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This study investigates the view of grammar knowledge that appears in the steering documents and six textbooks for Swedish in upper secondary school. The research was carried out with the research questions “What view of grammar knowledge appears in the curriculum?”, and “What view of grammar knowledge appears in the textbooks?”. The study was conducted with a qualitative content analysis of applicable parts of the curriculum and relevant meta-texts and student activities from the textbooks. The results show that the steering documents and the textbooks to varying degrees differ with respect to various aspects of the concept view of grammar knowledge, compared with each other and within the different groups of materials. Moreover, the results illustrate that the steering documents, with their general expressions, allow a broader view of grammar than the view which each individual textbook offers.

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Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka argument lärare anger för att använda olika läromedel i matematikundervisningen i årskurs 1-3. För att få fram lärares tankar, argument och syften med användningen av olika läromedel skedde datainsamlingen genom intervjuer med fyra verksamma lärare. De läromedelstyper som berördes var läroböcker, konkret material och digitala verktyg. Utifrån litteraturgenomgången och intervjusvaren arbetades sju kategorier av argument fram: genomgång, skapa förståelse, färdighetsträning, individualisering, planering, motivation och komplettering. De sju kategorierna motsvarade olika argument lärare har för användningen av olika läromedelstyper. Resultatet antyder att läroböcker ofta används för att ligga till grund för undervisningen och konkret material används ofta för att konkretisera matematiken för eleverna. I resultatet framkommer det att argumenten för användning av digitala verktyg varierar beroende på vilken typ av digitalt verktyg det är. Studiens slutsats är att en läromedelstyp kan användas med många olika syften och att olika lärare kan ha olika argument för att använda samma läromedelstyp.

Thesis advisor: Maria E. Brisk / The influence of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) has increased attention on the argument writing genre in K-12 writing and literacies. Approaches to argument have been informed by cognitive and structural approaches, with some attention to social dimensions (Newell, Beach, Smith, & VanDerHeide, 2011). Less attention has been given to language and the manner in which purpose and audience inform language choice, especially at the secondary level (Fang & Schleppegrell, 2010). Further, audience and language use are affected by context, culture, and community. To date, rural contexts have often been overlooked in education research, and particularly in writing and literacies (e.g., Azano, 2015). Drawing on appraisal theory (Martin & White, 2005) to inform the interpersonal dynamics present in student-audience relationships that inform language use, the current study explored five experiences of an argument writing project developed as a collaborative initiative by three secondary English / Language Arts (ELA) teachers participating in a rural education network in the Pacific Northwest region of the US. The study explored the relationship between writers’ audience and students’ language choices in their argument writing, as well as teachers’ instruction and support of language. Data collection sources included students’ argument writing samples, teacher interviews, student interviews, and instructional artifacts. Findings indicate that multiple factors inform students’ audience awareness and language choices, including the relationship between students’ rural identities and audience, and teachers’ instruction and support of audience and language. In student writing, audience awareness led to more intentional selection of reasons and evidence to support a claim, as well as effective use of technical and evaluative language. Having an explicit, authentic audience broadly resulted in more effective language use, but students experienced difficulty negotiating between local audience and global perspectives. Findings suggest that incorporating explicit, authentic audiences and providing instructional support in audience and language will lead to more effective argument writing. Implications for practice, policy, and research are discussed, emphasizing interpretation in rural contexts. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2017. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Teacher Education, Special Education, Curriculum and Instruction.

Metalcore är en subgenre som är ständigt ifrågasatt av många. En del metalfans ser metalcore som någoting dåligt i metalgenren och tycker att subgenren inte är metal. I denna studie undersöks hur olika gränser skapas mellan genrerna metal och metalcore, detta genom att undersöka argumenten som metalfansen har om metalcore. Argumenten analyseras med hjälp av en kvalitativ argumentationsanalys med material från internetforumet Reddit. Resultatet visar på att negativitet finns mot metalcore, genren är alldeles för simpel och alldeles för mainstream för metalfans. Metalcore-låtar är endast en omstuvning av andra metalcore-låtar enligt metalfans. Den visar också en sorts splittring av fansen där några av metalfansen tycker om äldre metalcore.

Bevis och bevisföring är grundläggande processer av den matematiska praktiken och som dessa bör de naturligtvis ingå i matematikundervisningen. Bevis och bevisföring är dock också ett komplext och svårt område, inte bara för lärare och elever, vilket leder till att det inte får den plats och betydelse i matematikundervisningen, som det bör få. I denna systematiska litteraturstudie har det undersökts vilken betydelse och roll bevis och bevisföring har för matematikundervisningen. Följande två frågeställningar lades till grund för studien: 1. Hur karaktäriseras bevis och bevisföring inom den matematikdidaktiska forskningen? 2. Vilka argument finns det för att elever ska lära sig bevis och bevisföring i skolan? Litteraturen till denna studie har delvis sökts i databasen ERIC och delvis manuellt genom kedjesökning bland referenslistor. Det valdes 11 texter, som analyserades och ställdes samman för att besvara studiens frågeställningar. Studien visade att bevis och bevisföring är ett svår-definierat och svår-avgränsat område och att det finns flera aspekter, på denna problematik. Exempelvis är bevisföring en komplex process som bygger på olika aspekter. Bevisen kan också ses som relativa, vilket leder till svårigheter i att finna en allmängiltig definition. Studien visade också att det är viktigt att eleverna lär sig bevis och bevisföring i skolan på grund av en rad olika argument. För det första är bevis och bevisföring en viktig del av den matematiska praktiken, och matematikundervisningens syfte är det bland annat att lära eleverna matematiska arbetssätt, så att eleverna kan bli delaktiga i den matematiska praktiken. För det andra kan bevis och bevisföring ge eleverna djupare förståelse för matematiken och därmed ge mer mening åt undervisningen. Den tredje aspekten är att bevis och bevisföring kan lära eleverna tekniker och metoder som de kan ha användning av i andra områden som till exempel problemlösning.

Abstract There are currently three arguments in the treatment of business tax in Taiwan's integrated income tax system. They are the income tax expense argument, appropriation of net income of income tax argument, and income tax asset argument. Among them, the income tax expense argument is mainly adopted. The purposes of this study are, first, to examine the legitimacy of the regulations of the current financial accounting principles as well as the arguments of scholars and experts. Then we try to find a more perfect accounting treatment model. Finally, we study the current income tax law regulations to check if it is absolutely necessary to set up an imputation credit account outside the book of account. This study finds that the current system is not legitimate enough to fulfill the requirements of an idealized accounting treatment model. The nature of business tax in our integrated income tax system should depend on the attributive situation rather than judging its nature and accounting treatment by the above mentioned three arguments. Therefore, this study proposes an innovative argument entitled Income Tax Attribution Argument. The logic of this new system is primarily to analyze the attributes for income tax according to current tax law; then judge its nature by its attributive situation; finally, decide its accounting treatment in accordance with its nature. According to our current income tax law, there are at least seven categories of attributive situations. The differences among their natures are so large that we have to distinguish them. The mistake that the income tax expense argument makes is that it attempts to treat various accounting affairs by a single accounting concept and method. Part of the differences among their natures were mentioned in the appropriation of net income of income tax argument and income tax asset argument, but no further study appeared later. Therefore, this study tries to bring out a new method of business income tax based on the attributive situation. We examine the nature and accounting treatment method according to four aspects: business entity convention, ownership theory, classification definition, and matching principle. The result shows that it has more advantages, even though it is a bit complex, and hence is a more perfect accounting treatment model compared to the others. The Income Tax Attribution Argument proposed by this study lists the classification of applying deductible tax amount formally to record the unapplied deductible tax amount. This classification can replace the shareholders' account of unapplied deductible tax amount. Therefore, it is unnecessary to set up an imputation credit account outside the book of account as is done in the current income tax law regulations.

This thesis investigates the argument structure of transitive particle constructions with the adverb bort, meaning ‘away’, ‘off’. On the basis of approximately 2000 authentic instances of the partially schematic structure [subject verb bort object], I have identified a number of constructions at different levels of abstraction. The overall aim of the thesis is to account for the argument structure of the bort-constructions and to provide an overview of the relation between verb meaning and constructional meaning. Based on the empirical investigation, the argument structure of these constructions seems most adequately accounted for by combining lexical and constructional factors. The investigation shows that the argument structure forms a lexical-constructional continuum: some constructions clearly have verb-specific meaning, whereas others have meaning more or less independently of the verb. In between we find constructions exhibiting various degrees of influence over the lexical properties of the verb. Verb meaning is analyzed within a causative semantic framework, and I assume an association between causation and argument structure. The bort-constructions form a causative continuum ranging from direct, physical to indirect, abstract causation. By analyzing the verbs’ semantics in relation to these different causative structures (semantic frames), I demonstrate that the causative continuum and the argument structure continuum are aligned: the more indirect the causation, the more constructionally dependent (less verb-specific) the argument structure.

The aim of this thesis is to conduct a case study examining the intrusion of marketplace ideals on various aspects of everyday life. In this thesis, I provide a case study of a new business in San Francisco, ReservationHop, that transforms the previously first come, first serve restaurant reservation service into an auction style scalping (resell at a higher price) system, thereby affecting the distribution of an economic service, or good. In order to investigate this phenomenon, this thesis is organized into six main sections. First, I will provide a brief introduction to the thesis, presenting my aim and purpose in writing and why I believe that this is an important topic. I then introduce ReservationHop and describe the site and its business model, the controversy that it has evoked, and the app's creator Brian Mayer's attempts to defend the app's legitimacy. Thirdly, I will provide considerations in support of the ethical permissibility of the ReservationHop business model, using two neoclassical economic arguments: consumer choice theory and the Pareto-efficiency argument. Fourthly, I will counter these arguments, claiming that this service is not a Pareto optimal improvement because it involves deception, which is incompatible with genuine Pareto optimality. In the fifth section, I will introduce my main argument against ReservationHop in which I introduce the idea that there is something inherently wrong with the service even if its deceptive characteristics were corrected for. I argue that there should be "things that money cannot buy" because unfettered marketization erodes the nonmarket value of community, or commonality. In conclusion, this thesis argues that the intrusion of marketplace values on all aspects of society should be resisted, and that we must rethink the increased influence of marketization for it crowds out other important non-market values, e.g., our sense of community solidarity.