O estudo das forças que envolvem a articulação do joelho depende da determinação de alguns parâmetros biomecânicos. Muitas vezes alguns dos parâmetros utilizados são obtidos por meio da literatura. A distância perpendicular é um parâmetro freqüentemente utilizado de dados provenientes da literatura, pois sua determinação está associada a uma grande dificuldade metodológica. Muitos autores utilizam medidas em cadáveres ou medidas em imagens radiográficas estáticas, geralmente apresentam seus resultados na forma de gráficos e/ou tabelas. Entretanto, ambas fogem da situação onde são utilizadas, in vivo e dinâmica. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a linha de ação e a distância perpendicular das estruturas que cruzam a articulação do joelho. Especificamente, desenvolver equações de regressão para estimar a linha de ação e a distância perpendicular destas estruturas, utilizando variáveis antropométricas tais como: massa, estatura e tamanho da tíbia, como variáveis explicativas nos modelos de regressão. Foram determinadas as linhas de ação e a distância perpendicular das seguintes estruturas: o ligamento patelar, o tendão do quadríceps femoral, o tendão do semimembranoso, o tendão do semitendinoso, o tendão do bíceps femoral, o tendão proximal do gastrocnêmio, o ligamento cruzado anterior e o ligamento cruzado posterior. Além das estruturas mensuradas foi calculada a distância perpendicular efetiva do mecanismo extensor do joelho. As medidas foram realizadas em imagens radiográficas dinâmicas, por meio de videofluoroscopia, em vinte e um (21) indivíduos saudáveis executando três repetições do exercício de extensão de joelho em cadeia cinética aberta, sem carga aplicada à tíbia. Foi utilizado o método automático "stepwise" para seleção das melhores variáveis explicativas para cada equação de regressão. Por meio de modelos de regressão linear foi possível estimar as linhas de ação e as distâncias perpendiculares das estruturas que cruzam a articulação do joelho, assim como estimar a distância perpendicular efetiva do mecanismo extensor do joelho. Além do ângulo de flexão, foi possível utilizar variáveis antropométricas como variáveis explicativas do modelo de regressão. / The study of forces involving the knee joint depends on the determination of some biomechanical parameters. Often some of the parameters used are obtained through literature. The moment arm is a parameter frequently used data in the literature, it is difficult to determine. Many authors use measures in cadavers or measures in radiographic images from static to determine its values and its results as graphs and / or as the regression equations. Meanwhile, both fleeing the situation where they are used, in vivo and dynamic. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to estimate the line of action and moment arm structures that cross the knee joint. Specifically, the regression equations developed to estimate the line of action and moment arm of these structures. Using anthropometric variables, such as weight, height and length of the tibia as explanatory variables in the regression models. There were certain lines of action and moment arm of the following structures, the patellar ligament, the femoral quadriceps tendon, the tendon semimembranoso, the semitendinosus tendon, the femoral biceps tendon, the tendon proximal the gastrocnemius, the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament. In addition to the structures was estimated measured the effective moment arm mechanism of the knee extensor. To define the centre of rotation was the method used snapshot, to measure the moment arm geometric method was used. The measures were taken in radiographic images dynamic, through videofluoroscopic, and one in twenty (21) healthy individuals running three repetitions of the exercise of the extension of knee in open kinetic chain, no load applied to the tibia. It was the method used automatic "stepwise" to select the best explanatory variables for each regression equation. Through linear regression models were unable to estimate the lines of action and the moment arm structures that cross the knee joint, and estimate the moment arm effective mechanism of the knee extensor. Besides the angle of bending, it was possible to use anthropometric variables as explanatory variables in the regression model.

The purpose of this Master Thesis is to analyze what suitable hardware platforms there are on the market in order to build a low price control and information system for mobile applications, called small display module. The thesis will be underlying material for making a decision for further development. The result of the thesis consists mainly of a Windows CE kernel and a schematic for a CPU card, on which it would be suitable to build the display module. Another major part of the report is the introduction of different techniques that could be of interest when designing a processor based system. The processor architecture that was chosen is the x86. This is mainly due to CPU availability, but as well as the fact that existing software can be used on the display module without any significant modifications. Many interesting processors were sorted out because they hade a very high price on the development kits from the manufacturer and because the possible production volume can not manage this cost. The development kit makes the development easier and can be used for performance tests before prototypes are built.

I detta projekt undersöker vi om man kan bygga en maskinaktivitetssensor med hjälp av en enkretsdator som genom en accelerometer mäter en maskins vibrationer. Sensorn skall generera en statussignal. Accelerometern ger en mätbar signal baserad på maskinens vibrationer. Enkretsdatorn används för att sampla, transformera och analysera signalen och generera statusinformation. Med LabView kan vi spara, studera och analysera olika signaler och olika transformer. Vi studerar maskinvibrationer i LabView och beslutar att 5 kHz sampling räcker för att fånga intressanta vibrationer. Vi jämför transformers egenskaper och beräkningskrav och väljer Fouriertransform som analysmetod. Vi beräknar att en Atmel ARM SAM7S256 kan utföra uppgiften och implementerar interruptbaserad signalsampling, frekvensanalys och en beslutsrutin som resulterar i en utsignal med statusinformation. / In this project we examine the possibility to create a machine activity sensor by a one-chip computer that measures a machines vibrations through an accelerometer. The sensor shall generate a status signal. The accelerometer is used to give a measurable signal of a machines vibrations. The one-chip computer is used to sampel, transform and analyze this signal and generate a status signal. With LabView we can save, study and analyze different signals and their different transforms. By studying machine vibrations in LabView we decide that sampling at 5 kHz is sufficient. By comparing different transformations in regards to performance and calculation needs we choose Fast Fourier Transform as analyzing tool. We calculate that a ARM SAM7S256 can manage the task and implement an interrupt based sampling, frequency analysis and decision making routine which results in a status signal.

Arbetet har undersökt hur predikatbaserad exekvering, i form av ARM-arkitekturens stöd för villkorlig exekvering, fungerar som optimering av specifika implementationer av if- och if-else-satser i ARM-maskinkod. Som en del av arbetet implementerades en för ändamålet konstruerad optimeringsalgoritm som optimerar if- och if-else-satser med hjälp av predikatbaserad exekvering, vilken användes för att kunna utföra de mätningar som ligger till grund för resultatet. Fokus låg på den skillnad i kodstorlek och/eller tidseffektivitet som optimeringen gav upphov till. Resultatet tyder på att predikatbaserad exekvering använd som optimering kan leda till vissa vinster i kodstorlek (direkt beroende på antalet if-/if-else-satser) och lite större vinster i tidseffektivitet (beroende på hur stora if-/if-else-satserna är, samt hur ofta de exekveras).

An anodic stripping voltammetric technique was developed for the simultaneous determination of Cu and Pb in seawater. Mercuric ion added to the sample is plated out with the metals of interest onto a highly polished glassy carbon electrode. The thin mercury films obtained by this procedure gave excellent resolution and sensitivity although a non-linear response resulted in the case of Cu, presumably as a result of saturation of the mercury, at concentrations in excess of 4 μg/1. The technique was applied to a short term study of the distribution of Cu and Pb in Indian Arm and Burrard Inlet. Large fluctuations in the concentrations of both metals were observed during the sampling period, July to October, 1972. Although dissolved Pb concentrations were lower than might be expected near a large urban area, there was, nevertheless, an overall enrichment of the subsurface waters of the inlets relative to Georgia Strait by as much as an order of magnitude. Dissolved Cu concentrations were not, however, significantly higher than those reported for other B.C. coastal waters. Although study of metal speciation by the method employed here was limited by the excess of mercuric ions added to the samples and interferences from surface active agents, evidence was obtained indicating that a portion of Cu in some British Columbia coastal seawater samples is complexed with dissolved organic matter. The experimental conditions indicate that these complexes are either inert to displacement by mercuric ions or have a high degree of specificity for Cu. / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

Class of 2008 Abstract / Objectives: 1) To determine if data on weight change in the placebo arm of RCT's for weight loss were available, and 2) to conduct a pilot meta-analysis to estimate the average weight change in the placebo arm. Methods: Four randomized placebo controlled trials of rimonabant for weight loss were retrieved. A draft data extraction form was developed to record weight loss and demographic data. Potential for bias was assessed on design issues related to withdrawals, blinding, allocation procedure, adherence, and manufacturer influence. Based on available data, a forest plot was constructed and heterogeneity was assessed. The a priori alpha level was 0.05. Results: The placebo groups from all studies were similar. The pooled data indicated that individuals in the placebo arm lost an average of 3.3 kg, p < 0.001. One study had a significantly greater completion rate than the other studies. Participants were prescribed a hypocaloric diet and were instructed to increase physical activity but no data were reported on calories consumed or amount of physical activity. Weight loss of 5% ranged from 15-20% of participants. There was potential for bias relating to reported adherence, allocation concealment process, and manufacturer funding. Conclusions: Participants in the placebo arm of rimonabant trials lost an average of 3.3 kg, which was statistically significant. Little can be learned about weight loss in the placebo arm because no data on calories consumed, amount of exercise, or hunger were reported. Information from other RCT's is needed to provide additional data and to confirm the findings.

Grasping is a useful ability that allows manipulators to restrain objects to a desired location or trajectory. Whole arm grasps are grasps that use the entire surface of the manipulator to apply contacts to an object. The problem of determining the shape of an object and planning a grasp for that object with a snake-like robot are considered in this work. Existing algorithms that attempt to allow robots to plan and perform whole arm grasps are lacking, they either use restrictive assumptions or have unrealistic demands in terms of required hardware. The work presented here allows even the most basic of robots to plan grasps on unknown objects whilst using a minimum of assumptions.The new developed Octograsp algorithm is a method of gaining information regarding the shape of the object to be grasped through tactile information alone. This contact information is processed using an inverse convex hull algorithm to build a model of the object's shape and position. The performance of the algorithms are examined using both simulations and experimental hardware, it is shown that accuracy errors as low as 3.1% can be obtained. The accuracy of the model depends upon factors such as the complexity of the object and the suitability of the robot. Manipulators consisting of a large number of small links with relaxed rotational constraints outperform other configurations. It is also shown that the accuracy can be improved by between 11% and 17% by contacting the object from multiple orientations, whilst also encircling from multiple positions can provide a very large improvement of between 56% to 86%. These methods allow even the coarse contact information provided by the experimental equipment to attain a model with an accuracy error of only 26%.A second novel algorithm is described that uses the information provided from the first algorithm to plan strong grasps over the desired object. The algorithm takes, on average, 25.1 seconds to plan the grasp. The mean strength of the planned grasps is 0.3816 using the wrench ball measure, this is firmly in the very good region. Several robotic configurations, as well as objects, are used to test the performance of the algorithm. The optimal parameters of the algorithm are investigated by using the results of 51030 different tests. It is again shown that robots that consist of a large number of small links and with high rotational ability perform the best.

Metridia lucens and M. pacifica previously have been differentiated primarily by the structure of the male fifth legs. lucens originally was described to have one large spine on the inner margin of the fourth segment and M. pacifica to have two spines, one each on the third and fourth joints. Some authors have reported M. lucens with two so-called spines on the same segment and M. pacifica also with two such spines but located together on the fourth segment. This led to M. pacifica being questioned as a species by certain authors who claimed it synonymous with M. lucens. In the present study, M. lucens from the Northwestern Atlantic is compared with M. pacifica from the Northeastern Pacific and differences in size and structure are evident to separate them. The fifth pair of legs on adult males and females were examined and findings indicated errors in the original descriptions of both species. Another Metridia population, found in the coastal waters of British Columbia, was compared with the described species. It was found to be similar to M. lucens and could be, in part, the reason for the past confusion between the Atlantic and Pacific species. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

The work deals with building controlling system. It can be divided into three parts. First part describe general theory of smart houses. Second part analysing the task. Last part is realization about.

This work deal with analysis of LoRa wireless communication protocol and LoRaWAN MAC layer. Analysis aims to LoRa packet detection using software defined radio, wireless trafic and information which can be extracted (sniffed) from wireless communication between devices which uses LoRaWAN MAC layer. Next part of this work describes two wireless devices development. First one for demonstration purporses with some type of commercial LoRa modules and second to paralell sniffing of LoRa wireless communication on various frequency channels.