Le but de ce travail est l'analyse du rôle des assemblages moléculaires du fluide synovial dans le fonctionnement tribologique d'une articulation naturelle saine et prothésée. Pour cela un modèle ex vivo réaliste reproduisant les caractéristiques mécaniques et physicochimiques d'une articulation naturelle a été conçu et exploité. <br />Ce modèle reconstitue ex vivo les propriétés mécaniques et physico-chimiques des cartilages articulaires en utilisant un matériau polymérique de type hydrogel. <br />Le modèle reconstitue aussi ex vivo les assemblages moléculaires du fluide synovial (multicouches lipidiques et vésicules du gel synovial) en utilisant des techniques de physique nanostructurale comme le dépôt lipidique par éclatement de vésicules et par la co-adsorption des micelles, la fabrication des liposomes et la microscopie de force atomique. L'évolution de ces assemblages moléculaires est visualisée in situ, au cours d'essais de frottement, par microscopie optique en fluorescence obtenue avec des marqueurs moléculaires. <br />Les résultats expérimentaux corrélés avec un modèle numérique des multicouches lipidiques (dynamique moléculaire) permettent de localiser où et comment s'effectue le glissement dans les assemblages moléculaires de la synovie ce qui contribue à expliquer l'origine des valeurs de frottement mesurées. Par exemple, si le glissement se localise dans le gel synovial le coefficient de frottement est de 0.15, alors qu'il n'est que de 0.0015 lorsqu'il se localise dans les multicouches lipidiques. <br />Sur le plan appliqué, d'autres résultats montrent que l'hydrogel, simulant le cartilage, favorise la formation et le maintien des multicouches lipidiques, ce qui n'est pas le cas avec l'acier et le polyéthylène des implants. Cela permet d'expliquer les différences de comportement tribologique dans les deux cas. Enfin, la mise en évidence d'une interdépendance entre les propriétés mécaniques et les propriétés physicochimiques de l'hydrogel a été exploitée pour comprendre des phénomènes mécaniques (variation du module d'élasticité, usure....) liées à l'évolution des pathologies.

My dissertation is a speculative analysis of the historical contexts of a social protest, based on the notion of "articulation" advanced in the field of cultural studies. Focusing on the 2008 candlelight protest against U.S. beef in South Korea, my goal is to explore the historical contexts of the protest, which formulate the identity of the protest. Since the U.S. beef deal was approved by the Korean government as a precondition for the Free Trade Agreement between Korea and the United States, the protest has been considered (notably by leftists in Korea) as a resistance against post-colonial overtones and fascist eco-political principle in the era of neoliberal globalization. Instead of understanding the protest from such an essentialist perspective, my research makes a commitment to exploring the exterior factors that drove the possibility of the protest. The notion of articulation, a mode of explanation that moves beyond any linear sort of causality, provides a framework to view the protest not as a unity, but as a linkage of multi-dimensional (political, economic, social, and cultural) elements of historical contexts. Based on my journal entries written during my participation in the protest, and the journal articles about the 2008 protest written by the scholars in Korea, I explored the main characteristics of the protest in comparison with the conventional social movements in Korea, and discovered that the 2008 candlelight protest had featured the "food safety issue," "participants with heterogeneous desires," "carnivalesque modality," and an "ambiguous goal." From these main features, I inferred four salient axes of historical vectors (and their forces) including "political democratization and depoliticization," "food industrialization and wellbeing fever," "market liberalization and job insecurity," and "advanced communication technology and carnivalesque culture." My research findings present that the 2008 candlelight protest is not a definite insurgent element calling for any deep change in the dominant political and economic paradigm, but exists as a paradoxical event at the cusp between subordination to and resistance against neoliberal globalization. The main contribution of my research project entails (1) pushing the boundaries of communication studies on social resistance by including the notion of articulation which situates the 2008 candlelight protest within its historical contexts, (2) developing speculative analysis as a critical and cultural studies method for exploring structural forces operating in deep layers of our experiences, (3) delineating the new modalities of contemporary social movements by examining the concrete textures and hues of the 2008 candlelight protest, and (4) offering new ways of (re)thinking the principles of efficiency and economic growth by interrogating a case of food industrialization and global exchange.

La masse corporelle et la direction des charges sont des facteurs qui peuvent modifier la morphologie des surfaces articulaires qui sont généralement orientées et de taille suffisante pour résister aux charges chroniques. Chez les hominoïdes, les forces de tension et compression, générées par la locomotion, sont transmises à travers l’articulation du coude. Ces espèces ont une morphologie similaire de l’extrémité distale de l’humérus, mais qui présente certaines différences selon la taille des individus et leurs modes de locomotion. Ce projet tente de caractériser plus exhaustivement cette variation en analysant la largeur des surfaces articulaires ainsi que leur position et orientation par rapport à l’axe long de la diaphyse. La prémisse de ce mémoire est que, chez les espèces plus arboricoles, la morphologie de l’articulation distale de l’humérus répond aux stress transverses générés par les puissants muscles fléchisseurs du poignet et des doigts qui traversent le coude obliquement. En revanche, les espèces plus terrestres présentent une morphologie permettant de résister aux forces axiales provenant du contact avec le sol. Des coordonnées tridimensionnelles et des mesures linéaires ont été recueillies sur un échantillon squelettique d’individus des genres Homo, Pan, Gorilla et Pongo. Les résultats obtenus révèlent que l’orientation et la position des surfaces articulaires de la trochlée correspondent aux types de locomotion, or leur taille et celle et du capitulum semblent être influencées par la taille des individus. L’hypothèse suggérant que les stress reliés aux divers modes de locomotion des hominoïdes influencent la morphologie de l’articulation distale de l’humérus est donc supportée. / In hominoids, tensile and compressive forces generated by locomotion and upper-limb use are transmitted through the elbow joint. It has been noticed that the distal humerus of hominoid is morphologically very similar across species. However, some studies have suggested that articular shape varies in relation to size and locomotor modes. This project is an attempt to characterize more thoroughly distal humeral variation in hominoids. It considers the humeral trochlea not only as a structure by itself, as it has been done before, but as an articulation that varies in orientation relative to the diaphysis. Indeed, there is evidence that articulations have a minimum size and are generally oriented to better resist habitual loads. This project tested the hypothesis that predominantly arboreal species are expected to present joints that have a size, position and orientation of articular surfaces to better resist shear loads generated by the strong finger and wrist flexor muscles crossing the elbow obliquely. Consequently, predominantly terrestrial species should present articulations shape and orientation that are better to resist axial load generated by ground reaction forces. Ten landmarks and two linear measurements were taken from a skeletal sample including specimens from the Homo, Pan, Gorilla and Pongo genus. Results show that orientation and position of humeral trochlea joint surfaces correlate with locomotor modes and that length of the articular surfaces seems to be better correlated with size. The main hypothesis suggesting that stress related to locomotion in hominoids should influence the morphology of distal humeral joints is therefore supported.

The dissertation argues for the following thesis: Velars to have a phonological representation where place specification may be accomodated, but this hosting site is left empty. In other words, I assume velars to be placeless in their phonological representation. This hosting site can have a number of formulations, depending on the particular phonological model. It can be conceived as a Place node, like in Feature Geometry, or an element tier as in Government Phonology, or a particular dependency relation as in Dependency Phonology. According to the thesis, velars share the presence of this hosting site in their representation with labial and coronal consonants (and with vowels, of course), while differing from labials and coronals in not having anything to occupy this hosting site. The thesis is supported by phenomena from a range of languages. The placelessness of velars goes against received assumptions where coronals are considered unmarked due to their absence of place specification. I will demonstrate that quite a number of the most frequently cited cases in support of the unmarked status of coronals do not seem to constitute firm evidence for coronal unmarkedness (and in fact for markedness in general). This suggests that if coronals are still to be considered unmarked, it will have to have a different reason.

Child-directed speech (CDS) differs from adult-directed speech (ADS) in several respects whose possible facilitating effects for language acquisition are still being studied. One such difference concerns articulation rate --- the number of linguistic units by the number of time units, excluding pauses --- which has been shown to be generally lower than in ADS. However, while it is well-established that ADS exhibits an inverse relation between articulation rate and information-theoretic surprisal --- the amount of information encoded in a linguistic unit --- this measure has been conspicuously absent in the study of articulation rate in CDS. Another issue is if the lower articulation rate in CDS is stable across utterances or an effect of local variation, such as final lengthening. The aim of this work is to arrive at a more comprehensive model of articulation rate in CDS by including surprisal and final lengthening. In particular, one-word utterances were studied, also in relation to word-length effects (the phenomenon that longer words generally have a higher articulation rate). To this end, a methodology for large-scale automatic phoneme-alignment was developed, which was applied to two longitudinal corpora of Swedish CDS. It was investigated i) how articulation rate in CDS varied with respect to child age, ii) whether there was a negative relation between articulation rate and surprisal in CDS, and iii) to what extent articulation rate was lower in CDS than in ADS. The results showed i) a weak positive effectof child age on articulation rate, ii) a negative relation between articulation rate and surprisal, and iii) that there was a lower articulation rate in CDS but that the difference could almost exclusively be attributed to one-word utterances and final lengthening. In other words, adults seem to adapt how fast they speak to their children's age, speaking faster to children is correlated with a reduced amount of information, and the difference in articulation rate between CDS and ADS is most prominent in isolated words and final lengthening. More generally, the results suggest that CDS is well-suited for word segmentation, since lower articulation rate in one-word utterances provides an additional cue.

Thesis (doctoral)--Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 1988. / Extra t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Além de um canal para adquirir informações sobre o ambiente ao nosso redor, o sentido do tato é também o nosso sentido mais social. No entanto, a interação háptica é geralmente implementada como chamariz nas interfaces modernas. Embora a comunicação multimodal seja comum em Ambientes Virtuais, as tecnologias de Realidade Virtual mais acessíveis nem sequer incluem o componente háptico como parte fundamental. Esta tese apresenta estudos sobre percepção, desempenho do usuário, e experiência do usuário com dispositivos de comunicação vibrotátil construídos para suportar diferentes tarefas interativas em ambientes virtuais e físicos. Foram avaliados diferentes atuadores hápticos, configurações de exibição tátil, locais do corpo, perfis de usuário, e métodos para se projetar uma plataforma tátil robusta. Tal plataforma foi finalmente construída como uma tela vibrotátil para ser usada ao redor da cabeça e para suportar tarefas de consciência espacial e comunicação em ambientes virtuais e físicos. Durante a pesquisa foi observado que, apesar de sua importância para a comunicação, o uso proativo de háptica para intercomunicação é surpreendentemente negligenciado. Portanto, foi dada especial atenção aos elementos presentes na articulação da fala para introduzir a articulação háptica proativa como uma nova abordagem para intercomunicação. Foi proposto que a habilidade de usar uma interface háptica como uma ferramenta para comunicação implícita pode suplementar a comunicação e suportar tarefas colaborativas próximas e remotas em diferentes contextos. Além disso, uma interface articulatória pode fornecer um modo direto e expressivo de se comunicar através de sinais táteis. Para demonstrar isso, os resultados dessa pesquisa foram aplicados ao projeto de uma tela montada na cabeça com vibração, especialmente feita para interação com ambientes virtuais imersivos. Tal aparato mostrou-se útil não apenas para orientação no espaço 3D, mas também para intercomunicação em ambientes virtuais colaborativos. Além de nossas contribuições técnicas em relação à construção de uma tela tátil totalmente testada para múltiplas tarefas e contextos, nossa principal contribuição é a concepção e demonstração de um novo paradigma de interação tátil. Tal paradigma se concentra em fornecer maneiras simples e diretas para que indivíduos se expressem através de sinais táteis em aplicações mediadas por computador para interair com seu ambiente e com outros indivíduos. Esse paradigma envolve os usuários finais e permite que eles se tornem interlocutores ao invés de meros receptores do feedback tátil. / The sense of touch not only is a channel for acquiring information about the environment around us, it is also our most social sense. However, haptic interaction is usually implemented as a gimmick feature in modern interfaces. Although multimodal communication is commonplace in Virtual Environments, the most accessible Virtual Reality technologies do not even include the haptic component as a fundamental part. This thesis presents studies on perception, user performance, and user experience with vibrotactile communication devices built to support different interactive tasks in virtual and physical environments. We have assessed different haptic actuators, tactile display configurations, body sites, user profiles and methods to design a robust tactile platform. Such platform was finally built as a vibrotactile display to be worn around the head and to support spatial awareness and communication in both virtual and physical environments. During our research, we particularly notice that the proactive use of touch for intercommunication is surprisingly neglected regardless of its importance for communication. Therefore, we have also directed our attention to elements present in speech articulation to introduce proactive haptic articulation as a novel approach for intercommunication. We propose that the ability to use a haptic interface as a tool for implicit communication can supplement communication and support near and remote collaborative tasks in different contexts. In addition, an articulatory interface can provide a direct and expressive way for communicating through tactile cues. To demonstrate that, our results were applied to the design of a vibrotactile head-mounted display especially made for interaction with immersive virtual environments. Such apparatus was shown not only to support guidance in 3D space but also to support intercommunication in collaborative virtual environments. In addition to our technical contributions regarding the construction of a fully tested tactile display for multiple tasks and contexts, our main contribution is the conception and demonstration of a new paradigm for tactile interaction. Such paradigm focuses on providing simple and direct ways for individuals to express themselves through tactile cues in computer-mediated interaction with their environment and with others. Such paradigm embraces the final users and allows them to become interlocutors rather than just receivers of the haptic feedback.

A presente Tese tem por principal objetivo problematizar a relação entre escola e empresa no Brasil; mais especificamente, verificar como a escola e a empresa se articulam em prol da inclusão de jovens com deficiência no mercado de trabalho. Inspirada na genealogia e a partir dos estudos de Michel Foucault, a investigação procurou compreender alguns aspectos da proveniência e as condições de emergência da articulação entre escola e empresa e, nesse movimento, demonstrou como ambas as instituições iniciaram tentativas de aproximação desde as primeiras décadas do século XX, quando houve a necessidade de se investir em capital humano por meio da Educação. Para tal empreendimento, a pesquisa valeu-se de dois conjuntos de materiais que foram escolhidos por conterem documentos considerados orientadores, ou seja, são utilizados como referência no Brasil. No primeiro, chamado de Conjunto de documentos governamentais, foram analisados oito documentos elaborados no âmbito do Ministério da Educação (MEC) e do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE), incluindo programas, projetos, políticas e manuais que surgiram no Brasil nas últimas três décadas. No segundo grupo, chamado de Conjunto de documentos do 2° Setor articulados com ações do 3° Setor, analisaram-se cinco documentos que visam à inclusão de pessoas com deficiência no mercado de trabalho, organizados pelo Instituto Ethos, pelo Instituto Brasileiro da Pessoa com Deficiência, pela Fundação Roberto Marinho e por duas organizações do Sistema S — SENAC e SENAI. A partir das incursões nos materiais de análise — tendo como ferramenta analítica a noção foucaultiana de governamento —, percebeu-se que, na década de 1990, a aproximação entre escola e empresa foi potencializada, configurando-se como uma articulação. Tal articulação foi possível porque tivemos, justamente nesse momento histórico, a emergência do imperativo da inclusão, passando ela a funcionar como um articulador estratégico que aproximou os setores educacional e empresarial. Tal aproximação e posterior articulação são sustentadas por três meios articuladores que se conectam entre si e operam para o funcionamento de práticas que buscam a condução das condutas dos sujeitos: a mobilização social, a qualificação e a responsabilidade social. A mobilização social pode ser vista como investimento necessário; a qualificação, como chave para a eficiência; e a responsabilidade social, como princípio a ser seguido. A partir desses articuladores, é colocada em operação uma série de práticas que se dirigem a sensibilizar, capacitar, profissionalizar, responsabilizar, integrar, incluir e, acima de tudo, normalizar os sujeitos. Também são percebidas estratégias de reeducação e de sedução que contribuem para que tais práticas sejam colocadas em funcionamento. Pode-se concluir que, a partir do momento em que escola e empresa se articulam, a inclusão se potencializa, nas duas instâncias, por meio de movimentos de fluxo, podendo ser pensada também como uma estratégia de fluxo-habilidade. É por meio desse movimento de fluxo que a inclusão dos jovens com deficiência se reorganiza, ou seja, ela transcende a lógica da circulação que visava a movimentos de saída e retorno e propõe que a inclusão se dê em saída e fluxo contínuo. Isso contribui para que os jovens com deficiência cheguem à escola e posteriormente ingressem no mercado de trabalho e, sobretudo, para que eles desenvolvam as habilidades necessárias em ambos os espaços. / The main objective of this thesis is to problematize the relationship between school and business in Brazil; more specifically it aims to examine the way in which school and business have been articulated in favor of the inclusion of young disabled people in the labor market. This genealogy-inspired investigation, based on studies by Michel Foucault, has attempted to understand some features of the provenience and the conditions of emergence of the articulation between school and business; by doing so, it has evidenced the way in which both institutions have attempted an approximation since the early twentieth century, when there was a need to invest in human capital by means of education. In order to do that, this research has used two sets of materials regarded as guidances, i.e. they have been used as references in Brazil. In the first set, called Set of governmental documents, eight documents produced by the Ministry of Education (MEC) and the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE) have been analyzed, including programs, projects, policies and handbooks publicized along the last three decades. The second set, called Set of documents of the 2nd sector articulated with actions by the 3rd sector, consisted of five documents aimed at the inclusion of disabled people in the labor market. The documents were organized by Ethos Institute, Brazilian Institute of Disabled People, Roberto Marinho Foundation and two organizations of the S System - SENAC and SENAI. The analysis of the materials with the use of the Foucauldian notion of government as an analytical tool has shown that, in the 1990s, the approximation between school and business was potentialized, thus becoming an articulation. Such articulation was possible because the inclusion imperative emerged at that very historical moment. Then, inclusion started working as a strategic articulator that approximated the educational and business sectors. Such approximation and later articulation have been supported by three connected articulators that operate to trigger practices intended to conduct the subjects‘ conducts: social mobilization, qualification and social responsibility. Social mobilization can be seen as a necessary investment; qualification as a key for effectiveness; and social responsibility as a principle to be followed. From these articulators, a number of practices are performed to sensitize, enable, profissionalize, charge, integrate, include and, above all, normalize subjects. One can also notice reeducation and seduction strategies that contribute towards the functioning of those practices. It is possible to conclude, from the articulation between school and business, that inclusion is potentialized in both by means of flow movements and can be also regarded as a skill-flow strategy. It is through this flow movement that the inclusion of disabled youths is reorganized, i.e. it transcends the logic of circulation, which aimed at departure and return movements, and proposes that inclusion occurs in departure and continued flow. This helps disbled youths enter school and later join the labor market and, particularly, develop the required skills in both places.

The aim of this diploma thesis is a comparison of Czech and Spanish actualizers, in other words lexical units emphasizing sentence elements. The comparative analysis is based on data obtained from parallel corpus Intercorp. The work consists of two main parts. The first part, which is divided into chapters and subchapters, deals with problematics of actualizers featuring particular sentence structure and considering the view of Czech and Spanish linguists dealing with expressions used for emphasizing certain lexical units in the sentence. The second part consists of analysis of particular actualizers with aid of parallel corpus Intercorp. This analysis is focused on the ways to express Czech actualizers in the target language, which is Spanish.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo o estudo e o desenvolvimento de uma solução de engenharia para o mapeamento e caracterização da oclusão dentária, não somente no âmbito de sua distribuição ao longo da arcada, mas também através da mensuração da intensidade de pressão nos pontos de contato oclusal interarco. Neste sentido, empregaram-se esforços no aprofundamento do conhecimento neste campo da Odontologia, assim como, na elaboração de um sistema experimental que, utilizando sensores de pressão/força resistivos (FSR) específicos para uso odontológico, viabilizou a análise do estado da oclusão, atuando como agente facilitador no diagnóstico de desequilíbrios oclusais. Inicialmente, são apresentados e esclarecidos os principais conceitos da esfera odontológica, os quais são tomados como base para todos os projetos deste trabalho, além da abordagem referente às formas de contato entre os dentes, aos diferentes tipos de oclusão e seus problemas. Em relação ao desenvolvimento do sistema, foram projetadas duas placas de circuito impresso para interface com os sensores e elaborados o firmware de acesso ao hardware, assim como o software de gerenciamento global do sistema. Todos os blocos do circuito de condicionamento foram avaliados e as suas funcionalidades validadas. Do mesmo modo, a caracterização da resposta dos sensores e a sua homogeneidade ao longo da extensão sensível foram analisadas, demonstrando que a resistência elétrica varia de forma análoga em todas as áreas do sensor. Através de ensaios realizados com sujeito envolvido no projeto, estabeleceu-se um comparativo entre a utilização do papel carbono e o sistema desenvolvido, mostrando as vantagens na utilização do segundo, principalmente atreladas à capacidade de avaliação da intensidade dos contatos oclusais. Por fim, ainda se valendo do uso paralelo do papel carbono, foram efetuados ensaios de análise da oclusão em sujeito envolvido no projeto utilizando placa miorrelaxante, possibilitando a utilização da capacidade do sistema desenvolvido para executar ajustes precisos na placa, com a finalidade de manter o balanço de pressões oclusais entre ambos os lados da arcada. / This essay has as objective the study and development of an engineer solution for the dental occlusion mapping and characterization, not only related to the interarch occlusal contact distribution, but also through the pressure magnitude measuring in each. In this sense, was employed effort in the Odontological knowledge increasing and also in the system elaboration allowing the occlusion state evaluation and acting as an easier agent in the occlusion disturbs diagnosing using a specific pressure/force sensing resistor (FSR) for dental use. Initially the main concepts of the Odontological sphere are presented, clarified and took as a base for all the projects in this essay. Besides this, different teeth contacts shapes are shown, as well as the occlusion’s types and its problems. In the system development, two printed circuit boards were designed for sensor interfacing. The hardware access through the firmware was elaborated, even as the global system managing software. All the conditioning circuit blocks and functionalities were evaluated and validated. In the same way, the sensor’s output and its homogeneity through all the sensible extension were evaluated, showing that the sensor’s electric resistance changes in the same form in all the sensor’s areas. In addition, it was showed the advantages of the developed system over the articulation paper through trials with a subject that is part of the project, showing the capacity of the system in the occlusion contacts magnitude evaluation. Ultimately, also in an articulation paper versus the developed system comparison, it was made occlusion analysis trials with subject using a night guard for teeth grinding (bruxism), showing the system capacity of precisely adjust the night guards for pressure balance between the both arch sides.