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. A tecnologia cerâmica foi estudada segundo critérios relacionados às características da pasta e do contorno de potes cerâmicos. A pesquisa realizada relaciona quatro sítios a céu aberto e quatro sítios em abrigo-sob-rocha de uma área que se insere em um amplo contexto regional de sítios cerâmicos. O estudo da cerâmica presente nos sítios busca observar a diversidade das escolhas tecnológicas relacionadas ao processo produtivo dos potes, a partir de ocupações arqueológicas com cerâmica associada às tradições Uru e Tupiguarani, além de conjuntos cerâmicos não filiados. A interpretação dos dados leva em conta aspectos de caráter cultural implicados na contextualização dos sítios / This dissertation analyzes the technological context of ceramic-making group occupations on the City of Stone (Cidade de Pedra) area in Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. The ceramic technology was studied according to criteria related to the features present in the paste and contours of ceramic pottery. The research correlates four open-sky sites and four sites under rocky shelters from an area that is inserted within a wide regional context of ceramic sites. The study of the ceramic pieces found at the sites observes the diversity in technological choices related to pottery production processes, from archaeological occupations where ceramic is associated to the Uru and Tupiguarani traditions, in addition to non-affiliated ceramic sets. Data were interpreted taking into account cultural aspects implied within the context of these sites

The library was one of the most important institutions in the Hellenistic and Roman city, as evidenced in the writings of ancient authors, and the building remains of libraries found throughout the Greco-Roman world, from Asia Minor to France and from Africa to Northern Greece. Yet, the library remains one of the least easily identifiable building forms and one of the most difficult to reconstruct, because unlike architectural types such as the temple, stoa, or theater, the library exhibits significant variety in design, scale and monumentality and the use of different component elements. In reconstructing libraries, scholars often rely on a prescribed set of assumptions about components and their arrangement that limit our ability to identify libraries and understand their diversity of arrangement. This dissertation proposes shape grammars as an effective computational methodology to identify, understand, and reconstruct ancient libraries of diverse and variant scale, design and monumentality. The work presents a comprehensive documentation of known and identified libraries, reviews the design principles of the architectural form of ancient libraries, and on the basis of this historical analysis proposes a shape grammar for the formal specification of ancient Greek and Roman libraries. The library grammar encodes the design principles of ancient libraries in ninety-one rules that are grouped in two major parts: the first generates the main hall of the library and its interior design, and the second generates the complete layout of the library including additional porticoes, peristyles, exedras, gardens and propylon. The application of the rules generates libraries of diverse scales and monumentality: libraries known in the corpus and as well as hypothetical libraries. The dissertation presents grammatical derivations for the seventeen known and identified libraries. These derivations, depending on the degree of preservation of the building remains of libraries, function as an evaluative tool for the validity of the grammar or for the reconstructions proposed by traditional research. In many cases, they point to different possibilities in the identification of the building remains related to libraries among remains of different phases or remains belonging to neighboring buildings, and suggest variant scenarios of reconstruction that might not stand out using traditional techniques of reconstruction. The metadata of the rules in the grammar and the derivations are used in a frequency analysis that provides a probabilistic model as an effective and systematic guide in identifying, evaluating and predicting the architectural form of libraries: the main hall and the threshold are identified as mandatory architectural components, the niches and focal point as most likely, and the podium with a colonnade as less likely to occur in a library. Less frequently, the library is a whole complex with exedras, a monumental entry and additional rooms that function as auditoria, banquet halls or offices. Moreover, the work presents the derivations of possible libraries and evaluates the rules applied to generate them based on the frequency analysis. In the end, the work concludes whether these buildings are libraries, non-libraries or exceptional libraries. Lastly, this dissertation assesses the opportunities and challenges that emerge in using shape grammars to identify and reconstruct libraries and also the value and impact of using formal computational methods in the systematic exploration of variations in reconstruction of the archaeological record.

This thesis addresses the question of how the Cambodia Tourist Police prohibition of local custodians has impacted Khmer prayer rituals inside Ta Prohm Complex (Angkor Archaeological Park, Cambodia). For centuries, people of Khmer ethnicity have engaged in religious activities inside Ta Prohm. Local Khmers have functioned as custodians of spaces of religious activity there. Custodians decorate and clothe statues, and place incense, offering plates, and other religious paraphernalia in spaces of religious activity. Observations demonstrate that Khmer prayer rituals occur in spaces that contain religious paraphernalia. The prohibition reduced the number of spaces that contain religious paraphernalia in Ta Prohm. This thesis is the first research to closely examine contemporary religious activities at Angkor. The thesis discusses how the prohibition may impact future Khmer religious activities inside Ta Prohm, and presents a potential solution for the reduced functionality of Ta Prohm as a Khmer temple that resulted from the prohibition. / Department of Anthropology

Thesis--University of Groningen, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 106-113).

Essa pesquisa de mestrado analisa as práticas da ciência arqueológica em projetos de licenciamento ambiental no Rio Grande do Sul. O licenciamento ambiental é um instrumento burocrático regido pelo estado para fiscalizar e legislar sobre as obras de engenharia que impactam de alguma forma o meio ambiente, populações e o patrimônio cultural brasileiro. Dentro dessa prática há diversos trâmites nos quais algumas áreas do conhecimento são necessárias, como a biologia, a antropologia, a geografia, a geologia e a arqueologia. Estas devem identificar e registrar as características da área onde será feito o empreendimento, apontando para as medidas a serem tomadas. A arqueologia gere nesse contexto os sítios e bens arqueológicos que podem ser encontrados no local e quais devem ser as deliberações adotadas para sua preservação in loco ou a efetuação de um salvamento dos mesmos, ou seja, uma escavação arqueológica e a guarda do material proveniente em alguma instituição. Atualmente as pesquisas arqueológicas no licenciamento ambiental são o campo predominante de atuação dos arqueólogos no Brasil.Baseando-se principalmente nas teorias e métodos da antropologia da ciência, da tecnologia e da burocracia pretende-se analisar as redes sociotécnicas que emaranham arqueologia, burocracia, estado e iniciativa privada, as quais constituem e são constituídas de diferentes entidades, como o patrimônio, sítios arqueológicos e relatórios técnicos A pesquisa, uma etnografia da prática arqueológica, abarcou entrevistas com vinte e um arqueólogos que atuam no licenciamento ambiental e a análise de projetos e relatórios referentes ao licenciamento de diversos empreendimentos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Este panorama abrange diferentes agentes humanos e não humanos que transitam nas redes sociotécnicas do licenciamento ambiental e da arqueologia, como os cientistas, os projetos e relatórios técnicos, os burocratas, suas burocracias e documentos, os sítios arqueológicos e o patrimônio, o Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN), dentre outros. Ao regulamentar práticas científicas e relacionálas a etapas de projetos de engenharia, o licenciamento ambiental se mostra como uma ferramenta estatal de grande interesse político e analítico para a antropologia e para a arqueologia. / This master's research analyzes the practices of the archaeological science in environmental licensing projects in Rio Grande do Sul. Environmental licensing is a bureaucratic instrument governed by the state to supervise and legislate on engineering works that impact in some way the environment, communities and the Brazilian cultural heritage. Within this practice there are several procedures on which some areas of knowledge are necessary, such as biology, anthropology, geography, geology and archeology. They have to identify and register the characteristics of the area where the enterprise will be made, pointing to the measures to be taken. Archaeology is the steward in this context of the sites and archaeological goods that can be found in the place, deliberating what should be adopted for their preservation in loco or the realization of an archaeological rescue, that is, an archaeological excavation and giving the custody of the material to an institution. Currently the archaeological research in environmental licensing is the predominant field of action of archaeologists in Brazil. Based mainly on the theories and methods of the anthropology of science, technology and bureaucracy we intend to analyze the socio-technical networks that entangle archeology, bureaucracy, state and private initiative, which constitute and are constituted of different entities, such as heritage, archaeological sites and technical reports This research, an ethnography of archaeological practice, embrace interviews with twenty-one archaeologists who work on environmental licensing and the analysis of projects and reports regarding the licensing of several projects in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This outlook encompasses different human and non-human agents who move through the sociotechnical networks of environmental licensing and archeology, such as scientists, technical projects and reports, bureaucrats, their bureaucracies and documents, archaeological sites and heritage, the Institute of National Historical and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN), among others. By regulating scientific practices and linking them to stages of engineering projects, the environmental licensing proves to be a state tool of great political and analytical interest to anthropology and archeology.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Essa pesquisa de mestrado analisa as práticas da ciência arqueológica em projetos de licenciamento ambiental no Rio Grande do Sul. O licenciamento ambiental é um instrumento burocrático regido pelo estado para fiscalizar e legislar sobre as obras de engenharia que impactam de alguma forma o meio ambiente, populações e o patrimônio cultural brasileiro. Dentro dessa prática há diversos trâmites nos quais algumas áreas do conhecimento são necessárias, como a biologia, a antropologia, a geografia, a geologia e a arqueologia. Estas devem identificar e registrar as características da área onde será feito o empreendimento, apontando para as medidas a serem tomadas. A arqueologia gere nesse contexto os sítios e bens arqueológicos que podem ser encontrados no local e quais devem ser as deliberações adotadas para sua preservação in loco ou a efetuação de um salvamento dos mesmos, ou seja, uma escavação arqueológica e a guarda do material proveniente em alguma instituição. Atualmente as pesquisas arqueológicas no licenciamento ambiental são o campo predominante de atuação dos arqueólogos no Brasil.Baseando-se principalmente nas teorias e métodos da antropologia da ciência, da tecnologia e da burocracia pretende-se analisar as redes sociotécnicas que emaranham arqueologia, burocracia, estado e iniciativa privada, as quais constituem e são constituídas de diferentes entidades, como o patrimônio, sítios arqueológicos e relatórios técnicos A pesquisa, uma etnografia da prática arqueológica, abarcou entrevistas com vinte e um arqueólogos que atuam no licenciamento ambiental e a análise de projetos e relatórios referentes ao licenciamento de diversos empreendimentos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Este panorama abrange diferentes agentes humanos e não humanos que transitam nas redes sociotécnicas do licenciamento ambiental e da arqueologia, como os cientistas, os projetos e relatórios técnicos, os burocratas, suas burocracias e documentos, os sítios arqueológicos e o patrimônio, o Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN), dentre outros. Ao regulamentar práticas científicas e relacionálas a etapas de projetos de engenharia, o licenciamento ambiental se mostra como uma ferramenta estatal de grande interesse político e analítico para a antropologia e para a arqueologia. / This master's research analyzes the practices of the archaeological science in environmental licensing projects in Rio Grande do Sul. Environmental licensing is a bureaucratic instrument governed by the state to supervise and legislate on engineering works that impact in some way the environment, communities and the Brazilian cultural heritage. Within this practice there are several procedures on which some areas of knowledge are necessary, such as biology, anthropology, geography, geology and archeology. They have to identify and register the characteristics of the area where the enterprise will be made, pointing to the measures to be taken. Archaeology is the steward in this context of the sites and archaeological goods that can be found in the place, deliberating what should be adopted for their preservation in loco or the realization of an archaeological rescue, that is, an archaeological excavation and giving the custody of the material to an institution. Currently the archaeological research in environmental licensing is the predominant field of action of archaeologists in Brazil. Based mainly on the theories and methods of the anthropology of science, technology and bureaucracy we intend to analyze the socio-technical networks that entangle archeology, bureaucracy, state and private initiative, which constitute and are constituted of different entities, such as heritage, archaeological sites and technical reports This research, an ethnography of archaeological practice, embrace interviews with twenty-one archaeologists who work on environmental licensing and the analysis of projects and reports regarding the licensing of several projects in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This outlook encompasses different human and non-human agents who move through the sociotechnical networks of environmental licensing and archeology, such as scientists, technical projects and reports, bureaucrats, their bureaucracies and documents, archaeological sites and heritage, the Institute of National Historical and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN), among others. By regulating scientific practices and linking them to stages of engineering projects, the environmental licensing proves to be a state tool of great political and analytical interest to anthropology and archeology.

A dissertação traz a análise dos contextos tecnológicos das ocupações de grupos ceramistas na Cidade de Pedra, Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. A tecnologia cerâmica foi estudada segundo critérios relacionados às características da pasta e do contorno de potes cerâmicos. A pesquisa realizada relaciona quatro sítios a céu aberto e quatro sítios em abrigo-sob-rocha de uma área que se insere em um amplo contexto regional de sítios cerâmicos. O estudo da cerâmica presente nos sítios busca observar a diversidade das escolhas tecnológicas relacionadas ao processo produtivo dos potes, a partir de ocupações arqueológicas com cerâmica associada às tradições Uru e Tupiguarani, além de conjuntos cerâmicos não filiados. A interpretação dos dados leva em conta aspectos de caráter cultural implicados na contextualização dos sítios / This dissertation analyzes the technological context of ceramic-making group occupations on the City of Stone (Cidade de Pedra) area in Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. The ceramic technology was studied according to criteria related to the features present in the paste and contours of ceramic pottery. The research correlates four open-sky sites and four sites under rocky shelters from an area that is inserted within a wide regional context of ceramic sites. The study of the ceramic pieces found at the sites observes the diversity in technological choices related to pottery production processes, from archaeological occupations where ceramic is associated to the Uru and Tupiguarani traditions, in addition to non-affiliated ceramic sets. Data were interpreted taking into account cultural aspects implied within the context of these sites

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este trabalho é um estudo arqueométrico interdisciplinar envolvendo material cerâmico arqueológico da Amazônia Central, proveniente de dois sítios de grandes dimensões, Lago Grande e Osvaldo, na região de confluência dos rios Negro e Solimões. Procurou-se testar a hipótese de uma rede de trocas entre os antigos habitantes desses sítios, focando em trocas materiais e/ou tecnológicas. Essa hipótese tem implicações para teorias de ocupação da Amazônia Central pré-colonial que procuram relativizar o papel das dificuldades ambientais da floresta tropical como fator limitante para a emergência da complexidade social na região. A caracterização físico-química de fragmentos cerâmicos e argilas próximas aos sítios foi realizada por meio de: análise por ativação com nêutrons instrumental (INAA) para determinação da composição química elementar; espectroscopia de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (EPR) para determinação da temperatura de queima; difração de raios X (XRD) para determinação da composição mineralógica; e datação de cerâmicas por luminescência opticamente estimulada (OSL). Estudos mostraram que a área dos sítios foi ocupada por culturas produtoras das fases cerâmicas Manacapuru e Paredão, da Tradição Borda Incisa, em torno dos séculos V-X d.C. e VII-XII d.C., respectivamente. Os resultados de INAA foram analisados por métodos estatísticos multivariados, que possibilitaram definir dois grupos químicos de cerâmicas para cada sítio, para os quais não se observaram variações significativas na temperatura de queima e composição mineralógica. A partir do cruzamento com dados arqueológicos, a superposição entre pares de grupos foi interpretada como correlata da existência de uma rede de trocas pretérita, embora não tenha sido possível definir se ela teria ocorrido apenas entre Lago Grande e Osvaldo. Pelo contrário, sugeriu-se, pela comparação de dois grupos químicos de cerâmicas, que Lago Grande participava de uma rede mais extensa de trocas. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP: 10/07659-0