Introduction: Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease is a multisystem neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by asymmetric impairment in regions of the midbrain, forebrain, and brainstem. Of the known neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson’s is the second most commonly diagnosed worldwide with a global prevalence expected to reach 9 million individuals by 2030. As fall rates range between 35-68% annually, falling during walking is amongst the primary concerns for this demographic. Interestingly, despite the close association between loss of arm swing (due to Parkinson’s Disease) and future falls, evidence to-date has not examined the effect different arm swing conditions have on walking stability during unperturbed and perturbed (cognitive and mechanical) conditions. Dynamic stability research in this demographic is further limited in that evidence examining differences between the least and most affected leg is sparse. Research Objectives: To examine the differences between natural arm swing (unrestricted) and when arm swing was physical restricted (restricted) in people with Parkinson’s Disease. The effect of arm swing was assessed when people with Parkinson’s Disease walked in steady-state, dual-task, destabilizing terrains as well as in response to slips. Additionally, this thesis examined differences between the least and most affected sides, during the aforementioned conditions, that stem from the asymmetric progression in Parkinson’s Disease. Methods: Twenty individuals with Parkinson’s Disease were recruited for this research. Individuals walked on a CAREN-Extended System with unrestricted (natural) and restricted (absent) arm swing. Arm conditions were combined with steady-state walking, walking while performing a secondary dual-task, walking on minor destabilizing environments (hilly, rocky and mediolateral translational), and in response to slips for the heel-strikes of the perturbed (slipped) leg and recovery (contralateral) leg. The minor destabilizing terrains were assessed separately to steady-state walking for the arm swing condition resulting in three types of analyses (arms-rocky, arms-rolling hills, and arms-mediolateral). Data were processed in Vicon, Visual 3D, and OpenSim before being exported to Matlab to calculate dynamic stability (Margin of Stability, Harmonic Ratios and Coefficient of Variation), average spatiotemporal parameters, as well as trunk linear and angular velocities. Statistical analyses were conducted in SPSS with a significance level set a priori at (p<0.05). Results: During unperturbed walking with the restricted arm swing condition, compared to unrestricted, average trunk angular velocity increased in the transverse plane while instantaneous linear velocity at heel-strike decreased in the sagittal plane. Further, on the least affected leg, the Margin of Stability increased, average step length decreased, and coefficient of variation for step length increased. Contrastingly, step time coefficient of variation increased in the most affected leg. In the presence of the dual-task, average angular velocity in the frontal plane increased, average step time decreased (most affected leg), and step width coefficient of variation increased (bilaterally). Compared to unrestricted arm swing, restricted arm swing reduced average step length (arm-rolling hills) and time (arm-rocky), and increased COV step time (arm-rolling hills). The arm-rolling hills analysis revealed that the most affected leg had a shorter step length than the least affected. The destabilizing surface effects revealed that during the arm-rolling hills and arm-rocky analyses step time decreased, step width increased, and the COV for step time, length and width increased. No main effects occurred for the arm-mediolateral analysis. Additionally, when comparing the arm swing conditions in response to a slip, the restricted arm swing condition, compared to unrestricted, caused a faster step time during the slipped step. Compared to the most affected leg, the least affected had a wider step width during the slipped step. During the recovery step, the least affected leg had a larger anteroposterior Margin of Stability and longer step time than the most affected. Conclusion: The findings revealed that when people with Parkinson’s Disease walk without arm swing, trunk rotational velocity increases which internally perturbs gait. This destabilization elicited unique responses from dynamic stability metrics that were specific to the terrain encountered. Since Parkinson’s Disease primarily affects movement timing, the results suggest that loss of arm swing is particularly perturbing to foot placement timing while changes in spatial foot placement reflect compensation to maintain an existing level of global dynamic stability and symmetry. Additionally, the evidence indicates that the independent behavior of the least and most affected leg respond uniquely to loss of arm swing. However, as people with Parkinson’s Disease adjust the least affected leg’s foot placement to mirror the contralateral leg, functional interlimb differences may only be revealed when individuals encounter perturbations.

In urban conditions architecture often loses a connection with the surrounding context and viewers through inappropriate scale, design orientation and the misuse of light during the day and night. In areas of density, perception is everything. This exploration seeks to express architecture as a language of light and transparency by emphasizing a long linear connection with the ground plane and surrounding city. This creates horizontal bands of space that emit and receive various forms of light. The goal of this thesis is to portray itself as a glowing beacon of attraction while simultaneously displaying its inner workings. / Master of Architecture

Numerous compact NMR spectrometers have been designed for an easy measurement of proton NMR spectra. High sensitivity and resolution can be reached even with low field spectrometers (LFNMR) (i.e. 60 MHz), thanks to great improvements in electronic hardware, which open up a wide field of analytical quantification and relaxation applications. A specificity of Low field NMR spectrometer is the use of a permanent and cryogen free magnet technology, avoiding the need for weekly and expensive cryogenic services. Here we present and describe a low field NMR spectrometer fabricated in our laboratory. This spectrometer (ECBLFNMR) operates at basic resonant frequencies ranging from 1 to 60 MHz, with standard sample diameter (5-10 mm). All the embedded hardware is very compact and requires only a 24 V DC power supply, so this spectrometer is portable, easy to install and has a small footprint. This ECBFLNMR is dedicated to education and quantification, and enables low-field NMR research. It may be coupled with scientific experiments not requiring high magnetic fields.

Cette thèse présente les résultats d'une étude du milieu interstellaire local basée sur les mesures de rougissement dû aux poussières (excès de couleur E(B-V)), de l'émission thermique des poussières à 353 GHz (épaisseur optique des grains tau353), du rayonnement diffus γ produit par l'interaction des rayons cosmiques avec le gaz, de l'émission free-free du gaz ionisé et des raies d'émissions des atomes HI et des molécules CO. Ces traceurs permettent de sonder la quantité totale de gaz ainsi que celle dans les différentes phases du milieu interstellaire. L'objectif de cette étude est de tester la capacité de ces traceurs à estimer les quantités de gaz, de chercher des effets d'environnement et de comparer les tendances observées aux prédictions des modèles théoriques. Nous avons étudié plus particulièrement la région de l'anticentre galactique. L'information sur la vitesse du gaz apportée par les raies d'émission HI et CO a été utilisée pour séparer dans l'espace position-vitesse six complexes de nuages locaux et pour les séparer de l'arrière-plan galactique. Ces complexes incluent les nuages bien connus de Taurus-Auriga, California et Perseus / This thesis presents the results of a study of the local interstellar medium based on several tracers: the dust reddening (color excess E(B-V), the dust thermal emission of dust at 353 GHz (optical thickness of the grains tau353), the diffuse γ-ray emission produced by the interaction of cosmic rays with gas, the free-free emission of the ionized gas and the emission lines of HI atoms and CO molecules. These tracers probe the total quantity of gas as well as the quantity of gas in the different phases of the interstellar medium. The main objectives of this study are to test the capability of these tracers to estimate gas quantities, to search for environmental effects and to compare observed trends with the predictions of theoretical models.We have studied more specifically the region of the Galactic anticenter. The information on the velocity of the gas provided by the HI and CO emission lines was used to separate six local cloud complexes in the longitude-latitude-velocity and to separate them from the Galactic background. These complexes include the well-known clouds of Taurus-Auriga, California and Perseus

In this project work the basis for an anomaly detection system in ARM processors was researched on. Specifically, the focus was set to determine the performance monitoring units (PMU) in the processor which allow the reliable detection of anomalies. This was achieved by injecting targeted faults on the assembly level into the binary file to represent attacks on a physical level in a consistent way. A set of three PMUs was determined to reach a detection rate of 56.67% to 66.67% (depending on the test scenario) in the selected scenarios. However, the expected detection rate is higher for real-world attacks, due to the broad nature of the executed tests. In addition, it was observed that the readout frequency of these PMUs is critical, and in general, it is advisable to expose the values after each function call, or in the case of security-sensitive sections, multiple times within functions.

Målet med projektet var att undersöka ifall Siemens ARTIS Pheno hade fördelar jämfört med likvärdig utrustning såsom G-båge och C-arm och undersöka om ARTIS Pheno kan tillämpas inom andra områden än enbart rygg-, bäcken-och neurokirurgi. Resultatet ifrån rapporten visar att ARTIS Pheno kan med fördel användas inom andra områden, såsom traumaortopedi. Metoden för projektet var litteraturstudier, en intervju och undersökningar kring ARTIS Pheno, G-båge och C-arm. Litteraturstudiernas innehåll samt resultat sammanställdes i tabeller. På grund av bristen på artiklar kring ARTIS Pheno vidgades sökningarna till artiklar med liknande utrustning. En jämförelse mellan ARTIS Pheno, G-båge och C-arm gjordes för att se vilka för-och nackdelar ARTIS Pheno hade gentemot de andra och en praktisk mätning av ARTIS Pheno utfördes på Karolinska Universitets Sjukhuset Huddinge. Resultatet visade att majoriteten av artiklarna, 70%, talade för att användandet av en mer avancerad röntgenutrustning, ARTISPheno, inom traumaortopedi. Jämförelsen mellan ARTIS Pheno, G-båge och C-arm visade att ARTIS Pheno är dyrare men har mer fördelar och är bättre rustad än både G-bågen och C-armen. Mätningarna med ARTIS Pheno visar tydligt att det blir en bättre och tydligare bild på frakturen som kommer att hjälpa kirurgen i att utföra ett korrektare och säkrare ingrepp. Slutsatsen är att användandet av ARTIS Pheno vid traumaortopedi, kommer att hjälpa kirurgen att utföra ett mer korrekt och säkrare ingrepp vid komplexa frakturer. Vid Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset Huddinge skulle en installation och nyttjandet av ARTIS Pheno vid traumaortopedi medföra fördelar dock, vid en mindre vårdinrättning skulle det inte vara ekonomiskt hållbart. / The aim of the project was to investigate whether ARTIS Pheno had benefits compared with equivalent equipment such as the G-arch and C-arm and to investigate whether ARTIS Pheno can be applied in other fields of surgery than spinal-, pelvic-and neurosurgery. The results of the report showed that ARTIS Pheno can be used in other areas, such as trauma orthopedics. The method for the project was literaturestudies, an interview and to review ARTIS Pheno, G-arch and C-arm. The content and the results from the literature studies were compiledin charts. Due to the lack of articles regarding ARTIS Pheno the search was enlarged to articles with comparable devices. A comparison between ARTIS Pheno, G-arch and C-arm was created to see the pros and cons of ARTIS  Pheno compared to the other equipment. A practical measurement of ARTIS Pheno was performed at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge. The results of the articles showed that the majority, 70%, favored a more advanced X-ray equipment, ARTIS Pheno, in trauma orthopedics. The comparison between ARTIS Pheno, G-arch and C-arm showed that ARTIS Pheno is more expensive but has more advantages and is better equipped for complex fractures, compared to both the G-arch and the C-arm. Measurements with ARTIS Pheno clearly show that there will be a better and clearer picture of fractures which will help the surgeon to carry out a more correct and safe operation. The conclusion is that using ARTIS Pheno in trauma orthopedics, will help the surgeon to perform a more accurate and safe procedure in complex fractures. To install and use ARTIS Pheno within trauma orthopedics at Karolinska University Hospital, would induce benefits, however, it would not be economically sustainable in smaller healthcare facilities.

No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Objective: Nutritional assessment and diagnosis of malnutrition in pediatric patients is dependent on anthropometric measurements. In macrocephalic children, current anthropometric measures may fail to correctly diagnose malnutrition. The purpose of this study is to determine if the measurement of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) in pediatric patients with macrocephaly better identifies children at nutritional risk as compared to weight-for-length (WFL) or body mass index (BMI). Methods: A cross-sectional pilot study of children aged 6-36 months with a head circumference 2 SD above the mean was performed. Visual assessment was used as the clinical “gold standard” for presence of malnutrition. MUAC was compared to the WFL or BMI for each child to determine which anthropometric measurement better identified presence of malnutrition. Statistics: Two-way contingency tables were used to summarize the relationships between each pair of assessments of whether a child is malnourished. Agreement between the methods was evaluated using kappa statistics and percent agreement. Analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 ™ statistical software. Results: Twenty patients were included who met study criteria. The mean head circumference z-score was 2.6. The mean BMI/WFL z-score was 0.9, which would qualify the child as “nourished.” Of the 20 children included in the study, 20% (n=4) appeared visually malnourished on physical exam. BMI/WFL confirmed diagnosis of malnutrition in 75% (n=3) of children. MUAC confirmed diagnosis of malnutrition in 75% (n=3) of children. Diagnosis of malnutrition using BMI/WFL as compared to visual assessment had a non-significant p-value of 0.317. Diagnosis of malnutrition using MUAC as compared to visual assessment had a non-significant p-value of 0.317. With a p-value of >0.5, there is no statistically significant difference between BMI/WFL and MUAC in diagnosis of malnutrition. Conclusion: MUAC did not perform better than BMI/WFL at identifying malnutrition in pediatric macrocephalic patients.

With the rising costs of large scale distributed systems many researchers have began looking at utilizing low power architectures for clusters. In this paper, we describe our Astro cluster, which consists of 46 NVIDIA Jetson TK1 nodes each equipped with an ARM Cortex A15 CPU, 192 core Kepler GPU, 2 GB of RAM, and 16 GB of flash storage. The cluster has a number of advantages when compared to conventional clusters including lower power usage, ambient cooling, shared memory between the CPU and GPU, and affordability. The cluster is built using commodity hardware and can be setup for relatively low costs while providing up to 190 single precision GFLOPS of computing power per node due to its combined GPU/CPU architecture. The cluster currently uses one 48-port Gigabit Ethernet switch and runs Linux for Tegra, a modified version of Ubuntu provided by NVIDIA as its operating system. Common file systems such as PVFS, Ceph, and NFS are supported by the cluster and benchmarks such as HPL, LAPACK, and LAMMPS are used to evaluate the system. At peak performance, the cluster is able to produce 328 GFLOPS of double precision and a peak of 810W using the LINPACK benchmark placing the cluster at 324th place on the Green500. Single precision benchmarks result in a peak performance of 6800 GFLOPs. The Astro cluster aims to be a proof-of-concept for future low power clusters that utilize a similar architecture. The cluster is installed with many of the same applications used by top supercomputers and is validated using the several standard supercomputing benchmarks. We show that with the rise of low-power CPUs and GPUs, and the need for lower server costs, this cluster provides insight into how ARM and CPU-GPU hybrid chips will perform in high-performance computing.

<p> The Hawke River Terrane of the Grenville Province in eastern Labrador is dominated by a coronitic gabbronorite to anorthosite body plus associated amphibolitic to granodioritic bodies known as the White Bear Arm Complex (WBAC). Petrographic and geochemical evidence supports a constant volume sub-solidus diffusion origin for double coronas of orthopyroxene and amphibole around olivine. Geochemical evidence suggests that corona formation was not completely isochemical, requiring an influx of potassium, iron and magnesium, but on a whole-rock scale was probably closed to the latter two elements. Nd and Sr isotopic evidence indicates that the coronas did not form as a response to a much later (eg. Grenville aged) metamorphic event, and probably. developed during post-crystallisational cooling or during a metamorphism shortly thereafter. </p> <p> The WBAC is cut by a monzonitic to granodioritic body mineralogically and chemically similar to the WBAC 'monzonite', known as the Paradise Arm Pluton (PAP). Petrographic, geochemical, and field relationship evidence indicates an igneous origin for the PAP and the WBAC monzonite. Both of these units have been subjected to low grade (greenschist facies) metamorphism. The WBAC and the PAP are hosted by the Paradise Metasedimentary Gneiss Belt, an aluminous paragneiss which has been raised to middle to upper amphibolite grade metamorphism, except immediately adjacent to the contact with the WBAC, where granulite grade has been obtained, forming high-temperature aluminosilicates such as osumilite and sapphirine. The contact zone has also been contaminated by fluids from the gabbronorites, reflected by petrography, elemental and isotopic geochemistry. </p> <p> Field relationships and geochemistry are ambiguous regarding whether the monzonitic units were derived by fractional crystallisation of the gabbronorite or partial melting of the paragneisses, but trace element variation favours the latter model. The PAP is a product of physical, geochemical and Sr isotopic mixing between a granodioritic end-member and a paragneissic one. </p> <p> Sm-Nd isotope systematics on whole-rocks do not provide a precise emplacement age for the WBAC gabbronorite, but indicate a Labradorian age (ca. 1.65 Ga old). Rb-Sr wholerock systematics show a Labradorian-aged trend and a steeply sloping trend interpreted as a mixing line with an unspecified crustal component, possibly corresponding to the potassium metasomatism indicated earlier. Rb-Sr on minerals from two rocks produces a precise age of 1675 ± 15 Ma and a similar, imprecise age. </p> <p> The WBAC monzonite and the Paradise Arm Pluton give Rb-Sr ages of 1621 ± 11 Ma CMSWD=24) and 1573 % 18 Ma (MSWD=9) respectively, with low initial 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios around 0.7040. These are interpreted as a minimum emplacement age and a mixing line, respectively. The PMGB paragneisses give a Rb-Sr age of 1630 ± 16 Ma CMSWD=35), with an initial 87Sr/ 86Sr composition around 0.704. All ages are equal within expanded 2σ error of each other (ie. MSWD=1), and give Labradorian ages. There is no evidence of Grenville-aged (ca. 1.0 Ga old) metamorphism. </p> <p> Rb-Sr isotopic and E Nd -E Br variations suggest crustal contamination of the gabbronorites, although the contaminant cannot be identified. Two separate mechanisms are required to generate the observed trends: a fluid metasomatism and a bulk-rock crustal contamination, or else contamination by currently unidentified low Sr crustal material. The WBAC gabbronorites provide evidence for 'extra'-LREE-depleted mantle beneath eastern Labrador at 1.65 Ga, with E Nd of at least +7.6. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)