A presente dissertação aborda o pensamento arquitetônico europeu dos anos sessenta. Foca, particularmente, sobre a produção \"visionária\" do holandês Victor Nieuwenhuys (cujo pseudônimo era \"Constant\"), do grupo de arquitetos ingleses Archigram e dos grupos de arquitetos e designers italianos Archizoom e Superstudio. Analisa em que medida o avanço tecnológico e as novas teorias de informação/comunicação influem sobre tal arquitetura, produzindo uma hibridização entre conceitos advindos de diferentes esferas disciplinares. Avalia, como estudos de caso, alguns exemplos destas projeções: o projeto para a New Babylon, de Constant; a Plug-in City, de Archigram; o Monumento Continuo, de Superstudio; e a No-Stop City, de Archizoom; e como estas articulam a busca por emancipação social e/ou coletiva e as implicações do projeto arquitetônico com a crescente afirmação de uma sociedade de massas orientada para o consumo. Indaga, finalmente, sobre como estas propostas de cidades - ou não-cidades - ficcionais relacionam-se com as transformações sociais, políticas e econômicas em curso, quais as suas implicações em relação ao panorama histórico no qual se situam e que tipo de contribuição trazem para o debate acerca dos problemas das cidades reais. / The following thesis approaches European sixties\' architectural thinking. It focuses particularly on the \"visionary\" production of Dutch Victor Nieuwenhuys (whose pseudonym was \"Constant\"), English group of architects Archigram and Italian groups of architects and designers Archizoom and Superstudio. It analyses in which point technological advance and new information/communication theories act on such architecture, producing a hybridization among concepts coming from different disciplinary fields. It evaluates, as case studies, some examples of those projections: Constant\'s project for New Babylon; Archigram\'s Plug-in City; Superstudio\'s Continuous Monument; and Archizoom\'s No-Stop City; and how they articulate the search for social and/or individual emancipation and architectural project\'s implications with the increasing affirmation of a consumption-oriented mass society. Finally, it inquiries how these proposals of fictional cities - or non-cities - relate themselves to the ongoing social, political and economic transformations, what are their implications in relation to the historic moment where they are situated and what kind of contribution they bring to the debate over real cities.

A presente dissertação aborda o pensamento arquitetônico europeu dos anos sessenta. Foca, particularmente, sobre a produção \"visionária\" do holandês Victor Nieuwenhuys (cujo pseudônimo era \"Constant\"), do grupo de arquitetos ingleses Archigram e dos grupos de arquitetos e designers italianos Archizoom e Superstudio. Analisa em que medida o avanço tecnológico e as novas teorias de informação/comunicação influem sobre tal arquitetura, produzindo uma hibridização entre conceitos advindos de diferentes esferas disciplinares. Avalia, como estudos de caso, alguns exemplos destas projeções: o projeto para a New Babylon, de Constant; a Plug-in City, de Archigram; o Monumento Continuo, de Superstudio; e a No-Stop City, de Archizoom; e como estas articulam a busca por emancipação social e/ou coletiva e as implicações do projeto arquitetônico com a crescente afirmação de uma sociedade de massas orientada para o consumo. Indaga, finalmente, sobre como estas propostas de cidades - ou não-cidades - ficcionais relacionam-se com as transformações sociais, políticas e econômicas em curso, quais as suas implicações em relação ao panorama histórico no qual se situam e que tipo de contribuição trazem para o debate acerca dos problemas das cidades reais. / The following thesis approaches European sixties\' architectural thinking. It focuses particularly on the \"visionary\" production of Dutch Victor Nieuwenhuys (whose pseudonym was \"Constant\"), English group of architects Archigram and Italian groups of architects and designers Archizoom and Superstudio. It analyses in which point technological advance and new information/communication theories act on such architecture, producing a hybridization among concepts coming from different disciplinary fields. It evaluates, as case studies, some examples of those projections: Constant\'s project for New Babylon; Archigram\'s Plug-in City; Superstudio\'s Continuous Monument; and Archizoom\'s No-Stop City; and how they articulate the search for social and/or individual emancipation and architectural project\'s implications with the increasing affirmation of a consumption-oriented mass society. Finally, it inquiries how these proposals of fictional cities - or non-cities - relate themselves to the ongoing social, political and economic transformations, what are their implications in relation to the historic moment where they are situated and what kind of contribution they bring to the debate over real cities.

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El tema de esta tesis es la producción del grupo inglés Archigram, constituido por Peter Cook (1936), Warren Chalk (1927-1987), Ron Herron (1930-1994), Dennis Crompton (1935), Michael Webb (1937) y David Greene (1937), articulado alrededor a la revista homónima publicada en Londres entre 1961 y 1974 (diez números). Dicha producción por lo tanto no consiste en obras construidas, pero en el conjunto de los proyectos, dibujos y textos desarrollados en estos años por los miembros del grupo, individual o colectivamente, en su mayor parte condensados en la revista.Esta tesis parte del principio de que el interés en precisar la contribución de Archigram a la cultura arquitectónica debe ir más allá de probar su relativa continuidad en propuestas recientes de las corrientes tecnológicas, como suele considerarse. Se propone que, por los medios particulares del proyecto, Archigram ha logrado producir una crítica a la cultura arquitectónica vigente en su época, que terminó por envolver una reflexión sobre la relación entre arquitectura y técnica en el contexto de los años sesenta. Esta crítica, aunque arrancando de una posición tecnológicamente determinista, ha ejecutado un programa de acción que actuaba a través de la ficción y de la fantasía, incorporando flexiblemente un marco teórico e intelectual externo a los discursos estrictamente arquitectónicos, que se intentó identificar y clarificar.Junto a otras iniciativas del mismo período, Archigram promovió una crítica al modernismo institucionalizado del postguerra por no reconocer la emergencia de nuevas realidades sociales, identificadas con la explosión y diversificación del consumo de masas, el impacto de las tecnologías de la automación y de la comunicación, la reestructuración del capitalismo fordista y el paso incipiente de una cultura predominantemente industrial a una cultura electrónica. En esta tesis se pretende demostrar que por medio de unas propuestas de carácter más bien experimental, Archigram ha logrado construir una especie de narrativa de ficción a través del proyecto arquitectónico, desde una diversidad de autores (los seis miembros del grupo), temas, enredos y personajes. Fue a través de esta narrativa que Archigram articuló un discurso arquitectónico, propuesto como un discurso crítico con respecto a un discurso disciplinar genérico. Esta narrativa, que en esta tesis se propone entender como una fábula de la técnica, se fue desarrollando mediante la articulación de unas pautas en concreto, cuyo eje principal es la relación entre tecnología y arquitectura, y que están muy relacionadas con la emergencia de estas nuevas circunstancias económicas, culturales y técnicas. De los temas del consumo y de la obsolescencia presentes en las estrategias plug-in, de la movilidad mecánica y del nomadismo, Archigram llega al tema de las tecnologías de la automación y de la comunicación, que llevaría al planteamiento de una situación límite entre tecnología y materialidad arquitectónica, traducida en la proposición de una arquitectura de la ausencia.Esta tesis sustenta que estos proyectos, más que traducción directa de necesidades técnicas irreversibles, fueran intentos conscientes de producir una representación de la técnica. Los pasos de esta narrativa, entre la lógica secuencial y mecánica de Plug-in City y la simultaneidad electrónicamente producida de Computer City, son indicativos de la transformación en el carácter y en la percepción de la tecnología cuando esta deja de estar identificada exclusivamente con artefactos concretos, como la máquina, y pasa a identificarse, cada vez más, con sistemas y procesos potencialmente abstractos y ubicuos de control, como los sistemas de información y comunicación. Así, se intentó demostrar que, desde su visión optimista y colorista, y solo aparentemente poco crítica, la producción de Archigram fue un relato sintético y elocuente de las reestructuraciones económicas y sociales que cristalizan en el contexto de los años sesenta, con el paso del mundo estable del fordismo y de las cadenas de montaje a la condición de entropía y simultaneidad identificada por la metáfora de la aldea global de McLuhan. / The theme of this thesis is the work of the British group Archigram, composed by Peter Cook (1936), Warren Chalk (1927-1987), Ron Herron (1930-1994), Dennis Crompton (1935), Michael Webb (1937), and David Greene (1937) in the early sixties. The group merged around the homonymous magazine, published in London between 1961 and 1974 (ten issues), which showed most of the drawings and articles signed by its six members. This work is not about built architecture, but ideas, projects and architectural propositions.The thesis assumes that searching into the meaning of Archigram's work in order to establish the group's contribution to architectural culture must go beyond proving the alleged continuity between the group's work in the sixties and the so called high-tech architecture in the nineties, as usually considered. This approach to Archigram's work sustains that from the early sixties until 1974 Archigram generated a whole critical vision addressed to the architectural culture's mainstream of its time, and that is the point that must be reassessed and discussed.Besides other enterprises of its time, Archigram promoted a critical view over institutionalised post-war modernism for not being able to recognise the emergence of new social realities, identified with mass consumption, the new technologies of automation and information, the restructuring of capitalist fordism and the shift from a predominantly industrial culture to an electronic culture. This thesis proposes that Archigram, by means of experimental designs, projects and drawings, achieved a special contribution to architectural culture, that does not have to do strictly with built architecture. What Archigram actually constructed was a kind of fiction narrative, which evolved from the many projects and drawings proposed by the group, collectively or individually, from a diversity of authors (the six members of the group), themes, plots and even characters, as Warren Chalk's consumer, Michael Webb's nomad, David Greene's electric aborigine. It was through this narrative that Archigram articulated an architectural discourse, proposed as a critical discourse related to the general disciplinary discourse. This narrative, that the thesis invites to understand as a fable of technology, was unfolded according to specific themes, whose pivotal question was the relation between technology and architecture, and which was also related with the emergence of these new economic, cultural and technical circumstances. Starting from the controversies of mass consumption and expendability, going through the issues of mechanical mobility and nomadism, Archigram moved toward the automation and information technologies, discussing the boundaries between technology and architectonic materiality.This thesis sustains that more than a direct translation of unquestionable technical necessities, Archigram's projects were conscious attempts of producing a sort of representation of technology. The steps of this narrative, from the highly sequential and mechanical logic of Peter Cook's Plug-in City to the electronically generated simultaneity of Dennis Crompton's Computer City, clearly demonstrate the actual change in the character of technology. It is no longer primarily identified with artefacts and objects, as the machine, and seems to be progressively identified with abstract and ubiquitous systems and processes of control, as automation and information systems. So, from an optimist and colourist point of view, just apparently a-critical, Archigram's work was a synthetic and eloquent account of the economic and social restructuring which crystallises in the context of the sixties, when the much more stable world of capitalist fordism and assemblage lines gives way to the condition of entropy and simultaneity addressed by McLuhan's metaphor of the global village.

Land is our planet’s scarcest resource. With all the combined advances in our civilizations and their respective technologies, we have yet as a society to fully understand our precarious situation within our diminishing livable planetary surface. We also live today within a world in constant stages of change. With rapid population growth on a global scale, and its resulting increases in urban density, our available usable living space is greatly becoming smaller and our lives more crowded and condensed. Following upon our urban centers, this thesis aims at exploring the effects of these global phenomena of overcrowding and overpopulation especially within the time remaining before we, as part of a developed society, witness the ground below our feet gradually disappear. Montreal City is one developed world urban center ready to receive this next evolutionary step in urban growth and it is historically no stranger to architectural experimentation. Expanding the city’s infrastructures through the third dimension will allow greater freedom in the urban sculpture of this future face of our growing urban worlds. This will be the insertion of a new population-absorbing building and urban typology. This will be the return of the megastructure and the revival of an old visionary architectural language that will advance the exploration of the impact of growth and urban concentration.

Land is our planet’s scarcest resource. With all the combined advances in our civilizations and their respective technologies, we have yet as a society to fully understand our precarious situation within our diminishing livable planetary surface. We also live today within a world in constant stages of change. With rapid population growth on a global scale, and its resulting increases in urban density, our available usable living space is greatly becoming smaller and our lives more crowded and condensed. Following upon our urban centers, this thesis aims at exploring the effects of these global phenomena of overcrowding and overpopulation especially within the time remaining before we, as part of a developed society, witness the ground below our feet gradually disappear. Montreal City is one developed world urban center ready to receive this next evolutionary step in urban growth and it is historically no stranger to architectural experimentation. Expanding the city’s infrastructures through the third dimension will allow greater freedom in the urban sculpture of this future face of our growing urban worlds. This will be the insertion of a new population-absorbing building and urban typology. This will be the return of the megastructure and the revival of an old visionary architectural language that will advance the exploration of the impact of growth and urban concentration.

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