A research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts in History of Arts, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg / In this research report I look at how the Goodman Gallery has played a role in the construction of cultural capital around the contemporary South African photographer Mikhael Subotzky (1981). Unpacking Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of “cultural capital” (1986: 243), and applying it to the South African art industry, I explore the direct impact that commercial galleries have on the building of artists’ careers through acts that result in the construction of cultural capital, and in what capacity they do this. Little has been written in South African art history about local commercial art galleries, and my interest in the role that they play in the construction of art history stems from my own involvement in this sector, as a commercial art gallery curator. As businesses, these institutions have profitable ambitions, and by successfully promoting the artists they represent, they are affecting the course of South African art history. Due to the potentially vast nature of this subject I have chosen to focus on one contemporary artist, Mikhael Subotzky, and his relationship with the one South African gallery he has been affiliated to throughout his entire professional career, the Goodman Gallery. As much as every person’s life is different, every person’s career is different too, and in this way I cannot use Subotzky’s career trajectory to explain all other contemporary South African artists’ careers, but I do believe that the impact that commercial galleries can have on the cultural capital surrounding artists in South Africa is a topic that should be explored further. I argue that there are various ways of gauging the cultural capital surrounding an artist in the South African art industry, and that one can look at various aspects of an artist’s career and assess their cultural capital. I substantiate this claim in this paper, and indeed why it is important to understand what role the commercial gallery can play in this construction

Master of Architecture [Professional] at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, in the year 2014. / In the case of Johannesburg, unlike cities around the world that experienced inner city decline, its city centre was never entirely abandoned. It experienced rapid social change. As Johannesburg was beginning to change, the Johannesburg Art Gallery (JAG) was experiencing a declining number of visitors. Unable to engage with the changing social structure, a fence was built around it and JAG turned itself inwards. This thesis explores the intention to take advantage of the rich and dynamic informal industry of hair that has emerged around JAG. Hair is loaded with social, sexual and political undercurrents. In an African city that has been colonized and becoming increasingly globalised, hair’s relevance in terms of politics must be brought to the forefront. By acknowledging the thriving inner workings and its contributors and by engaging in a critical discussion that people can relate to, JAG will be embraced by the community again. An intervention of mediation through architecture is proposed. A Hair Museum perched on the opposite side of the railway that weaves JAG closer into its current context by opening and improving dialogue between the disjointed surroundings. A new museum as a mediator explores the idea of museum-asurban system. The question is asked whether a public institution is capable of assisting a society through a museum by looking at the concept of the Greek ideal of kalokagathia, which means the perfection of the body and city based on balance, justice and proportion. This thesis essentially explores Julian Carman’s idea of a museum1; that the key to JAG’s survival and upliftment lies only if it inspires public ownership. This thesis will explore the significance of celebrating hair in an African city with visible impacts of an imperialist past. By celebrating hair, thereby beginning the discourse of it’s connotations, will allow for a transgression into where society and its’ perception of itself stands in a globalizating world. Museum’s play a key role in society to not only preserve memories but also re-ordering them and making sense of them for later generations (Watson, 2007: 4). The proposed Hair Museum as mediator is not so much about saving a contested and feared city- as much as it is about embracing the new spirit of the city and encouraging the potential held within. 1 Julian Carman, Author of ‘Uplifting The Colonial Philistine: Florence Phillips And The Making Of The Johannesburg Art Gallery’. See References.

A research report submitted to the Wits School of Arts in the Faculty of Humanities at the University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Masters Degree in Coursework and Research in Arts, Culture and Heritage studies. Johannesburg, 2015 / One of the principal purposes of the Johannesburg Art Gallery (JAG), one of Johannesburg’s public institutions, is to educate the public through the arts. The many changes, including political changes, in South Africa that caused the movement of people from one area to another have affected the audience participation at this museum. The Johannesburg Art Gallery is located in Joubert Park, the southern part of Hillbrow, which has been affected by the changes that have taken place from the time of the museum’s inception to the present day, when the area is inhabited by black people from all over Africa. The concern is therefore to understand the relationship between these two. I plan to interrogate the mission of JAG, to find out if it is relevant to the community that it is located in, and if the community is aware and supportive of JAG’s activities. The purpose of this investigation is to challenge the methods that are used by JAG to obtain and maintain visitors to the museum, and to expand the target market group by shifting focus from the people that used to live within this community to the present-day inhabitants. This is done by finding out from the Joubert Park community what is it that they wish to see in this museum. By observing their everyday life and interviewing them, I explore why or how much the people of Joubert Park are involved in the Johannesburg Art Gallery today. To reach the conclusion of this research, observing the area and interviewing the community will be followed by interviewing the co-ordinators of the Joubert Park Project (started in 2000) that was designed for the purpose of involving this community in the public spaces and institutions around them, and finally the employees of the Johannesburg Art Gallery. In addition, studying recent successful exhibitions would possibly reveal the explanation of what people want to see. In this world of ever-changing technology and culture of cyber space, can a museum attract new audiences by using methods that are contemporary and interactive?

A pesquisa apresenta um levantamento de dados sobre o tratamento documental de coleções fotográficas em museus de arte, após a incorporação da fotografia em seus acervos. Foram selecionados, como estudos de caso, os seguintes museus de arte de São Paulo: Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo, Museu de Arte de São Paulo Assis Chateaubriand, Museu Lasar Segall e o Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo. A pesquisa é contextualizada através da compilação de dados sobre os caminhos institucionais para preservação da fotografia e sobre o processo de assimilação da fotografia pelos museus de arte, evidenciado a partir da segunda metade do século XX. No caso dos museus de arte, pode-se observar que cada instituição percorreu uma trajetória para incorporar e documentar fotografias. Utilizam atualmente sistemas informatizados e bancos de dados como métodos de documentação e enfrentam a problemática de classificar e documentar as fotografias da coleção detalhadamente, devido à diversidade da arte contemporânea que faz uso da linguagem fotográfica, bem como da fotografia produzida na contemporaneidade. A variedade de processos e técnicas relacionados à fotografia e o hibridismo entre tipologias artísticas fazem da documentação de fotografias nos museus de arte um trabalho em constante aperfeiçoamento. / The research presents a survey of data about the documentary treatment of the photographic collections in art museums, after the incorporation of photograph in your holdings. It were selected, as case studies, the following São Paulo art museums: Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo, Museu de Arte de São Paulo Assis Chateaubriand, Museu Lasar Segall and Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo. The research is contextualized by compiling data about institutional paths for preservation of photography and about the process of assimilation of photography by art museums, evidenced from the second half of the 20th century. In the case of art museums, it can be seen that each institution traveled a trajectory for incorporate and documenting photographs. They currently use computerized systems and databases as methods of documentation and face the problematic of classifying and documenting the photographs of the collection in detail, because of the diversity of contemporary art that makes use of the photographic language and the photography produced in contemporary times. The variety of processes and techniques related to photography and hybridism between artistic typologies make of the documentation of photography in art museums a work in constant improvement.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar um pequeno conjunto de vestidos denominados alta-costura, presente na coleção Vestuário do Museu de Arte de São Paulo Assis Chateaubriand (MASP) e que foram adquiridos na direção artística de Pietro Maria Bardi (1947 - 1990) e na presidência de Júlio Neves (1994-2008). Tais vestidos, catalogados como advindos das casas Dior e Lanvin, foram incorporados à coleção Vestuário entre os anos de 1951 a 1956 e posteriormente, nos anos de 2002 e 2003. Desse modo, pretende-se analisar o processo de musealização desses vestidos, numa perspectiva histórico-social, além de problematizar a historicidade do colecionismo de vestuário e moda nos anos de aquisição dos objetos, considerando a produção de documentação museológica como um processo curatorial importante na análise empreendida. / The present research aims to analyze a small set of dresses called high fashion, present in the Costume collection of the São Paulo Museum of Art (MASP) and which were acquired in the artistic direction of Pietro Maria Bardi (1947 - 1990) and in the presidency of Júlio Neves (1994-2008). These dresses, cataloged as coming from the houses Dior and Lanvin, were incorporated into the Costume collection between the years 1951 to 1956 and later, in the years of 2002 and 2003. In this way, it is intended to analyze the process of musealization of these dresses, from a perspective historical-social, in addition to problematizing the historicity of collecting clothing and fashion in the years of acquisition of objects, considering the production of museological documentation as an important curatorial process in the analysis undertaken.

Esta dissertação parte da observação de práticas institucionais experimentais que se concentraram principalmente na Europa, a partir dos anos noventa. Tais experimentações buscaram reestruturações institucionais, prezando pelo engajamento do público em suas atividades, além de fazer frente a modelos pautados no entretenimento e no espetáculo, de modo a contrariar tais premissas, e tendo como referência exposições experimentais paradigmáticas realizadas a partir dos anos sessenta, bem como práticas da Crítica Institucional do mesmo período. No entanto, várias dessas instituições experimentais enfrentaram problemas para manter suas atividades, com cortes de financiamento e ate mesmo, em alguns casos, o encerramento de suas atividades. Diante disso, tomamos como objeto de estudo o caso do Museu de Arte Contemporânea de Barcelona (MACBA), reconhecendo, em sua história, um período notavelmente marcado por propostas experimentais, sob a direção de Manuel Borja-Villel, a fim de rastrear a continuidade, ou não, de propostas nesse sentido nas gestões seguintes, de Bartomeu Marí (2008-2015) e Ferran Barenblitt (desde 2015), bem como possíveis dificuldades enfrentadas para sua manutenção e desenvolvimento. Avalia-se, por um lado, a possibilidade de que figuras específicas de liderança, no caso os diretores das instituições, são cruciais para a implementação e sustentação das propostas diante dos diversos atores que coexistem dentro das estruturas institucionais, como membros de Conselhos e fundações. Por outro lado, considera-se também o papel desses órgãos na tomada de decisões dentro da instituição, diante dos quais o diretor pode ter sua autonomia limitada / This dissertation starts with the observation of experimental institutional practices that were concentrated mostly in Europe, since the nineties. These experimentations seeked intitutional restructuring, caring for the participation of the visitors, and also sought to oppose to the models based on entertainment and spetacle, in order to go against those premises, and having, as a reference, paradigmatic experimental exhibitions made since the sixties, as well as Institutional Critique practices of the same period. However, many of these experimental institutions faced problems in mantaining their activities, with cutbacks in financing and even, in some, cases, the closedown of their activities. In face of this scenario, we took as a case study the Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art, recognizing, in its history, a period notably marked by experimental propositions, under the direction of Manuel Borja-Villel, in order to trace the continuity, or not, of these kinds of propositions in the following directorships, from Bartomeu Mari (2008-2015) and Ferran Barenblitt (since 2015), as well as possible dificulties met in their mantainance ad developing. Furthermore, it is considered, on the onde hand, the possibility that specific leadership figures are crucial to the implementation and support of the experimental propositions before the many actors that coexist inside the institutional structures, like Board members and foundations. On the other hand, it is reckoned the role of these figures in making decisions inside the institution, in the face of which the director may have its autonomy limited

A arte brasileira durante a década de 1970 se destacou pelo alto grau de experimentalismo e de contestação aos cânones tanto artísticos como museológicos. As exposições anuais Panorama da Arte Atua Brasileira e Jovem Arte Contemporânea, organizadas respectivamente pelo Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo e pelo Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo, se dedicaram a expor e legitimar determinadas tendências da arte dita jovem e atual durante esse período. A análise comparativa proposta por essa pesquisa revela e discute os mecanismos de seleção, organização, premiação e apresentação de obras em ambas as exposições. O foco da pesquisa dá-se no ano de 1972, momento em que a edição da Jovem Arte Contemporânea apresenta grandes inovações, ano de intenso crescimento do mercado de artes paulistano, auge da repressão militar e em que o Panorama discute as categorias escultura e objeto. Buscou-se analisar as exposições dentro desse contexto maior, apontando como referências os encontros internacionais de diretores de museus e outras exposições paradigmáticas para o período realizadas na Europa e na América Latina. / Brazilian art from the 1970s is known for its high degree of experimentation and for challenging both artistic and museological canons. The annual exhibitions Panorama da Arte atual Brasileira and Jovem Arte Contemporânea, organized respectively by the Museum of Modern Art of São Paulo and the Museum of Contemporary Art of the University of São Paulo, are dedicated to exposing and legitimizing certain art trends during this period. The comparative analysis proposed by this research reveals and discusses the mechanisms of selection, organization, and presentation works in both exhibitions. The focus of the research takes place in 1972, when the show Jovem Arte Contemporânea presents major innovations and the Panorama discusses sculpture and object categories, the year is also marked by intense growth of the a São Paulo art market, the increase of military repression. We sought to examine the exhibitions within this larger context, taking as references the discussions that occurred in the international encounters of museums directors, and also other paradigmatic exhibitions for the period held in Europe and Latin America.

The aim of this dissertation is to understand and analyze the museum location decision, defined as where museum founders choose to establish or relocate their institution. The empirical case is the museum population of New York City from 1910-2010. In three substantive chapters, I explore this complex decision process from the organizational-level, the population-level, and the audience-level. In the first chapter, I argue that the museum location decision has evolved over the past century, and has experienced three major paradigm shifts. Out of each era, a new model of the museum location decision has taken hold, resulting in the current organizational landscape. I demonstrate how these eras emerged through historical, comparative case studies of two New York museums, the Museum of Modern Art and the Whitney Museum of American Art. In second chapter, I show that the location decisions illustrated through the histories of the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Museum of Modern Art are representative of New York's museum population overall. Using a dataset of all museums that have existed in New York City (and all of those museums' relocations), I chronicle the aggregated movements of the museum population between 1910 and 2010. I argue that the three eras of the museum location decision interacted with key demographic changes to create the unique distribution we observe today. The insights from these findings indicate that the spatial diffusion of museums in New York is systematically patterned in relation to demographic changes. The final substantive chapter is devoted to exploring the possibility that institutional location impacts audience composition. I argue that proximity to museums and other kinds of arts institutions is a significant, yet understudied determinant of attendance. The introduced concept of institutional exposure suggests that local access to arts institutions has cognitive, behavioral, and interactional consequences. Although directly testing the effect of institutional exposure is beyond the parameters of this dissertation, I show that there is a strong correlation between exposure and attendance. I illustrate the increasingly unequal access to arts between white and African American New Yorkers, which correlates highly with still-unexplained low attendance rates of African Americans. The observed evolution of the museum location decision explains when and how New York institutions adopted and then abandoned each institutionalized practice of museum location. In the Conclusion, I highlight several implications of this work, both of sociological theory and on current cultural policy.

Research suggests that social prescribing schemes can offer health and psychological wellbeing benefits to older people across a range of interventions. The present study sought to understand how museum programmes, designed to support socially isolated older adults, created opportunities to enhance wellbeing and change experiences of social isolation. A grounded theory approach was used to analyse initial interviews, 3-month follow-up interviews, and participant diaries, from 12 participants who took part in 10-week programmes across six different museums in London and Kent. A theoretical model was developed showing elements of museum programmes, such as the role of the facilitator, activities and physical space, that enabled both individual journeys and relational processes. In addition, individual journeys and relational processes influenced each other, enhancing the experience. These components operated within an interacting social context that was enriched by the museum programme. The theoretical model links with psychological concepts of attachment theory and self-esteem to explain how cultural group programmes could provide opportunities for change in older people. Limitations of the research, implications for clinical practice and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Esta dissertação parte da observação de práticas institucionais experimentais que se concentraram principalmente na Europa, a partir dos anos noventa. Tais experimentações buscaram reestruturações institucionais, prezando pelo engajamento do público em suas atividades, além de fazer frente a modelos pautados no entretenimento e no espetáculo, de modo a contrariar tais premissas, e tendo como referência exposições experimentais paradigmáticas realizadas a partir dos anos sessenta, bem como práticas da Crítica Institucional do mesmo período. No entanto, várias dessas instituições experimentais enfrentaram problemas para manter suas atividades, com cortes de financiamento e ate mesmo, em alguns casos, o encerramento de suas atividades. Diante disso, tomamos como objeto de estudo o caso do Museu de Arte Contemporânea de Barcelona (MACBA), reconhecendo, em sua história, um período notavelmente marcado por propostas experimentais, sob a direção de Manuel Borja-Villel, a fim de rastrear a continuidade, ou não, de propostas nesse sentido nas gestões seguintes, de Bartomeu Marí (2008-2015) e Ferran Barenblitt (desde 2015), bem como possíveis dificuldades enfrentadas para sua manutenção e desenvolvimento. Avalia-se, por um lado, a possibilidade de que figuras específicas de liderança, no caso os diretores das instituições, são cruciais para a implementação e sustentação das propostas diante dos diversos atores que coexistem dentro das estruturas institucionais, como membros de Conselhos e fundações. Por outro lado, considera-se também o papel desses órgãos na tomada de decisões dentro da instituição, diante dos quais o diretor pode ter sua autonomia limitada / This dissertation starts with the observation of experimental institutional practices that were concentrated mostly in Europe, since the nineties. These experimentations seeked intitutional restructuring, caring for the participation of the visitors, and also sought to oppose to the models based on entertainment and spetacle, in order to go against those premises, and having, as a reference, paradigmatic experimental exhibitions made since the sixties, as well as Institutional Critique practices of the same period. However, many of these experimental institutions faced problems in mantaining their activities, with cutbacks in financing and even, in some, cases, the closedown of their activities. In face of this scenario, we took as a case study the Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art, recognizing, in its history, a period notably marked by experimental propositions, under the direction of Manuel Borja-Villel, in order to trace the continuity, or not, of these kinds of propositions in the following directorships, from Bartomeu Mari (2008-2015) and Ferran Barenblitt (since 2015), as well as possible dificulties met in their mantainance ad developing. Furthermore, it is considered, on the onde hand, the possibility that specific leadership figures are crucial to the implementation and support of the experimental propositions before the many actors that coexist inside the institutional structures, like Board members and foundations. On the other hand, it is reckoned the role of these figures in making decisions inside the institution, in the face of which the director may have its autonomy limited