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This dissertation contains three essays on the non-pecuniary preferences pertaining to financial asset characteristics and their implications for asset pricing. The first essay considers the pricing implications of screens adopted by socially responsible investors. A model including such investors reconciles the empirically observed risk-adjusted sin-stock abnormal return with a systematic “boycott risk premium” which has a substantial financial impact that is, however, not limited to the targeted firms. The boycott effect cannot be displaced by litigation risk, a neglect effect, and liquidity considerations, or by industry momentum and concentration. The boycott risk factor is valuable in explaining cross-sectional differences in mean returns across industries and its premium varies directly with the relative wealth of socially responsible investors and with the business cycle. The second essay generalizes Fama (1996)’s concept of Multi-Factor Efficiency without being limited by additional random state variables that must affect future investment opportunities. Incorporating non-pecuniary preferences into a representative investor’s utility function generates multi-factor pricing implications. A representative investor chooses among expected returns, variances, and levels of characteristics according to their taste, which gives rise to an N-fund separation theorem with static characteristics. If a portfolio is built to maximize the exposure to the asset characteristics, the covariance between asset returns and this portfolio returns will be identical to the underlying characteristics. Such identity makes obsolete any attempts to distinguish between characteristics and risk exposures as the driving forces behind the cross-sectional variation in stock returns. The third essay develops a procedure for deriving systematic factors from characteristics, based on maximizing each factor’s exposure to a characteristic subject to a given level of factor variance. The resulting characteristic-mimicking portfolios (CMP) price mean asset returns identically as the original characteristics, irrespective of the underlying model. Accordingly, differences in the performance of mimicking factors and characteristics in explaining mean returns should be interpreted as an artifact of arbitrary procedural choices for generating mimicking factors. Factors and characteristics may be distinguished usefully only by determining if CMPs have significant explanatory power for the time series of returns. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This paper examines the components of the Capital Asset Pricing Model and the model's uses to analyze portfolios returns. It also looks at subsequent versions of the CAPM including a multi-variable CAPM with the inclusion of selected macro-variables as well as a non-stationary beta CAPM to estimate portfolio returns. A new model is proposed that combines the multi-variable component together with the non-stationary beta component to derive a new CAPM that is more effective at capturing current market conditions than the traditional CAPM with the fixed beta coefficient. The multi-variable CAPM with non-stationary beta is applied, together with the select macro-variables, to estimate the returns of a portfolio of assets in the oil-sector of the economy. It looks at returns during the period of 1995-2001 when the economy exhibited a wide range of variation in market returns. This paper tests the hypothesis that adapting the traditional CAPM to include beta non-stationarity will better estimate portfolio returns in a fluid market environment. The empirical results suggest that the new model is statistically significant at measuring portfolio returns. This model is estimated with an Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimations process and identifies three factors that are statistically significant. These include quarterly changes in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the Unemployment Rate and the Consumer Price Index (CPI). / Master of Arts

Thesis advisor: Donald Cox / Does a CEO’s narcissism influence the company’s stock? Would it matter if it is a media company? The Efficient Market Hypothesis claims that it matters little given market efficiency, as narcissism has been priced in stock based on the Capital Asset Pricing Model. Existing literature is divided on whether CEO narcissism influences corporate efficiency. This paper refines assumptions on asset pricing by indicating when market inefficiency occurs through panel studies, which the Adaptative Market Hypothesis overlooks. A case study on Elon Musk suggests that the CEO’s narcissism with media involvement creates temporary market inefficiency. This paper innovatively combines an event study of Elon Musk's Twitter activities on Tesla and Twitter with a panel analysis of 17 S&P 500 CEOs. The finding shows that younger and female CEOs, who derive narcissism supply and lead media companies, are more inclined to take risks on stock returns. This result suggests re-evaluating stock market efficiency to include CEO demographics and personality, which extends beyond traditional CAPM models. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2024. / Submitted to: Boston College. Morrissey School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics. / Discipline: Departmental Honors.

No / Conventional models of economic behavior have failed to account for a number of observed empirical regularities in macroeconomics and international economics. This may be due to preference specifications in conventional models. In this paper, we consider preferences with the ¿spirit of capitalism¿ (the desire to accumulate wealth as a way of acquiring status). We analyze a number of potential effects of international catching-up and the spirit of capitalism on savings, growth, portfolio allocation and asset pricing. Moreover, we obtain a multi-factor Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Our results show that status concerns have non-trivial effects on savings, growth, portfolio allocation, asset prices and the foreign exchange risk premium.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to in a comparative and causal way explore whether there is a relationship between risk and return and also how it is perceived on the Nordic financial markets. Theory: The theoretical frame of reference applied in the thesis is considered relevant inthe perspective of the study’s purpose and research questions. We have among other theories used The Capital Asset Pricing Model, The Efficient Market Hypothesis and various Behavioural finance theories. Method: The study has its starting point in a quantitative approach with a quantitative data analysis supported by secondary data extracted from Thomson Reuters. Empirics: The empirics contains regression analyses made from calculated secondary data of 240 randomly chosen companies from Nasdaq OMX Stockholm, NasdaqOMX Copenhagen, Nasdaq OMX Helsinki and Oslo Bors. Conclusion: The study conclusions show that there are both a negative and positive relationship between volatility and actual return on the investigated markets. Considering this prior statement we can conclude that the Capital Asset Pricing Model can’t correctly describe the actual relationship between the parameters investigated on the current sample. The Capital Asset Pricing Model’s unclear compatibility regarding the relationship makes it impossible to make conclusions about the Efficient Market Hypothesis on any other ground than the observed abnormal return. / Syfte: Syftet med arbetet är att på ett komparativt och kausalt sätt ta reda på om ett samband mellan risk och avkastning existerar samt hur det i sådana fall urskiljs på de nordiska marknaderna. Teorier: Den teoretiska referensramen som appliceras i uppsatsen finner vi vara relevantför studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Vi har bland annat använt oss av teorier som Capital Asset Pricing Model, den Effektiva marknadshypotesen samt olika Behavioural finance teorier. Metod: Studien har sin utgångspunkt i en kvantitativ ansats med en kvantitativ dataanalys stödd av sekundärdata från Thomson Reuters. Empiri: Empirin innefattar regressionsanalyser med kalkylerad sekundärdata från 240 slumpmässigt valda bolag från Nasdaq OMX Stockholm, Nasdaq OMX Köpenhamn, Nasdaq OMX Helsingfors samt Oslo Börs. Slutsatser: Studiens slutsatser visar på både ett negativt och positivt samband mellan volatilitet och faktisk avkastning på de undersökta marknaderna. Med detta som grund dras slutsatsen att Capital Asset Pricing Model inte förmår korrekt beskriva det samband som råder på urvalet. Capital Asset Pricing Model:s otydliga kompatibilitet gör det omöjligt att dra slutsatser kring den Effektiva marknadshypotesens giltighet på andra grunder än observerade tillgångars överavkastning.

This thesis investigates the nature of joint dividend-and-earnings signalling in announcements to the New Zealand Stock Exchange in the 1990s. Initially the Market Model is used to compute expected returns, and the abnormal returns derived from these are subjected to restricted least squares regressions to separate out a putative dividend signal from the concurrent earnings signal. But with the Market Model, the zero-value company returns associated with an absence of trading in thinly traded stocks are over-represented in returns distributions leading to problems of bias. New models are developed that explicitly exploit zero returns. The first alternative methodology entails friction modelling, which uses a maximum likelihood estimation procedure to find the relationship coefficients and the range of returns that should be considered as zero, and then proceeds to treat them as a separate category. The second alternative methodology is that of state asset models, which take a fresh new look at investor perceptions of the connection between movements in company returns and those of the concurrent underlying market. Zero-value company returns cease to be zero in value, where a state model is rotated, or alternatively they can be modelled as an extra state. All three methodologies furnish some evidence of dividend signalling; but this evidence is highly dependent on small changes within the given methodology.

Mit zunehmender wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung der Emerging Markets steigt der Bedarf an Unternehmensbewertungen im Kontext dieser Länder. Ihre besonderen Charakteristika erschweren jedoch eine Anwendung der in Industrieländern standardmäßig verwendeten Methoden. Ausgehend von idealisierenden Bedingungen wird in einer integrativen Betrachtung der Frage nachgegangen, wie die vorherrschenden Bedingungen (insbesondere Länderrisiken und Investmentbarrieren) in einem grenzüberschreitenden Bewertungskalkül berücksichtigt werden können.

Univ., Diss.--Kiel, 2001.

nÃo hà / This article aims to measure and analyze potential impacts from the financial crisis of 2007 in the sector of transport and vehicles and in Brazil, whose growth in recent years surpassed many other sectors of the economy and the Brazilian Gross Domestic Product. To this end, it was made use of descriptive statistics associated with various forms of risk, and performance of the distributions of nominal daily return of companies that make up this sector, every six months, from 2005 to 2010 was used as benchmark some market and industry indexes. Due to some factors, among them, heavy subjection on credit for the sale of new vehicles and export profile associated with the most important companies in this sector, it was observed that the daily returns of the shares of individual companies, as well as the return of representative aggregated index of this sector, reacted to the crisis with accumulated expressive losses. Some shares have accumulated losses of more than 80% in value, as occurred with TPIS3, and fairly high standard deviation up to 12.66% for WISA4. Both the direction of change as the value of the shares were provided by outline micro founded given by the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). In the postcrisis period, the industry reacted to a greater extent more than it was expected by fundamentals and the returns of firms and the aggregate index of the sector exceeded all other indexes analyzed in this study. At the same time that the results exceeded the returns of other indices, statistical analyzes were favorable to the sector of transport vehicles and having smaller standard deviation and better indications of Sharpes, Sortino, Treynor and Calmar. / Este artigo visa mensurar e analisar os possÃveis impactos oriundos da crise financeira de 2007 no setor de veÃculos e transportes no Brasil, cujo crescimento nos Ãltimos anos superou o de vÃrios outros setores da economia e do prÃprio Produto Interno Bruto brasileiro. Com este intuito, fez-se uso de estatÃsticas descritivas associadas Ãs diversas formas de risco e de performance das distribuiÃÃes de retorno lÃquido nominal diÃrio das empresas que compÃem este setor, com periodicidade semestral, de 2005 a 2010 e utilizou-se como benchmark alguns Ãndices de mercado e setoriais. Em razÃo de alguns fatores, possivelmente entre eles, forte dependÃncia de crÃdito para a venda de veÃculos novos e do perfil exportador associado Ãs principais empresas deste setor, observou-se que os retornos diÃrios das aÃÃes das empresas individuais, assim como o retorno de um Ãndice agregado representativo desse setor, reagiram à crise com perdas acumuladas expressivas.Algumas aÃÃes sofreram perdas acumuladas de mais de 80% em seu valor, como ocorreu com TPIS3, e desvio padrÃo bastante elevado de atà 12,66% no caso da WISA4. Tanto a direÃÃo da variaÃÃo como o valor das aÃÃes foram previstos pelo arcabouÃo microfundamentado dado pelo Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). No perÃodo pÃs-crise, o setor reagiu em maior intensidade que a prevista pelos fundamentos e os retornos das empresas e do Ãndice agregado do setor superaram o de todos os outros Ãndices analisados neste estudo. Ao mesmo tempo em que os retornos superaram os resultados dos outros Ãndices, as anÃlises estatÃsticas foram favorÃveis ao setor de veÃculos e transportes apresentando menor desvio padrÃo e melhores Ãndices de Sharpe, Sortino, Treynor e Calmar.