Hyolingual biomechanics and kinematics in three species of two odontocete genera were investigated to compare adaptations and performance of divergent feeding strategies. Ram and suction feeding are two ends of a continuous spectrum that is poorly-studied in odontocetes. Comparative anatomy identified characters associated with feeding patterns of morphologically dissimilar and evolutionary distant genera. Hyolingual investigations included measurements of hyolingual muscle vectors and hyoid surface area/robustness. ANOVA's revealed Kogia basihyal and thyrohyal surface areas were significantly greater than T. truncatus. However, most predicted muscle tension values were not significantly different between genera. The presence of lateral gape occlusions, broad basihyal and thyrohyals near the caudal oral cavity, and a broad, short tongue were likely responsible for Kogia's effective suction mechanism. These features were absent, or reduced, in T. truncatus. The feeding kinematics of dwarf and pygmy sperm whales (Kogia sima and K. breviceps), and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were characterized and compared incorporating the Ram-Suction Index (RSI). Mean RSI data support a suction feeding strategy for the phylogenetically basal Kogia (-0.67; S.D.±0.29) and a ram feeding strategy for the more-derived Tursiops (0.94; S.D.±0.11). Tursiops displayed two ram-based feeding behaviors, closed gape approach, where gape increased near food items, and open gape approach, where gape was at least 50% of maximum in the first video field. Four feeding phases were identified in both odontocetes: preparatory, jaw opening, gular depression, and jaw closing. The mean Kogia feeding cycle duration (470 ms; S.D.±139) was significantly shorter (P<0.003) than all Tursiops groups (pooled: 863 ms; S.D.±337, closed gape approach: 662 ms; S.D.±207, open gape approach: 1211 ms; S.D.±207). Kogia mean maximum gape angle (39.8°; S.D.±18.9), mean maximum opening, and closing gape angle velocities (293°/s; S.D.±261 and 223°/s; S.D.±121, respectively) were significantly greater (P<0.005) than pooled Tursiops mean maximum gape angle (24.8°; S.D.±6.6), mean maximum opening and closing gape angle velocities (84°/s; S.D.±56 and 120°/s; S.D.±54, respectively). Negative Kogia RSI values were correlated with increasing maximum hyoid depression and retraction, wide gape angle, and rapid opening gape velocity. Kinematic data support functional hypotheses that odontocetes generate suction by rapid depression of the hyoid and tongue.

Hyolingual biomechanics and kinematics in three species of two odontocete genera were investigated to compare adaptations and performance of divergent feeding strategies. Ram and suction feeding are two ends of a continuous spectrum that is poorly-studied in odontocetes. Comparative anatomy identified characters associated with feeding patterns of morphologically dissimilar and evolutionary distant genera. Hyolingual investigations included measurements of hyolingual muscle vectors and hyoid surface area/robustness. ANOVA's revealed Kogia basihyal and thyrohyal surface areas were significantly greater than T. truncatus. However, most predicted muscle tension values were not significantly different between genera. The presence of lateral gape occlusions, broad basihyal and thyrohyals near the caudal oral cavity, and a broad, short tongue were likely responsible for Kogia's effective suction mechanism. These features were absent, or reduced, in T. truncatus. The feeding kinematics of dwarf and pygmy sperm whales (Kogia sima and K. breviceps), and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were characterized and compared incorporating the Ram-Suction Index (RSI). Mean RSI data support a suction feeding strategy for the phylogenetically basal Kogia (-0.67; S.D.±0.29) and a ram feeding strategy for the more-derived Tursiops (0.94; S.D.±0.11). Tursiops displayed two ram-based feeding behaviors, closed gape approach, where gape increased near food items, and open gape approach, where gape was at least 50% of maximum in the first video field. Four feeding phases were identified in both odontocetes: preparatory, jaw opening, gular depression, and jaw closing. The mean Kogia feeding cycle duration (470 ms; S.D.±139) was significantly shorter (P<0.003) than all Tursiops groups (pooled: 863 ms; S.D.±337, closed gape approach: 662 ms; S.D.±207, open gape approach: 1211 ms; S.D.±207). Kogia mean maximum gape angle (39.8°; S.D.±18.9), mean maximum opening, and closing gape angle velocities (293°/s; S.D.±261 and 223°/s; S.D.±121, respectively) were significantly greater (P<0.005) than pooled Tursiops mean maximum gape angle (24.8°; S.D.±6.6), mean maximum opening and closing gape angle velocities (84°/s; S.D.±56 and 120°/s; S.D.±54, respectively). Negative Kogia RSI values were correlated with increasing maximum hyoid depression and retraction, wide gape angle, and rapid opening gape velocity. Kinematic data support functional hypotheses that odontocetes generate suction by rapid depression of the hyoid and tongue.

Orientador: Juliana Regina Peiró / Coorientador:Lina Maria Wehrle Gomide / Banca: Katia de Oliveira / Banca: José Correa de Lacerda Neto / Resumo: O método acelerométrico, para a análise biomecânica quando usado a campo tem mostrado vantagens com relação à videogrametria, permitindo obter dados cinemáticos e cinéticos e possuindo um processamento de dados mais rápido. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do crescimento sobre as características biomecânicas do passo e da marcha de potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador aos 30 e 180 dias de idade, e estabelecer parâmetros de referência para a raça. Os potros foram equipados com o sistema de análise de andamento Equimetrix® e acompanharam a trajetória da mãe, puxada no cabresto pelo treinador, à marcha e ao passo, com velocidade acompanhada por GPS. As variáveis cinemáticas (comprimento e frequência das passadas, regularidade, simetria e deslocamento dorsoventral do animal) e cinética (propulsão, potências dorsoventral e mediolateral e potência total) foram calculadas e obtidas com o equipamento de análise de andamento Equimetrix®. Durante o passo, as variáveis cinemáticas e cinéticas não apresentaram diferenças entre as duas idades. No andamento marcha, somente as variáveis frequência da passada (p=0,0092), simetria (p=0,0282) e potencia mediolateral (p=<0,0001) demonstraram alterações significativa entre as idades dos potros. Apenas a variável cinética potencia mediolateral (p=<0,0001) diferiu entre as idades. Conclui-se que a maior parte das características biomecânicas (cinemáticas e cinéticas) avaliadas, não se alterou nos potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador, à marcha e ao ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract:The acelerometric method when used to analyze biomechanical parameters in the field has shown advantages in relation to the videogrammetry, enabling to obtain kinematic and kinetic data, and allowing faster gait data processing. The goals of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical characteristics of nine foals, Mangalarga Marchador breed, at 30 and at 180 days of age, to establish parameters for the marcha gait in this breed. Foals were equipped with the gait analysis system Equimetrix®, and were allowed to follow the trajectory of their dams, at speed controlled by GPS. Kinematic (length and frequency of steps, and dorsoventral displacement of the animal) and kinetics (propulsion force) variables were calculated and obtained with the Equimetrix®. This technique is helpful to record the 3D acceleration data (longitudinal, dorsoventral and mediolateral) during the exercise. During step, the kinematic and kinetic characteristics did not change in the foals. During march gait, mean values for step frequency (SF) and symmetry were statistically different between the ages. It was concluded that most of the biomechanical characteristics (kinematic and kinetic) evaluated, did not change in the Mangalarga Marchador foals, gait and step in the first six months of age. To determine if this pattern will be maintained, we suggest continuity of the serial evaluation of gait of these foals until they reach adulthood / Mestre

Le triple saut est une discipline de l’athlétisme qui exige un mouvement combinant puissance, vitesse ainsi que résistance articulaire et musculaire. Au terme d’une course d’élan durant laquelle l’athlète développe une vitesse utilisable de manière efficiente pour la continuité du saut, le triple sauteur prend un « appel » sur la planche d’appel destinée à cette action. Cette prise d’appel est réalisée à partir du pied propulseur de l’athlète dont l’efficience est dépendante du bon équilibre de l’appui.Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse ont été de préciser, à partir des instruments de mesure d’un cabinet de podologie, l’influence de la pratique du triple saut sur la fonction d’équilibration et sur la qualité de l’appui. A cet effet, trois études ont été menées successivement. Le premier objectif a déterminé l'influence de la répétition de sauts sur la fonction d'équilibration. Le deuxième objectif a illustré, à travers une étude statique et dynamique, la comparaison des appuis plantaires avant et après un concours de triple saut. Enfin, le troisième objectif a évalué l’effet d’une chaussure d’entraînement sur la répartition de l’appui lors d’une prise d’appel.Les résultats de ces différentes recherches ont permis tout d’abord, de mettre en évidence les effets positifs de la répétition d’une tâche sur la fonction d’équilibration. Ensuite, la modification structurelle du pied engendrée par la succession des prises d’appel ne semble pas être un facteur dégradant la performance du saut. Enfin, la chaussure d’entraînement apparaît comme un élément important à la fois dans la prévention des blessures mais également dans la contribution à la performance. / The triple jump is an athletics discipline that requires a movement combining power, speed as well as joint and muscular resistance. At the end of an elk race during which the athlete develops an optimum speed, the triple jumper carry out a "take-off". This take-off is made from the booster foot of the athlete whose efficiency is dependent on the correct balance of the support foot.The aims of this thesis work have been to specify the influence of the practice of the triple jump on the balancing function and on the quality of the support. To this end, three studies have been carried out successively. The first objective determined the influence of the repetition of jumps on the equilibrium function. The second objective illustrated, through a static and dynamic study, the comparison of the plantar supports before and after a triple jump event. Finally, the third objective assessed the effect of a training shoe on the distribution of support during the take-off.The results of these various researches first made it possible to highlight the positive effects of repetition of a task on the equilibrium function. Secondly, the structural alteration of the foot generated by the succession of take-off does not appear to be a factor degrading the performance of the jump. Finally, the training shoe appears as an important element both in the prevention of injuries as well as in the contribution to the performance.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:28:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 novellifilho_jlvb_me_botfm.pdf: 1212917 bytes, checksum: 117622a272f4c3d2881aed9520f95df9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A lesão do tendão do calcâneo é comum em humanos. Entretanto, existem muitas opiniões sobre o melhor tratamento para esta lesão quando diagnosticada tardiamente, e apesar do grande número de estudos, o melhor procedimento cirúrgico para o reparo ainda não foi identificado. No presente trabalho um modelo experimental foi desenvolvido em coelhos, para o reparo do tendão do calcâneo, com retalho único da fáscia miotendinosa do M. gastrocnêmio. Foram utilizados vinte e quatro coelhos machos adultos, de peso médio 3382g, divididos em três grupos de oito animais, submetidos à reconstrução cirúrgica do tendão do calcâneo, realizada no membro caudal direito, com o grupo controle no membro caudal esquerdo, não operado. O estudo foi realizado com três tempos de evolução pós-operatória: grupo (T0) amostras coletadas logo após a cirurgia; grupo (T1) amostras coletadas quatro semanas após a cirurgia; grupo (T2) amostras coletadas dezoito semanas após a cirurgia. Os animais apresentaram elevação significativa do peso corporal após 18 semanas da cirurgia. Houve redução na carga máxima, tensão, módulo de elasticidade, energia/área e energia na carga máxima imediatamente após a cirurgia. Após 4 semanas, a carga máxima, tensão, módulo de elasticidade, energia/área e energia na carga máxima mostraramse reduzidas em comparação ao controle. Após dezoito semanas os parâmetros mecânicos deformação, tensão, energia na carga máxima e energia/área foram restabelecidos. Concluiu-se no presente estudo, que a reconstrução do tendão do calcâneo com retalho único da fascia miotendinosa do M. gastrocnêmio, não se igualou ao controle em todos os parâmetros mecânicos após dezoito semanas, e que o modelo experimental foi adequado para a reprodução desta técnica cirúrgica em coelhos. / Calcaneus tendon injuries are commom in humans. However, there are many opinions about the best treatment for this lesion when too late diagnosed, and despite the large amount of studies, the best surgical procedure for repair wasn´t identified yet. In this study a experimental model in rabbits was developed for calcaneus tendon repair, with one single morsel from M. Gastrocnemius fascia. Twenty four male adult rabbits were employed, with medium weight 3382g, divided in three groups with eight animals each, submited to surgical procedure for repair of calcaneus tendon, accomplished on the rigth hind limb, with the control group on the left hind limb, not operated. The study was developed with 3 post-operation evolution times: group (T0) samples colected just after surgery; group (T1) samples colected four weeks after surgery; group (T2) samples colected eighteen weeks after surgery. The animals have had rising on weight bearing after eighteen weeks of surgery. There was reduction on maximum load, stress, elasticity modulus, energy/area and energy on maximum load just after surgery. After 4 weeks, the maximum load, stress, elasticity module, energy/area and energy on maximum load showed reduction in comparison with control. After eighteen weeks of surgery, the mechanical parameters deformation, tension, energy on maximum load and energy/area were restabilished. We concluded in this study, that the repair of the calcaneus tendon with one single morsel from M. gastrocnemius fascia, did not equalize with control group in all mechanical parameters after eighten weeks, and the experimental model, was suitable for the reproduction of this technic in rabbits.

Submitted by Carolina de Marchi Soares null (carolm.soares@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-06T18:27:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DEFINITIVO.pdf: 1413853 bytes, checksum: 378c46ee60d116149679bf305c4e61cb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-08T14:01:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 soares_cm_me_araca.pdf: 1413853 bytes, checksum: 378c46ee60d116149679bf305c4e61cb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-08T14:01:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 soares_cm_me_araca.pdf: 1413853 bytes, checksum: 378c46ee60d116149679bf305c4e61cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-23 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O método acelerométrico, para a análise biomecânica quando usado a campo tem mostrado vantagens com relação à videogrametria, permitindo obter dados cinemáticos e cinéticos e possuindo um processamento de dados mais rápido. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do crescimento sobre as características biomecânicas do passo e da marcha de potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador aos 30 e 180 dias de idade, e estabelecer parâmetros de referência para a raça. Os potros foram equipados com o sistema de análise de andamento Equimetrix® e acompanharam a trajetória da mãe, puxada no cabresto pelo treinador, à marcha e ao passo, com velocidade acompanhada por GPS. As variáveis cinemáticas (comprimento e frequência das passadas, regularidade, simetria e deslocamento dorsoventral do animal) e cinética (propulsão, potências dorsoventral e mediolateral e potência total) foram calculadas e obtidas com o equipamento de análise de andamento Equimetrix®. Durante o passo, as variáveis cinemáticas e cinéticas não apresentaram diferenças entre as duas idades. No andamento marcha, somente as variáveis frequência da passada (p=0,0092), simetria (p=0,0282) e potencia mediolateral (p=<0,0001) demonstraram alterações significativa entre as idades dos potros. Apenas a variável cinética potencia mediolateral (p=<0,0001) diferiu entre as idades. Conclui-se que a maior parte das características biomecânicas (cinemáticas e cinéticas) avaliadas, não se alterou nos potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador, à marcha e ao passo, nos primeiros seis meses de idade. Para determinar se este padrão será mantido, sugere-se a continuidade da avaliação seriada da marcha destes potros até atingirem a idade adulta. / The acelerometric method when used to analyze biomechanical parameters in the field has shown advantages in relation to the videogrammetry, enabling to obtain kinematic and kinetic data, and allowing faster gait data processing. The goals of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical characteristics of nine foals, Mangalarga Marchador breed, at 30 and at 180 days of age, to establish parameters for the marcha gait in this breed. Foals were equipped with the gait analysis system Equimetrix®, and were allowed to follow the trajectory of their dams, at speed controlled by GPS. Kinematic (length and frequency of steps, and dorsoventral displacement of the animal) and kinetics (propulsion force) variables were calculated and obtained with the Equimetrix®. This technique is helpful to record the 3D acceleration data (longitudinal, dorsoventral and mediolateral) during the exercise. During step, the kinematic and kinetic characteristics did not change in the foals. During march gait, mean values for step frequency (SF) and symmetry were statistically different between the ages. It was concluded that most of the biomechanical characteristics (kinematic and kinetic) evaluated, did not change in the Mangalarga Marchador foals, gait and step in the first six months of age. To determine if this pattern will be maintained, we suggest continuity of the serial evaluation of gait of these foals until they reach adulthood. / FAPESP: 2014/18323-8

Dans le cadre de l'étude de la morphogénèse des plantes, bien que la génétique soit intensivement étudiée, le concept clé de rhéologie à différentes échelles : cellulaire, tissulaire ou de l'organisme entier, qui gouverne directement la croissance des organismes et devrait permettre la connaissance de l'évolution de la plante reste encore très pauvrement analysé.Ce travail porte ainsi sur la description des paramètres mécaniques des cellules de plantes, à travers la réalisation de modèles numériques physiques et réalistes de différents sous-domaines de l'organisme Arabidopsis thaliana. Dans ce projet, une approche systématique sera développée pour la réalisation de ces modèles où nos structures s'appuieront sur des données expérimentales (images des différents organes de la plante) décrivant précisément la structure interne d'A. thaliana, ce qui permettra l'obtention de structures et maillages réalistes.Ensuite l'étape de modélisation permettra d'une part de retrouver, à travers le champs de déformation de l'organe décrit, les caractéristiques mécaniques sous-jacentes au modèle, ce qui constitue une forme de problème inverse biologique complexe. Nous appliquerons cette méthodologie à différents sous-domaine de notre plante archétype, commençant par les jeunes tiges, puis les racines et enfin le meristème qui constitue la zone première de croissance de la plante.D'autre part, nous développerons un cadre théorique, sur lequel pourront s'appuyer les biologistes, décrivant un modèle d'organe d'A. thaliana réaliste, typiquement le meristème, et qui permettra de valider ou d'infirmer certaines hypothèses de manipulations encore sujettes à débat, notamment dans le cadre d'utilisation de microscope à force atomique afin d'extraire expérimentalement les propriétés mécaniques des tissus.Enfin, nous présenterons une nouvelle approche mécanique hiérarchique couplant des modèles de simulation à différentes échelles : Multifarious Hierarchy of Mechanical Models. Cette nouvelle approche est à la fois éclectique, car elle permet de coupler des modèles physiques variés (sans maillages, physique modale, éléments finis...), mais aussi flexible, car elle autorise la modularité des différents domaines des modèles sous-jacents, et enfin efficace par l'obtention de gains de performance et de temps face à des simulations éléments finis s'appuyant sur le même niveau de détail. Cette approche devrait permettre le développement d'algorithmes rapides pour les simulations physiques où un niveau de détail local est requis. Par exemple, elle pourrait s'appliquer aux simulations de microscope à force atomique décrites dans la partie précédente. / Morphogenesis in plants is an active field of research. While genetics influence on plant shape has been extensively studied, rheology through scales: from cells to the whole organism through various tissues or organs, is still poorly analysed. Nevertheless, it should lead to the understanding of plants evolving, since it directly drives the organism growth.This work aims at understanding the mechanical caracteristics of plant cells, through several realistic and physically based models of various sub-domains of our plant archetype: Arabidopsis thaliana. In this project, a systematic approach has been developped, where the structures underlying such models rely on experimental data (images of different plant organs), describing precisely the inner structure of A. thaliana, which allows the use of realistic meshesfor our simulations.Then physical modelling allows us to retrieve, through the deformation field of different plant sub-domains, the mechanical properties underlying each type of structure described, which is a typical inverse problem form of a complex biological system. We apply this optimization methodology to several plant organs, beginning with embryonic stem, then with roots and finally with meristems, which constitute the zone where cells can divide and growthtypically takes place.Then, we develop a theoretical framework, on which biologists may rely, describing a realistic model of plant sub-system, typically a meristem. We hope that this conceptual framework will help experimentalists to validate some hypothesis regarding plant manipulations that are still subject to debate, as the use of Atomic Force Microscopy to experimentaly extract mechanical parameters from various plant tissues.Finally, we present a new approach coupling a coarse physically based simulation to a more detailed one : the Multifarious Hierarchiy of Mechanical Models. MHMMs are eclectics as they combine arbitrarily any type of physically based simulation (meshless, modal physics, Finite Elements, ...). Moreover, they are flexible as they allow the modularity of the various domainscontaining the underlying models. Finally MHMMs are much faster than full Finite Element simulation, at the same level of detail. This should allow the development of fast algorithm for local detailed simulation, as was the case for the numerical Atomic Force Microscope in previous part.

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-08-29T20:32:19Z (GMT) / Submitted by JONE MAYCON MONTEIRO null (jonemmonteiro@gmail.com) on 2016-08-31T13:42:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Monteiro,JM.pdf: 1436221 bytes, checksum: f1f58a4794b9612724c71ecdabf54f9a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-31T14:56:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 monteiro_jm_me_guara.pdf: 1436221 bytes, checksum: f1f58a4794b9612724c71ecdabf54f9a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-31T14:56:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 monteiro_jm_me_guara.pdf: 1436221 bytes, checksum: f1f58a4794b9612724c71ecdabf54f9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-05 / O futebol é o esporte mais popular do mundo. Cada vez mais se tem buscado ferramentas para otimizar a performance e diminuir a incidência de lesões nesse esporte. Nessa tentativa a biomecânica se mostra de grande valia e vem cada vez mais sendo utilizada. No futebol o joelho é comum haver lesão do ligamento cruzado anterior, levando a um grande período de afastamento, além de outros problemas que tiram um atleta de jogos, ou até o faz encerrar a carreira precocemente. O objetivo desse projeto de pesquisa é, por meio de instrumentação biomecânica, correlacionar características potencialmente lesivas dos membros inferiores de jogadores profissionais de futebol durante o salto vertical unipodal. Este estudo contou com dados de 5 atletas, referentes a um salto vertical unipodal sobre uma plataforma de força e com canais de eletromiografia nos músculos glúteo médio e vasto medial do quadríceps, simultaneamente a uma filmagem, em dois planos, para posterior análise cinemática. Na fase de impulsão, obteve-se, no momento de agachamento máximo, uma correlação da altura de 63% com a flexão de quadril, e de 80% com a flexão de joelho. A taxa de crescimento da força apresentou uma correlação negativa de 89% com a porcentagem de ativação do glúteo médio. Na fase de aterrissagem, no momento de agachamento excêntrico máximo, registrou-se que, o ângulo Q apresentou correlação proporcional de 90% com a flexão de joelho. A taxa de crescimento da aterrissagem apresentou uma relação proporcional de 70% com a flexão de quadril, de 97% coma força máxima de aterrissagem, e uma correlação negativa de 67% com a porcentagem de ativação do glúteo médio. A altura apresentou uma correlação proporcional de 67% com a força máxima de aterrissagem. A força máxima de aterrissagem, apresentou uma correlação proporcional com a flexão de quadril de 67%, e correlação negativa com a porcentagem de ativação do vasto medial, 67%, e glúteo médio, 76%. Os maiores percentuais de ativação de glúteo médio e vasto medial tiveram uma correlação de 97%. / Football is the most popular sport in the world. Tools have been sought to optimize the performance and reduce the incidence of injuries in this sport. Biomechanics shows itself of great value and it is increasingly being used. In football, the anterior cruciate ligament, for example, has a high incidence, leading to a long period of absence, and other problems that take off a game player, or even finish his career earlier. The objective of this research was, through biomechanical instrumentation, correlating potentially injurious characteristics of the lower limbs of professional soccer players during one-leg vertical jump. This study had data from five athletes of a single leg vertical jump on a force plate and with electromyography channels in the gluteus medius and vastus quadriceps while a shooting in two plans for further kinematic analysis. In the impulsion phase, obtained at the time of maximum squat, the height has a correlation of 63% with the hip flexion, and of 80% proportional with the knee flexion. The growth rate of force showed a negative correlation of 89% with the gluteus medius activation percentage. On the landing stage in the most eccentric squats time, it was registred that the Q angle showed correlation of 90% with knee flexion. The growth rate of the landing showed a proportional relationship with 70% hip flexion, 97% with the maximum force of landing, and a negative proportional correlation of the 67% with the gluteus medius activation percentage. The height presented a proportional correlation of 67% with a maximum force of landing. The maximum force of landing presented a proportional correlation with the hip flexion of 67%, and negative correlation to the percentage of the vastus activation, 67%, and gluteus medius, 76%. The highest percentages of gluteus medius and vastus activation had a correlation of 97%.

Orientador: Milton Shoiti Misuta / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T22:21:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_NataliadeAlmeida_M.pdf: 2168147 bytes, checksum: 8560f0729d9006d4b606405791a9ffea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A análise cinemática da corrida visa descrever o movimento de atletas por meio da quantificação de variáveis permitindo identificar padrões de movimento e assimetrias entre os membros com a finalidade de melhorar o desempenho ou prevenir e tratar lesões. Entretanto, a prova dos 100m rasos tem sido estudada freqüentemente com volumes reduzidos de aquisição e com a avaliação de poucos passos dentro de fases específicas da corrida, sendo então necessário propor métodos mais específicos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi propor a análise cinemática tridimensional da corrida 100m por videogrametria. O objetivo específico da análise consistiu em: a) descrever a trajetória do centro de massa (CM) e obter as variáveis cinemáticas (comprimento de passo, largura de passo, ângulo de ataque e componente vertical do CM) dos atletas em todas as fases da corrida (aceleração, manutenção e desaceleração), e b) avaliar o método. Foi avaliada uma corrida de cada um dos cinco corredores velocistas, do sexo masculino e de nível nacional. Doze câmeras foram distribuídas ao longo da pista formando três regiões e duas áreas de intersecção: a região 1 (30m x 1.37m x 2.32m), a região 2 (30m x 1.37m x 2.32m) e a região 3 (50m x 1.37m x 2,32m) foram enquadradas, cada uma, por um conjunto de quatro câmeras, as áreas de intersecção A (entre região 1 e 2) e B (entre região 2 e 3) possuíam um volume de 5m x 1.37m x 2.32m. O volume total de aquisição foi de 110m (comprimento) x 1.37m (largura) x 2.32m (altura). O método de calibração foi o DLT e os dados foram obtidos pelo software Dvideo. Vinte e um marcadores anatômicos foram afixados na pele e informações inerciais individuais foram usadas para o calculo do centro de massa. As variáveis cinemáticas determinadas foram comprimento de passo, largura de passo, ângulo de ataque e componente vertical do CM. As variáveis foram comparadas conforme lateralidade (direito e esquerdo) e entre as fases (aceleração, manutenção e desaceleração). A avaliação da exatidão foi realizada com um teste de barra rígida em que a distância entre os marcadores foi de 1.19m. Um erro médio absoluto (exatidão) variou entre as regiões e combinações de câmeras de 0.01 m a 0.03 m. O filtro Butterworth, 4ª ordem, 10 Hz de frequência de corte foi usado para a suavização dos dados. Os dados tridimensionais dos marcadores foram utilizados calcular o centro de massa. O ajuste biexponensial da curva da velocidade-tempo foi utilizado para identificar as três fases da corrida. As variáveis cinemáticas foram descritas para cada atleta e os resultados apontam diferenças entre lateralidade (comprimento de passo, ângulo de ataque e componente vertical do CM) durante a corrida, e entre às fases (comprimento de passo e ângulo de ataque), principalmente, na fase de aceleração. Assimetrias e mudanças de padrão de movimento puderam ser identificadas, acompanhadas da mudança de velocidade e postura. A configuração proposta permitiu obter informações importantes sobre a modalidade e contribui como método de avaliação biomecânico, atendendo a especificidade da corrida de 100m / Abstract: The kinematic analysis of the race possible to describe the motion of athletes by quantifying variable allowing to identify patterns movement and asymmetries between members in order to improve performance and to treat or prevent injury. However, evidence of 100m sprint running has been frequently studied with reduced volumes of acquisition and the evaluation of a few steps within phases specific, being then necessary to propose more specific methods. Thus, the aim of this study was propose a method for three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the 100m sprint by videogrammetry. The specific aim consisted: a) to describe the center of mass trajectory (COM) of athletes during the phases (acceleration, deceleration and maintenance) and kinematic variables (step length, step width, angle of attack and vertical component COM), b) to evaluate the method. One sprint of each of the five sprinters, male and national level was assessed. Twelve cameras were distributed along the track forming three regions and two areas of intersection: region 1 (30m x 1.37m x 2.32m), region 2 ( 30m x 1.37mx 2.32m ) and region 3 (50m x 1.37m x 2,32 m ) were each framed by a set of four, the areas of intersection A (between region 1 and 2 ) and B (between the region 2 and 3) each had a volume of 5m x 1.37m x 2.32 m. The total acquisition volume was 110m (length) x 1.37m (width) x 2.32m (height). The calibration method was the DLT and data obtained by Dvideo software. Twenty-one anatomical markers were attached to the skin and individual inertial information was used to calculate the center of mass. The kinematic variables were step length, step width, angle of attack and vertical component of the COM. Variables were compared according to laterality (right and left) and between phases (acceleration, deceleration and maintenance). The accuracy test was performed with a rigid bar in which the distance between markers was 1.19m. A mean absolute error (accuracy) varied among regions and combinations of cameras 0.01m to 0.03m. The Butterworth filter, 4th order, 10Hz frequency cutoff, was used for smoothing the data. The three-dimensional reconstruction of the athlete determined the trajectories of the center of mass. The biexponensial curve fit of the velocity-time identified the three phases of the sprint. Kinematic variables were described for each athlete and the main results point to differences between laterality (step length , angle of attack and vertical component of the COM ) during the sprint, and between the phases (step length and angle of attack) , mainly in the acceleration phase. Asymmetries and changes movement pattern could be identified follow of change of speed and posture. The proposed configuration yielded important information about the sport and contributes as a method of biomechanical assessment, given the specificity of the 100m sprint / Mestrado / Biodinâmica do Movimento Humano e Esporte / Mestra em Ciências da Nutrição e do Esporte e Metabolismo

ALK1 est un récepteur de la famille du TGF-β, principalement exprimé dans les cellules endothéliales. Le ligand physiologique et circulant d'ALK1, BMP9, a été découvert par notre laboratoire en 2007, ce qui a ouvert des possibilités d'étude de la fonction d'ALK1. La première partie de ma thèse a été consacrée à l'analyse fonctionnelle de mutants d'ALK1, retrouvés sur des patients atteints de la maladie de Rendu-Osler de type 2, en réponse à BMP9. Cette étude a permis de : 1) proposer l'haploinsuffisance fonctionnelle comme modèle de la maladie ; 2) développer un test diagnostique pour discriminer les mutations pathogènes des polymorphismes rares, basé sur leur réponse à BMP9 ; 3) d'avoir une meilleure connaissance des acides aminés d'ALK1 importants dans la réponse à BMP9. Un second travail a consisté en la production de la forme mature de BMP9 et du domaine extracellulaire d'ALK1 en vue de l'étude de la structure cristallographique du complexe. L'expression des protéines et leur purification sont en phase d'optimisation. Enfin, un troisième projet consistait en l'analyse du rôle de BMP9 dans l'angiogenèse in vivo. La neutralisation de BMP9 par deux stratégies distinctes induit une augmentation de la densité vasculaire dans la rétine de la souris. Le mécanisme est en cours d'investigation. / ALK1 is a TGF-β family receptor, mainly expressed on endothelial cells. The physiologic and circulating ligand of ALK1, BMP9, was discovered by our laboratory in 2007, which opened opportunities for studying the function of ALK1. The first part of my thesis was on the functional analysis of ALK1 mutants from HHT-2 patients in response to BMP9. This study allowed us to: 1) propose functional haploinsufficiency as a model for HHT-2; 2) develop a diagnostic tool to discriminate pathogenic mutations from rare polymorphisms, based on their BMP9 response; 3) increase our knowledge of important amino acids in ALK1 for the BMP9 response. A second work was on the production of the mature form of BMP9 and of the extracellular domain of ALK1 in order to study the crystallographic structure of the complex. The expression of these proteins and their purification are in optimization phase. Lastly, a third project was on the analysis of the role of BMP9 in angiogenesis in vivo. Neutralization of BMP9 using two strategies induces an increase of the vascular density of the retina in mouse. Mechanism of action is under investigation.