Orientador: Regina Maura Bueno Franco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T06:40:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bonatti_TaisRondello_M.pdf: 4637532 bytes, checksum: 36d95c3a6f82800797960173c01f67b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A presença dos protozoários patogênicos Giardia e Cryptosporidium tem sido comumente relatada em amostras de águas superficiais e esgoto que incluem os afluentes, efluentes e resíduos gerados do tratamento, como o lodo de esgoto. Tais parasitos são reconhecidos mundialmente como importantes agentes causadores de diarréia em humanos e animais e destacam-se pelo grande potencial de veiculação hídrica. Ascaris lumbricoides é um dos helmintos entéricos mais resistentes e geralmente usado como indicador parasitológico devido à sua grande capacidade de resistência ambiental. O lodo de esgoto (LE), resíduo originado do tratamento de esgoto pelo sistema de lodos ativados , tem gerado muitas discussões em relação à sua disposição final. No Brasil, atualmente, a quase totalidade do lodo produzido em estações de tratamento de esgoto (E.T.E.s) é destinada a aterros sanitários competindo por espaço com o lixo urbano. Outras alternativas são propostas, como o despejo em oceanos, rios e lagos e a incineração. A aplicação do LE em solos com a finalidade de fertilização representa a melhor alternativa de uso, pois tal resíduo apresenta elevado teor de matéria orgânica, vários nutrientes de interesse agrícola e age como corretivo da acidez do solo. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos: (1) vermcar a ocorrência de cistos de Giardia, oocistos de Cryptosporidium e ovos de Ascaris sp. em amostras de LE, provenientes da ETE. Samambaia, (2) investigar a aplicabilidade de duas metodologias de concentração de cistos e oocistos a este tipo de amostra, (3) , verificar os danos morfológicos de cistos mediante o emprego de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (M.EV) e (4) efetuar a investigação da viabilidade dos ovos de Ascads sp. eventualmente presentes nas amostras, mediante o uso do corante vital Azul Trypan. Cistos estiveram presentes em 50,0% das amostras e oocistos, em 8,3%, considerando-se os dois procedimentos empregados. A concentração de cistos variou de O a 4800 cistos/g e de oocistos, de O a 600 oocistos/g, o que representa risco potencial à contaminação do solo onde o LE será aplicado e, possivelmente, para lençóis freáticos ou outros corpos d'água. Para as amostras brutas, a melhor técnica para cistos foi a Homogeneização em Solução de Eluição e para as amostras artificialmente contaminadas, Centrífugo-concentração seguida de clarificação em éter. Os resultados discrepantes mostram a dificuldade de trabalhar oom esse tipo de amostra e a grande variabilidade de resultados. Fatores como temperatura, forças iônicas e, principalmente, o pH influenciaram na recuperação de cistos, oocistas e ovos. Foram verificadas alterações morfológícas mínimas nas paredes dos cistos mediante emprego da M.EV após 45 dias de exposição à luz sotar. Em relação aos helmintos, foram encontrados ovos de Toxocara sp, Ascaris sp e similares a Trichuris sp mediante emprego da técnica padronizada pela Norma Oficial Mexicana. O lodo de esgoto pode, portanto, conter grande quantidade e variedade de patógenos, o que ressalta a importância de um tratamento adequado, assim como a necessidade do desenvolvimento de técnicas apropriadas para a pesquisa de Giardia, Cryptosporidium e Ascaris neste tipo de amostra e a revisão da legislação em vigência que não contempla os protozoários em questão / Abstract: The presence of the pathogenic protozoan Giardia and Cryptosporidium has been commonly reported in superficial water and sewage samples, including affluent, effluent and residues generated trom the treatment, as the sewage sludge. Such parasites are recognized worldwide as important agents of diarrhea in humans and animais and have great potential of water transmission. Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the most resistant enteric pathogens and generally is used as a parasitological indicator due to its great environmental resistance. The sewage sludge (SS), residue originated from the activated sludge treatment system, has generated many discussions regarding its final disposat. In Brazil, nowadays, almost the total amount of sewage sludge produced in sewage treatment plants (S.T.P.s) is destined to sanitary landfitts competing forspace with the urban trash. Other alternatives are proposed, as the oceanic disposal as in rivers or lakes and incineration. The SS applicatron in soils with the purpose of fertilization presents the best altemative, therefore such residue contains elevated tenor of several organic matter nutrients of agricultural interest and acts like acidity corrective of the soil. The present work had for objectives: (1) verify the occurrence of Giardia cysts, Cryptosponalum oocysts and Ascarls sp. eggs in SS samples from Samambaia S.T.P., (2) investigate the applicability of two methodologies of cysts and oocysts concentration to this kind of sample, (3) verify the morphological injuries of cysts by means of the electronic scanning microcopy (ESM) and (4) verify the viability of the Ascarls sp. eggs occasionalty present in samples by means of Trypan Blue vital dye. Cysts were detected in 50,0% of the samples and oocysts, in 8,3%, considering both the procedures employed. The cysts concentration varied from O to 4800 cysts/g and of oocysts, from O to 600 oocysts/g, what represent the potential risk of contamination of the soil where the CSS will be applied and, possibly, for subterranean water supplies or others water bodies. For the raw samples, the best method for cysts detection was Homogenization in Elution Solution and for the artificially contaminated samples, Centrifuge-concentration foltowed by ether clarification. The discrepant results show the difficulty to work with this kind of sample and the great variability of results. Factors as temperature, ionic forces and, mainly, the pH, influenced on the cysts, oocysts and eggs recovery. Lower morphological alterations were verified on the cyst wall by means of ESM after 45 days of expositíon to the solar light. Regarding the helminths, Toxocara sp, Ascaris sp and similar to Trichuris sp eggs were found by means of the technique standardized by the Mexican Official Norm. The sewage sludge contains a great amount and variability of pathogens, what stands out the importance of an adequate treatment, as well as the need of development of suitable methods for the research of Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Ascaris ín this kind of sample and the law revísion that does not contemplates such protozoan / Mestrado / Mestre em Parasitologia

Submitted by Helena Bejio (helena.bejio@unioeste.br) on 2017-11-16T18:52:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Fábio HR Silveira 2016.pdf: 2555885 bytes, checksum: 29051e06e2f268f821a9b563e9878402 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-16T18:52:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Fábio HR Silveira 2016.pdf: 2555885 bytes, checksum: 29051e06e2f268f821a9b563e9878402 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aims to assess the farm size effect and parturition order on the occurrence and the logarithm of the egg count per gram of endo- stool in commercial sows housed in the maternity and pregnancy in situated farms in West micro-region Paraná. The 43 Production Units Piglets, set in eight micro-regions, classified into four farm sizes: small (100 to 250 arrays), medium (251-510 arrays), large (511-1000 arrays) and very large (more than 1,000 dies ) and three orders calving up to two deliveries, 3 to 5 and more than 5 deliveries. The feces samples were processed through flotation technique saturated salt solution. Statistical analysis was based on the theory of generalized linear models, the observed data variables expressed by binary values were adjusted to the binomial and the normal distributions. The existing significance farm size (TG), birth order (PO), interaction between TG and OP was verified by the deviance analysis Of the 1,596 fecal samples, 4.64% were positive for Ascaris suum, 0, Trichuris suis to 56% and 8.27% for oocysts of coccidia. Properties with small and medium farm size have a higher percentage of parasites when compared with large and very large, especially in farrowing order between zero and two deliveries. The younger females removed a greater amount of Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis. / O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o efeito de tamanho de granja e ordem de parição sobre a ocorrência e o logaritmo da contagem de ovos por grama de fezes de endoparasitas em matrizes suínas comerciais alojadas na maternidade e gestação em granjas situadas na microrregião do Oeste do Paraná. As 43 Unidades Produtoras de Leitões, inseridas em oito microrregiões, classificadas em quatro tamanhos de granja: pequena (100 a 250 matrizes), média (251 a 510 matrizes), grande (511 a 1.000 matrizes) e muito grande (mais que 1.000 matrizes) e em três ordens de parição: até 2 partos, 3 a 5 e mais que 5 partos. As amostras de fezes foram processadas por meio da técnica de flutuação em solução saturada de sal. A análise estatística foi realizada com base na teoria dos modelos lineares generalizados, os dados observados de variáveis expressas por valores binários foram ajustados às distribuições binomial e normal. A significância existente de tamanho de granja (TG), ordem de parto (OP), interação entre TG e OP foi verificada por meio da análise de deviance, Das 1.596 amostras fecais coletadas, 4,64% foram positivas para Ascaris suum, 0,56% para Trichuris suis e 8,27% para oocistos de coccídeos. As propriedades com tamanho de granja pequeno e médio possuem uma porcentagem mais elevada de parasitas quando comparada com as grandes e muito grandes, principalmente nas de ordem de parição entre zero e dois partos. As fêmeas mais novas eliminaram uma maior quantidade de ovos de Ascaris suum e Trichuris suis.

Orientador: Robert Boyd Harrison / Coorientador: Iraê Amaral Guerrini / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Vera Lucia Mores Rall / Banca: Cássio Hamilton Abreu Junior / Banca: Fernando Carvalho Oliveira / Resumo: No Brasil, a maior parte do lodo de esgoto sanitário gerado nas Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto é destinada a aterros sanitários, o que preocupa técnicos e autoridades, que buscam alternativas de destinação mais adequadas ao meio ambiente. O processo de compostagem permite a estabilização e a higienização do lodo de esgoto, que pode então ser aplicado em solos agrícolas, aproveitando a matéria orgânica e os nutrientes ali presentes. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estudar de forma detalhada o comportamento dos indicadores de patogenicidade Salmonella spp., coliformes termotolerantes e ovos viáveis de Ascaris spp. em função da temperatura e da umidade durante o processo de compostagem de lodo de esgoto com diferentes materiais estruturantes, verificando se o processo é eficaz na higienização do material. Para isto, o estudo foi dividido em quatro experimentos. No Experimento 1, sensores de temperatura foram instalados em três diferentes perfis da pilha de compostagem (topo, meio e base) e verificou-se que a mistura de lodo de esgoto com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar apresentou temperaturas mais uniformes nos três perfis, a mistura com casca de eucalipto apresentou as temperaturas mais elevadas no topo e no meio da pilha e a mistura com casca de arroz apresentou baixas temperaturas em todos os perfis, sendo, então, considerada uma mistura inadequada para compostagem. O Experimento 2 avaliou dois métodos para determinação do número de ovos viáveis de Ascaris spp. em amostras... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In Brazil, most of the biosolids generated daily by Wastewater Treatment Plants are destined to landfills, which raises a great concern of technicians and authorities, who seek alternatives of destination more appropriate to the environment. The composting allows the stabilization of biosolids, reducing or even eliminating the load of pathogenicity indicators present in it, which can then be applied to agricultural soils, taking advantage of its organic matter and nutrients. The main objective of this work was to study in detail the behavior of the pathogenicity indicators Salmonella spp., thermotolerant coliforms and Ascaris spp. viable ova as a function of temperature and moisture during the biosolids composting with different structuring materials, verifying if the process is effective in sanitizing the material. Therefore, the study was divided into four experiments. In Experiment 1, temperature sensors were installed in three different profiles of the compost pile (top, middle and bottom) and it was verified that the mixture of biosolids with sugarcane bagasse presented more uniform temperatures in the three profiles, the mixture with Eucalyptus bark showed the highest temperatures at the top and middle of the pile and the mixture with rice husk showed low temperatures in all the profiles, being considered an inadequate mixture for composting. Experiment 2 evaluated two methods for determining the number of viable ova of Ascaris spp. in biosolids samples, the USEPA method and the Norma Mexicana method, and the USEPA method was considered the most efficient in determining the number of viable ova of Ascaris spp. in the biosolids samples analyzed. Experiment 3 evaluated throughout the composting process the presence of Salmonella spp. and the decay of thermotolerant coliforms and viable ova of Ascaris spp. The presence of Salmonella spp. was verified in only one occurrence for each mixture ... / Doutor

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has been shown to activate carbohydrate metabolism in adult female Ascaris suum. Serotonin may be either absorbed directly from the environment or synthesized de novo from the absorbed L-tryptophan in adult female A. suum. The enzymes necessary for the synthesis of 5-HT have been identified in both intestine and muscle tissues. The serotonin absorbed from the environment is obtained either from the host's gastrointestinal contents or from the 5-HT producing bacteria in the intestine of A. suum. Numerous 5-HT producing bacteria were identified in the intestinal microflora. The physiological contributions of 5-HT producing bacteria to the 5-HT level, turnover and binding sites in the intestinal tissue of A. suum were investigated.

The studies described in this dissertation examine the effects of F-2,6-P2 and AMP or phosphorylation on the kinetic mechanism of d-PFK. The effect of varied pH on the activation by F-2,6-P2 is also described.

No description available.

No description available.

During the purification of the enzyme glycogen synthase from the muscle of the nematode Ascaris suum, approximately 70% of the glycogen synthase activity can be separated from the bulk of cellular glycogen by centrifugation for 60 min at 105,000 x . The glycogen synthase in the supernatant fraction has an Mr of 1.2 x 106 as determined by Sepharose 4B gel filtration chromatography. The glycogen synthase in this high molecular weight complex (glycogen primer complex) can be further purified by ConA-Sepharose affinity chromatography; the enzyme activity was eluted with 100 .mM a-methylmannoside. The glycogen synthase in glycogen'primer complex is predominately in the glucose 6-phosphatedependent form. The glycogen primer complex can catalyze the transfer of glucosyl units from UDP-glucose to an endogenous acceptor in the absence of exogenous glycogen. Analysis by SDS-PAGE showed three proteins (Mr 140,000, 78,000 and 34,000) and a carbohydrate polymer. The carbohydrate polymer can be partially digested with a-amylase. The glycogen primer complex was further digested by acid hydrolysis, and upon descending paper chromatography analysis, eight different carbohydrates were isolated, two of which were tentatively identified as glucose and sialic acid. The [14 C]-autoradiograph showed that in vitro synthesis of a glycogen-like polysaccharide occurred on this carbohydrate polymer. Polyclonal antibodies have been made to the glycogen primer complex, and Western Blot analysis indicated that all three proteins of the glycogen primer complex were antigenic. Collectively, the data indicate that a glycogen-like polysaccharide is synthesized from a carbohydrate-associated protein primer in the muscle of this worm.

BACKGROUND: Both endo- and ectoparasites pose a great challenge to the health of pigs worldwide, placing a significant burden on low-resource countries where veterinary care is minimal. As part of a larger clinical trial assessing the use of ivermectin (IVM) mass drug administration to humans and pigs for the control of malaria vectors in the Mopeia district in Mozambique, a longitudinal study to assess the impact of IVM administration on pig health was performed. METHODS: Beginning in March 2022, IVM was administered to pigs in the intervention area once a month for three consecutive months. Seventy pigs from the treatment group and 70 pigs from the control group were randomly selected for inclusion in the study. Fecal samples were collected monthly for three months and analyzed for the presence of strongyle eggs, strongyle eggs in the larval stage (strongyles – larval) and Ascaris suum using the modified McMaster test. Fecal samples were also collected two weeks after each dose of IVM was given to pigs in the treatment group for determination of a fecal egg reduction count. Juvenile pigs were measured twice a month for the first 3 months of the study, then once monthly for another three months. Visual exam for ectoparasites was performed on all pigs for the presence of ticks, lice or scabies at the same time points. RESULTS: Overall, 55% [95% CI: 48-62%] of pigs were positive for Ascaris suum, 95.2% [95% CI: 91-98%] were positive for strongyle eggs, and 72.5% [95% CI: 65.5-79%] were positive for strongyle – larval. A significant difference in the ivermectin treatment group was only seen one month after the second dose of ivermectin was administered: pigs in the treatment group had a 23.6% lower prevalence of strongyles (p = 0.003) and 18% lower prevalence of strongyles – larval (p = 0.03). Pigs in the treatment group also had lower EPG for Ascaris suum (diff = 102 EPG; p = 0.006), strongyles (diff = 642 EPG; p < 0.001), and strongyles - larval (diff = 217 EPG; p < 0.001). Analysis of covariance regression found no significant difference(P>0.05) in average daily weight gain (ADG) between the treatment and control groups. CONCLUSION: IVM delivered once monthly for three months has a small impact on pig health. To counteract the multiple health challenges pigs face in these settings, different dosing schedules along with education on husbandry issues related to nutrition and sanitation should be investigated in order to maximize impact on pig health. / Master of Science / A study was conducted in rural Mozambique in the district of Mopeia to determine the effectiveness of ivermectin against common parasites of swine when administered to pigs. The study began in March of 2022, at the beginning of rainy season, and ivermectin was given to pigs once a month for three months. Pigs were visited twice a month for the first three months, and then once a month for another three months. At various time points, fecal samples were collected, pigs were examined for evidence of ectoparasites (ticks, lice and scabies infestation), and young pigs were measured to determine their rate of growth. Fecal samples were analyzed for the presence of common internal parasites (endoparasites) affecting pigs in the area. The burden of endo and ectoparasites was estimated before any ivermectin was administered, and then compared in treated and untreated pigs over the course of the study. Similarly, the effect of ivermectin on growth rates in young animals was determined. The results of this study found that there was a high burden of common endoparasites in pigs in the Mopeia district, which was only minimally affected by the use of ivermectin delivered once a month. Among the treated pigs, a fecal egg count reduction test suggests that these parasites are potentially resistant to ivermectin, although other issues may be responsible for these results. The burden of ectoparasites was generally low (<10%), with ivermectin only significantly reducing the prevalence of ticks. Young animals that received ivermectin had a 15% increase in their growth rate, but this was not statistically significant. In conclusion, the use of ivermectin once a month for three months in pigs, as part of a malaria intervention, has some minimal positive health effects on treated pigs. Given the poor management practices, poor nutrition and lack of veterinary care in these pigs, it is likely that to have a greater impact on pig health, ivermectin will need to be delivered under a different dosing schedule and alongside owner education on pig management practices.

Antígenos de alta massa molecular (PI) do extrato de Ascaris suum exercem efeito supressor sobre a resposta imune a antígenos heterólogos. PI atua diretamente sobre as DCs, diminuindo a expressão das moléculas coestimuladoras, MHC de classe II e assim, a proliferação de linfócitos T. Esse efeito é independente de TLR2, TLR4 e da molécula MyD88. Nesse trabalho estudamos a participação dos receptores DC-SIGN e MR, na modulação da atividade das DCs. PI contém oligossacarídeos N-ligados com cadeias de alta manose e do tipo complexa e contém resíduos de fosforilcolina. Os componentes do PI contendo as cadeias glicosídicas N-ligadas inibem a maturação de DCs incubadas com LPS. Receptores DC-SIGN e MR estão envolvidos no reconhecimento e internalização dos componentes do PI pelas DCs. O bloqueio desses receptores foi capaz de abolir o efeito inibitório do PI sobre as DCs e a resposta proliferativa de linfócitos T in vitro. Portanto, os resultados mostram a participação do DC-SIGN e MR no reconhecimento de componentes glicosilados do PI e na sua ação imunomoduladora. / High molecular weight components (PI) of Ascaris suum extract exert suppressive effect on the immune response to OVA. PI exert direct effect on DCs, decreasing the T lymphocyte proliferation. This effect is independent of TLR2 and 4 as well as MyD88 molecule. In this work we studied the glycoconjugates in PI and the participation of DC-SIGN and MR, in the modulation of the functional activity of DCs. PI components contain high mannose- and complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides and phosphorylcholine residues. PI components containing N-linked glycans inhibited the DCs maturation induced by LPS. The previous incubation of DCs with mannan, anti-DC-SIGN and anti-MR antibodies abolished the modulatory effect of PI on the DCs maturation. It was also observed that the blockage of DC-SIGN and MR in DCs reversed the inhibitory effect of PI in the in vitro T cells proliferative response. Taking together these results show the involvement of DC-SIGN and MR in the recognition of glycosylated components of PI by DCs and in its modulatory effect.