Darbo analizės objektas – teisių pirkimo-pardavimo teisinių santykių aktualijos ir problematika Lietuvos Respublikos jurisdikcijos viduje. Kartu, siekiant atlikti gilesnį tyrimą, paraleliai buvo analizuojamos kitų kontinentinės Europos teisės tradicijos šalių bei bendrosios teisės tradicijos šalių civilinės teisės sistemos. Darbe išnagrinėtos plačiausiai civilinėje apyvartoje kitų asmenų nuosavybėn už atlyginimą perleidžiamos (t.y. parduodamos) turtinės teisės. Sąlyginai pagal teisinę prigimtį ir esmę, darbe išskiriamos keturios turtinių teisių, galinčių būti savarankiškais civilinių teisių objektais, grupės: (1) prievolinės teisės (kreditoriaus reikalavimo teisė, nuomos teisė); (2) daiktinės teisės, kurios pirkėjui nepereina kartu su nuosavybės teisės turinį sudarančiomis teisėmis, t.y. hipotekos ir įkeitimo teisės; (3) teisės, atsirandančios iš intelektinės veiklos rezultatų; ir (4) paveldėjimo teisės. Didžiausias dėmesys darbe yra skiriamas kreditoriaus reikalavimo teisių į skolininką pirkimo-pardavimo institutui, atskirai išskiriant faktoringą – specialią finansavimo sutartį, pagal kurią įstatymu nustatytam finansuotojui (faktoriui) yra perleidžiami išimtinai piniginiai reikalavimai. Pažymėtina, kad darbo autorė atliko sisteminę visų aptariamų turtinių teisių grupių atlygintinos apyvartos analizę. Jos pagrindu buvo išsamiai ištirti ryšiai tarp skirtingų teisių pirkimo-pardavimo sutarčių sudarymo bei vykdymo, negaliojimo pagrindų. Taip pat surastos reikšmingos sąsajos tarp... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The object of the work is issues and problems which occur within the jurisdiction of the Republic of Lithuania. In parallel, civil law systems of other traditional continental European legal states as well as traditional common law states are analyzed, in order to perform more thoughtful research. This work scrutinizes the economic rights in civil circulation that are most commonly transferred, i.e. sold, to the property of third parties. According to the legal nature and essence of economic rights, which could be independent objects of civil rights, four groups of rights are distinguished: (1) obligatory rights (creditor’s right to claim the right to lease); (2) property rights, which are not transferred to the buyer along with the rights that constitute the content of ownership rights, i.e. rights of hypothec and mortgage; (3) rights of intellectual property and (4) rights of succession (inheritance). In the work, most attention is paid to the institute of sale of creditor’s right to claim from a debtor, distinguishing factoring, a special financing agreement under which only monetary demands are transferred for the entitled creditor (the factor). It must be noted that the author conducted a systematic analysis of the financial turnover of all four mentioned economic rights groups. On the basis of the analysis, relationships between different principles of sale of rights contracts, their execution and invalidity are considered. It is also detected that important connections... [to full text]

Šiame darbe autorė nagrinėja reikalavimo perleidimo ir faktoringo institutų teisinio reglamentavimo ypatumus, jų santykį, bei siekia nustatyti juos siejančius ir skiriančius požymius. Analizuojamos cesijos ir faktoringo sąvokos bei šių institutų teisinė prigimtis Lietuvos bei užsienio civilinės teisės sistemoje, apžvelgiama susiklosčiusi Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo Teismo praktika. Cesijos ir faktoringo teisiniais santykiais yra siekiama tų pačių tikslų – perleisti reikalavimo teisę. Cesijos ir faktoringo teisinis reglamentavimas, kuris įtvirtintas Lietuvos Respublikos Civiliniame kodekse, suponuoja išvadą, kad cesija neabejotinai sudaro pagrindinį faktoringo sutarties elementą. Darbe siekiama ne tik atskleisti reikalavimo perleidimo ir faktoringo prigimtį, bet ir išanalizuoti kokiais būdais reikalavimas gali būti perleistas, kokios teisės ir pareigos yra suteiktos cesijos ir faktoringo sandorio šalims. Daug dėmesio skiriama reikalavimo perleidimo bei faktoringo sąlygų nustatymui ir analizavimui. Taip pat aptariamos minėtų institutų pasekmės. Tyrimas remiasi Lietuvos, Rusijos, Vokietijos, Prancūzijos ir Jungtinės Karalystės teisinio reglamentavimo ir mokslinės lietartūros analize. Yra pateikiama minėtų valstybių teisės doktrinų atstovų teiginiais nagrinėjamais aspektais, lyginamas šalių teisinis reglamantavimas taikant cesijos ir faktoringo institutus. Magistro baigiamojo darbo pabaigoje autorė pateikia tyrimą apibendrinančias išvadas. / In this final master thesis author is analyzing regulatory features of an assignment of claim and factoring institutes and also seeks to determine the main differences and the similarities of them. The conception of an assignment of claim and factoring, the legal nature of these institutes in Lithuania and foreign civil law systems are analyzed, additionally the emerged court practice of the Supreme Court of Lithuania are being discussed in the work. The purpose that the creditor seeks using an assignment of claim or factoring is the same – to transfer the valid claim. The legal regulation of an assignment of claim and factoring, provided in the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, supposes the conclusion that an assignment of claim certainly is the main element of the factoring agreement. In this work author seeks nor only to reveal the nature of an assignment of claim and factoring, but also to analyze the ways a valid claim can be transferred. He also uncovers the rights and obligations of the parties of an assignment of claim and factoring agreement. This thesis at large scale approaches to detection and analyzation of conditions of an assignment of claim and factoring. Also the consequences of these institutes are being discussed. Research is based on Lithuanian, Russian, French, German and United Kingdom‘s deep analysis of legal regulation and existing academical literature. Author compares and discusses various affirmations of spokesmen representing... [to full text]

To survive, many biological organisms need to accurately infer which features of their environment predict future rewards and punishments. In machine learning terms, this is the problem of spatial credit assignment, for which many supervised learning algorithms have been developed. In this thesis, I mainly propose that a dual-pathway, regression-like strategy and associated biological implementations may be used to solve this problem. Using David Marr's (1982) three-level philosophy of computational neuroscience, the thesis and its contributions are organized as follows: - Computational Level: Here, the spatial credit assignment problem is formally defined and modeled using probability density functions. The specific challenges of the problem faced by organisms and machine learning algorithms alike are also identified. - Algorithmic Level: I present and evaluate the novel hypothesis that the general strategy used by animals is to perform a regression over past experiences. I also introduce an extension of a probabilistic model for regression that substantially improves generalization without resorting to regularization. This approach subdues residual associations to irrelevant features, as does regularization. - Physical Level: Here, the neuroscience of classical conditioning and of the basal ganglia is briefly reviewed. Then, two novel models of the basal ganglia are put forward: 1) an online-learning model that supports the regression hypothesis and 2) a biological implementation of the probabilistic model previously introduced. Finally, we compare these models to others in the literature. In short, this thesis establishes a theoretical framework for studying the spatial credit assignment problem, offers a simple hypothesis for how biological systems solve it, and implements basal ganglia-based algorithms in support. The thesis brings to light novel approaches for machine learning and several explanations for biological structures and classical conditioning phenomena. / Note: While the thesis contains content from two articles (one journal, one conference), their publishers do not require special permission for their use in dissertations (information confirming this is in an appendix of the thesis itself).

In recent years, mobile communications have become affordable and popular. High cellular capacity in terms of number of users and data-rates is in need. As the available frequency spectrums for mobile communications are limited, the utilization of the radio resources to achieve high capacity without imposing high equipment cost is of utmost importance. Recently, multi-hop cellular networks (MCNs) were introduced. These networks have the potential of enhancing the cell capacity and extending the cell coverage at low extra cost. However, in a cellular network, the cell or system capacity is inversely related to the cell size. In MCNs, the cell size, the network density and topology affect the coverage of source nodes and the total demands that can be served and, thus, the system throughput. Although the cell size is an important factor, it has not been exploited for maximizing throughput. Another major issue in MCNs is the increase in packet delay because multi-hopping is involved. High packet delay affects quality of service provisioning in these networks. In this thesis, we propose the Optimal Cell Size (OCS) and the Optimal Channel Assignment (OCA) schemes to address the cell size and packet delay issues for a time division duplex (TDD) wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) MCN. OCS finds the optimal cell sizes to provide an optimal balance of cell capacity and coverage to maximize the system throughput, whereas OCA assigns channels optimally in order to minimize packet relaying delay. Like many optimized schemes, OCS and OCA are computationally expensive and may not be suitable for large real-time problems. Hence, we also propose heuristics for solving the problems. For the cell size problem, we propose two heuristics: Smallest Cell Size First (SCSF) and Highest Throughput Cell Size First (HTCSF). For the channel assignment problem, we propose the Minimum Slot Waiting First (MSWF) heuristic. Simulation results show that OCS achieves high throughput compared to that of conventional (single-hop) cellular networks and OCA achieves low packet delay in MCNs. Results also show that the heuristics, SCSF, HTCSF and MSWF, provide good results compared to the optimal ones provided by OCS and OCA, respectively. / Thesis (Ph.D, Computing) -- Queen's University, 2009-02-02 22:53:41.825

This dissertation aims at improving the efficiency, robustness, and flexibility of airport operations through intelligent gate assignment. Traditional research on gate assignment focuses on the accommodation of passengers' demands such as walking time of passengers, and the robustness of gate assignment. In spite of its importance on the ramp operations, there is a lack of research to account ramp congestion when gates are assigned. Therefore, this dissertation proposes a new perspective on the gate assignment that accounts for ramp congestion. For that purpose, a ramp operations model based on observations at Atlanta airport is presented to understand the characteristics of aircraft movement on the ramp. The proposed gate assignment problem minimizes passenger-time spent on ramp areas. In addition, this dissertation is conducted to satisfy the needs of passengers, aircraft, and operations from the perspectives of passengers. Using actual passenger data at a major hub airport, the proposed gate assignment is assessed by means of passengers' transit time, passengers' time spent on the ramp, and passengers' waiting time for a gate. Results show that the proposed gate assignment outperforms the current gate assignment in every metric. This dissertation also analyzes the impact of gate assignment on departure metering, which controls the number of pushbacks in order to reduce airport congestion. Then, some of departing flights are held at gates, so it increases the chance of gate conflict, which reduces the efficiency of departure metering as well as ramp operations. In order to analyze the impact of gate assignment on departure metering, this dissertation simulates departure processes at two airports. Results show that the proposed robust gate assignment reduces the occurrence of gate conflicts under departure metering and helps to utilize gate-holding times to some extent.

Exhaustible resource rents are an important taxable base in many countries, with revenue sharing often part of the scheme. In some cases large shares are retained for the central government. Generally, the discussions of exhaustible resource taxation consider assignment of resource rent tax base and revenue sharing from the limited perspectives of efficiency and stability. Tax assignment and sharing arrangements are assumed to have a neutral effect on investment of resource rents in long-lived public goods. We attempt to demonstrate that this may not be the case, specifically looking at the question of whether rent assignment is neutral to effects on investment of rents in long-lived public goods, a normative policy objective, and under what conditions it occurs. We test the theoretical propositions with data from the Russian Federation to derive empirical results. The results from the Russian Federation point toward an important dimension of rent tax assignment in a federation. They results show that ceteris paribus, higher share of rent for the federation may lead to lower investment in long-lived public goods and may be constrained by stability. Another argument has been made for reconsidering rent tax assignment using assertive ethnic identity as a manifestation strong ownership claims. Communities with strongly valued identities value ownership over land and exhaustible resource endowments in their areas. This may be the case especially if ethnic identity is important to the resource owning community. The empirical results show that a decrease in the regional share of rent resulted in a fall in investments in the republics and regions with strong ethnic identity. Republics among the producing regions have historical claims to a distinct identity and may have a preference for preserving their identity. This preference is manifested as higher levels of rent investment. Following this line of argument, it can be concluded that rent assignment, through rent tax or revenue assignment, should favor producing regions within the range of stability in a federation, if the objective is achieving higher investment in long-lived public goods.

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This study is about a guardian ad litem mission, role and relation to unaccompanied children. On the basis of qualitative interviews the study aims to understand the trustees’ role and relation to unaccompanied children. We chose to interview nine trustees to achieve a better insight of the trustees roll. We analyzed the interviews and tried to gain a better knowledge about a guardian ad litem mission, role and relationship to unaccompanied children with role theory and concepts off pastoral power and trust. Our results demonstrate that the guardian ad litem task is complex. Their mission in the legislation is not clearly defined but it covers the general welfare of the child. Complying with unaccompanied children to various meetings with government agencies such as immigration office, tax office, social services, and help with their finances. As a conclusion we now understand that to be a guardian ad litem to unaccompanied children requires a great deal of effort and commitment. They have to actively be able to engage themselves into the role of a guardian ad litem. A guardian ad litem is like a parent for these children helping and guiding those to the new society.