Bakgrund: Med stigande ålder ökar riskerna för undernäring, både på grund av fysiologiska faktorer och av sjukdom. Det är betydelsefullt att äldre individer erhåller ett fullgott näringsintag och sjuksköterskan har tillsammans med övrig hälso-och sjukvårdspersonal ett ansvar för att identifiera och bedöma patienters nutritionsstatus. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskans upplevelser av att ansvara för nutritionen hos den äldre patienten på en geriatrisk vårdavdelning. Metod: Studien har genomförts genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie med sjuksköterskor på en geriatrisk avdelning i mellansverige. Insamlade data analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys enligt Elo och Kyngäs (2008). Huvudfynd: Resultatet visar att patientens delaktighet, ett fungerande teamarbete och anhörigas delaktighet är faktorer som sjuksköterskan upplever som positivt i arbetet med att tillgodose nutritionen. Svårigheter är främst kopplat till organisatoriska förutsättningar såsom begränsade valmöjligheter och tidsbrist. Resultatet visar även på att riskbedömningar används som ett hjälpmedel i det dagliga arbetet men att upptäckta risker inte alltid dokumenteras och följs upp. Sjuksköterskorna upplever även en viss kunskapsbrist i ämnet. Slutsats: Kunskap om nutritionens betydelse är en förutsättning för patientsäker vård och sjuksköterskan behöver ha en god kunskapsgrund gällande nutrition. Riskbedömningar och åtgärder gällande patientens nutritionsbehandling bör vara lika viktigt som annan medicinsk behandling. Att arbeta utifrån ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt kan öka förutsättningarna för en god nutritionsomvårdnad. / Introduction: With increasing age the risk for malnutrition intensify, due to physiological factors and of illness. It´s significant that elderly individuals obtain an adequate nutritional intake and the nurse together with other healthcare professional are responsible to identify and estimate patient’s nutritional status. Purpose: To enlighten nurse’s experiences of being responsible for the nutrition of the elderly patient in a geriatric care department. Methods: The study was conducted through qualitative interviews with nurses in a geriatric care department in middle Sweden. The collected data was analyzed through a qualitative content analysis according to Elo and Kyngäs (2008). Results: The results show that participation among patients, good teamwork and good relations to relatives are positive factors in nurse’s work to cater for the patient’s nutrition. Difficulties are mainly connected to organizational conditions like limited options and lack of time. The results also show that risk assessments were used as a tool in daily work, but that identified risks not always was documented and followed up. Nurses also experiences some lack of knowledge in the subject. Conclusions: Knowledge of nutrition is a qualification to a patient-safe care and nurses need to have a knowledge base about nutrition. Risk assessment and actions about patient’s nutritional care must be as important as other medical treatment. A person-centered approach can increase the conditions for an adequate nutritional care.

Byggbranschen befinner sig mitt i ett paradigmskifte – detta i samband med att BIM kommer att ersätta de traditionella arbetsmetoderna inom byggprocessen. BIM, även kallat objektsbaserad informationshantering, används idag till 3D-projektering, visualisering och samordning. Dock utnyttjas inte BIM till sin fulla potential. Förändringar sker även beträffande miljöaspekter inom byggsektorn. Miljökrav är inte längre enbart lagstadgade, utan kommer även från fastighetsägarna själva. En anledning är den ökade miljömedvetenheten, och att byggbranschen är en viktig aktör för en hållbar utveckling. Genom en byggnadsmiljöcertifiering styrs byggproduktioner mot att bli mer miljöanpassade. Miljöbyggnad är en av de vanligaste certifieringarna i Sverige då den är anpassad efter svenska byggregler. Ett av bedömningskriterierna för Miljöbyggnad är att dokumentera byggprodukter som byggs in i byggnadsverket i en loggbok. Det är byggnadsentreprenören som uppför denna och bär ansvaret för Miljöbyggnadscertifieringen under produktionen. Detta examensarbete utreder hur loggbokshanteringen för miljöcertifieringen Miljöbyggnad kan effektiviseras och optimeras inom ramen för BIM. Det första skedet av examensarbetet ägnades åt identifikation av problem kring arbetet med loggboken genom enkätundersökningar och kompletterande muntliga samtal.  I det andra skedet intervjuades BIM-sakkunniga med syftet att söka praktiskt genomförbara tillämpningar av BIM inom loggbokshanteringsprocessen. Kartläggningen resulterade i ett flertal problematiska områden inom den nuvarande loggbokshanteringen. Denna kan dock effektiviseras genom att byggföretag etablerar en konsekvent arbetsmetodik, definierar loggboksprocessen samt inför erfarenhetsåterföring. Utförda intervjuer resulterade i förslag på möjliga effektiviseringar av loggboken med hjälp av BIM – både en lösning som är tillämpningsbar idag och tre framtida lösningar. Den lösning som fått namnet ”Excellista med GUID” kan tillämpas idag, och effektiviserar loggboksprocessen genom att utnyttja den BIM-modell som tas fram under projekteringsskedet med hjälp av unika kodsträngar. Automatiska mängdavtagningar för byggprodukter är ett exempel på en effektiviserad loggboksprocess. Tre lösningar är tänkbara för framtida materialdokumentation inom BIM: En applikation, integrerade systemplattformar eller företagsgemensam databas. Framtidslösningarna kan effektivisera avsevärt genom en automatiserad loggboksprocess. Loggboken inom BIM-modellen skapar möjlighet till spårbarhet och visualisering. Den eliminerar kostsamma och tidskrävande moment i jämförelse med dagens hantering. Slutsatsen är att byggföretaget ska satsa på en företagsgemensam databas för företagets alla systemplattformar, men framtiden för materialdokumentation inom BIM ligger i en väl integrerad lösning mellan BIM-modellen och ett PLM-system. / The AEC industry is in the midst of a paradigm shift - this in conjunction with BIM replacing traditional working methods within the construction process. BIM, also called object-oriented information management, is currently used for 3D modeling, visualization and coordination. However BIM is not being utilized to its full potential. There are also occurring changes regarding the environmental aspects of construction. Environmental requirements are not only legal, but are now requested by the clients themselves. One reason for these changes is increased environmental awareness and another is the fact that the construction industry has a vital role in sustainable development. Environmental certification of building projects promotes an environmentally friendly production. ‟Miljöbyggnad” is one of the most common certifications in Sweden because it is adapted to the Swedish building regulations. One of the assessment criteria for ‟Miljöbyggnad” is the logbook documentation of all the building materials used. It is the contractor who is responsible for the logbook and for the environmental building certification during the production.                   This thesis investigates how logbook management for environmental certification can be efficient and optimized in the context of BIM. The first stage of the thesis was devoted to the identification of problems related to logbook management. This was done with the use of surveys and complementary interviews. In the second phase BIM experts were interviewed in order to find practical applications for BIM in the log management process. The survey revealed several areas of concern within current logbook management. However these problems can be resolved if construction companies can establish a consistent work methodology, define the logbook procedures and implement experience feedback. Analysis of the interviews resulted in suggestions for possible streamlining of logbook procedures using BIM –one solution which is possible to implement today and three for future use. The solution which has been named "Excel list with GUID" can be applied today. Here, the BIM model generated during the design stage, is used to streamline the logbook process with the help of unique reference numbers. Automatic quantity take off for construction products is an example of a streamlined logbook process. Three solutions are possible for future material documentation in BIM: An application, integrated computing platforms or a company shared database. In the future results can be considerably improved with an automated logbook process. The logbook within the BIM model creates the opportunity for traceability and visualization. It eliminates costly and time-consuming steps in comparison with todays logbook management. The conclusion is that construction companies should invest in a company-wide database for all computing platforms, but the future of material documentation with BIM exists in an integrated solution with the BIM model and a PLM system.

This study proposes a specification for an assessment tool that integrates sustainable development into briefing and design processes of buildings in developing countries. The building and construction industry have a significant role to play in supporting sustainable development in developing countries. However until the implications of sustainable development for the building and construction industry in developing countries are understood and interpreted into a plan of action, little progress can be made. The research proposal aims to make a contribution to knowledge within the field of sustainable development and building and construction in developing countries. The study suggests that an effective way of beginning to integrate sustainable development into building and construction is to make sustainable development an explicit goal during the briefing and design process of the building. The study develops a specification for assessment tool that enables the goal of sustainable development to be interpreted into building and construction objectives and shows how this can be used in the briefing and design processes of buildings. The study is based on both a qualitative and quantitative approach. Through critical review of literature and inductive analysis key concepts pertaining to sustainability, sustainable development, developing country contexts, assessment frameworks, and building and construction are defined. These are compared and analysed to formulate a specification for an assessment tool. In order to test and validate findings the specification is compared with an existing building assessment tool, the Sustainable Building Assessment Tool. All hypothesis developed by the study are successfully demonstrated and the study is successful in proposing a specification for an assessment tool that integrates sustainable development into briefing and design processes of buildings in developing countries. / Thesis (PhD(Architecture))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Architecture / unrestricted

Submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education in the Departmrnt of Curriculum and Instructional Studies at the University of Zululand, 2006. / The present study examines educators' implementation of assessment in Outcomes-Based Education. The aim was to ascertain the extent to which educators use assessment methods, assessment tools, assessment techniques, forms (specific purposes) of assessment and reporting tools. Another aim was to determine whether educators' biographical factors (gender, teaching experience, qualification and teaching phase) have any influence on educators' usage of assessment methods, assessment tools, assessment techniques, forms (specific purposes) of assessment and reporting tools. To this end, a questionnaire was administered to a randomly selected sample of three hundred and three educators. The findings reveal that educators differ in the extent to which they use assessment methods. A very high percentage (66.3%) of educators report a moderate level of using assessment methods, 29.7% report a low usage level and 4% report a high usage level. The findings also indicate that educators' biographical factors have no influence on educators' usage of assessment methods. The findings show that educators differ in the extent to which they use assessment tools. A relatively high percentage (59.1%) of educators report a moderate level of using assessment tools, 6.2% report a low usage level and 34.7% report a high usage level. The findings further reveal that qualification and teaching phase have an influence on educators' usage of assessment tools. The findings reveal that educators differ in the extent to which they use assessment techniques. A high percentage (62.7%) of educators report a moderate level of using assessment techniques, 13.5% report a low usage level and 23.8% report a high usage level. The findings also indicate that teaching phase has an influence on educators' usage of assessment techniques. The findings show that educators differ in the extent to which they use forms (specific purposes) of assessment. A relatively high percentage (50.2%) of educators report a moderate level of using forms of assessment, 6.6% report a low usage level and 43.2% report a high usage level. The findings further indicate that educators' biographical factors have no influence on educators' usage of forms of assessment. The findings reveal that educators differ in the extent to which they use reporting tools. A high percentage (61.4%) of educators report a low level of using reporting tools, 34.6% report a moderate usage level and 4% report a high usage level. The findings also indicate that educators' biographical factors have no influence on educators' usage of reporting tools. On the basis of the findings of this study, a model for implementation process of assessment in OBE was proposed and recommended.

Actuarial risk assessment tools have been part of the initial security classification process in Canadian prisons since the 1990s. Developed initially on a white, homogenous male prison population (Hannah-Moffat, 2015b), actuarial instruments have been championed by researchers in the field of corrections and psychology as an “objective” instrument that can standardize the classification procedure (Andrews et al., 1990; Barnum & Gobeil, 2012). However, the universal application of such tools has been met with resistance, criticized for having not been validated on an Indigenous prison population and thus culturally inappropriate for use (Martel et al., 2011; Monture-Angus, 1999; Webster & Doob, 2004). This thesis intends to examine how Correctional Service Canada (CSC) has legitimated the use of actuarial tools in its initial security classification and penitentiary placement procedure. Guided by the theoretical framework of governmentality (Foucault, 1991) and the logic of elimination (Wolfe, 1994; 2006), this study undertakes a qualitative content analysis of seven CSC research documents that evaluated the empirical validity and reliability of the Custody Rating Scale (CRS), a 12-item structured instrument that calculates a prisoner’s recommended security classification level. I put forth the argument that, in the process of legitimating actuarial instruments by appealing to justifications grounded in an actuarial rationality, CSC simultaneously facilitates the ontological erasure of Indigenous people in prison that is consistent with a logic of elimination inherent in settler colonial societies.

No description available.

Acute and critical care patients experience significantly more pain than those patients on a general nursing unit. Due to the severity of their condition, acute care patients may be nonverbal and unable to self-report their pain. Behavioral pain assessment tools are a method of objectively measuring pain in patients who are unable to communicate. While the use of these tools has been shown to improve short- and long-term outcome for patients, there is a paucity of evidence as to nurses' perceptions related to their use. The purpose of this study is to investigate acute care nurses' perceptions of the relationship between the use of behavioral pain assessment tools and pain outcomes in nonverbal patients. A survey was developed to determine the perception of this relationship. A total of 23 acute and critical care nurses participated. The survey asked multiple perception-based questions related to pain assessment and management in nonverbal patients including but not limited to, the importance of pain assessment, the frequency of use of behavioral pain assessment tools, the use of pain scores in patient hand-off, and education related to behavioral pain assessment tools. Open ended questions were also posed inquiring as to participants perceptions of the effect of using behavioral pain assessment tools on pain assessment and pain outcomes. Survey results showed a majority (82.6%, n=19) of participants think the use of behavioral pain assessment tools improves pain assessment and outcomes. Participants reported they perceive the use of these tools allows for a thorough standardized assessment which allows for the objective evaluation of pain outcomes, and ultimately, effective pain relief.

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe occupational therapists’ reasoning about the use of assessment tools in municipality services. Method: The study used a qualitative data collection method, eight occupational therapists who worked within municipalities were interviewed with the support of a semi-structured interview guide. To analyze the data, a qualitative content analysis was used. Results: Three categories were identified to answer the aim of the study; Differing needs depending on clients and area of work, varying engagement and interests in assessment tools and assessment tools in combination with time- and resource limitations. The results presented that the subject of assessment tools is complex within municipalities, and the occupational therapists’ reason about different factors that both prevent and promote the use of assessment tools. Conclusion: The study showed that multiple aspects influence the use of assessment tools within the municipality services, such as clients' needs, area of work, support and engagement from management and colleagues as well as time and resource limitations. However, assessment tools are overall described as something that provides a thorough assessment, efficiency and structure within the municipality services.

No description available.

Peer assessment has been adopted as a means of fair and equitable measurement of individual contributions to group work (Cheng and Warren, 2000; Conway and Kember, 1993; Gatfield, 1999; Goldfinch and Raeside, 1990; Lejk and Wyvill, 2001; Lejk, Wyvill, and Farrow, 1996) and it usually requires a certain mechanism or formula to quantify peer assessment criteria. The problem, however, is that it leads to circumstances where a student can be strategic and be easily able to obtain a higher score by simply giving lower scores to other members within a group. The need is to find a new mechanism and the purpose of this study is to develop an Online Database-Driven Peer Assessment Tool (ODDPAT) using the Division Rule mechanism as its core computational algorithm. This developmental study used modified Collaborative Create-Adapt-Generalize (CAG) model (Hicks, Potter, Snider, and Holmes, 2004) as its design and developmental framework. The process of design, development, and evaluation of the entire project was documented. Three experts were interviewed and detailed analysis of data was discussed. Finally, recommendations were made for its implementation and future research. / Ph. D.