The problem. This study seeks to present a history of the Utah Elementary Principals Association from its beginning to 1957. In its early years, the elementary principles worked with secondary principals and supervisors. The organization was not identified as a professional group separate and apart from other administrators of the state of Utah. The purpose. The purpose of this study is to compile, organize, and record significant activities of the association. This will include personnel and chronology. Other general purposes of the study are as follows: 1. To gain a knowledge of the role of Utah Elementary Principals Association in the professional training of elementary school administrators. 2. To meet a request of the officers of the Utah Elementary Principals Association. 3. It is a means of preserving a record of important activities that have been accomplished. Delimitations. This study is limited to the activities of the association from its beginning to 1957. It will be confined to the period of time since it became a professional group separate and apart from administrators. Sources of data. The source for this investigation from which the historical material was compiled was found in the minute books of the Elementary Principals Association. It was also gathered by personal interviews with past officers of the Association. Pertinent Information was also obtained from personal letters from past officers and from records which have been kept by different officers of the association. Method of treatment. From the nature of sources available, it is evident that the methods employed in dealing with the problems are most generally characterized as historical and documentary. The particular aspects of the history of the Association that are to be discussed are as follows: 1. A brief historical background. 2. A chronological list of officers. 3. Financial reports of the Utah Elementary Principals Association. 4. Participation of the Utah Elementary Principals Association at the Northwest Convention. 5. Workshops held in the state. 6. The relation of the Utah State Elementary Principals Association to the State Department of Education. 7. Salary schedules. 8. The official magazine. 9. The promotion of professionalism. a. Goals and objectives b. Significance for education c. constitution d. Code of ethics In gathering information for the study, the writer has searched diligently to get the important items to record. The plan is to have accessible to the Association a history which may prove valuable to it.

No description available.

What is the role of the independent inventor today? Historically, he has played an important role but circumstances have now changed. The objectives of this thesis have been: (1) to assess the value of inventions made by independent inventors; (2) to determine whether the government should provide support; and (3) if so, how? It is not appropriate to make a judgement about the value of independent inventors on qualitative data alone. Therefore, attempts must be made to obtain quantitative data on the value, in economic and social terms, of inventions of independent inventors. The unique feature of this thesis is the survey of members of the Inventors' Association of Australia to assess the personal characteristics of their members, the value of inventions made by members and the types of assistance required by their members. Some of the research results on the personal characteristics of independent inventors are interesting. - 95% are males. (This is supported by other research data). their educational qualifications are much higher than the general population. - on average, each inventor spends 8-10 hours per week on inventions. The survey showed that the economic value (in terms of value of output) of inventions made by members of the Inventors' Association of Australia is about $50m per annum and creates about 4000 man years of employment. It is not possible to assess what percentage of independent inventors are members of the Inventors' Association of Australia. Estimates place this between 20% and 50%. If this is the case, then it can be estimated that the value of output of inventions of independent inventors in Australia is between $100m-$260m which, in turn, creates 7,700 - 19,000 man years of employment. Additionally, the qualitative evidence suggests that Australian inventors are, at the least, equal to their overseas counterparts. There are grounds why governments should intervene to assist independent inventors indivisibility: this relates to access to information and to the large scale nature of some inventions. inappropriability: this refers to the externalities or social benefits of inventions which are not recouped by inventors through the normal market mechanisms. - uncertainty: independent inventors usually have a small number of inventions; therefore it is not possible for them to spread their risks. Large companies and some areas of the agriculture and mining industries have developed special mechanisms for spreading risk. Based on an assessment of overseas policies, an examination of existing Australian policies and the results of the Inventors' Association of Australia survey, the following steps should be taken in Australia to support independent inventors. (1) create an environment within the community which supports/encourages invention and innovation. (2) develop a national innovation policy. (3) develop an innovation finance facility. (Although this is not in operation, steps have been taken to provide this). (A) the establishment of innovation centres.

公司管理型態的外標互助會模式，是一個複雜的競標過。但是，如果將之化簡並標準化以後，則可得出某一個競標的預期報酬函數，並以一階條件求出最佳標金策略，再佐以二階條件證明此標金策略，可使極大化預期報酬。其次，並探討在最佳標金策略之下，保證成本、利率、保留價值及不同型態的互助會會員的標金策略，得到以下五個定理： 　　定理一：提高保證成本有抑制搶標的功能。 　　定理二：利率水準越高，競標者所設定的標金越高。 　　定理三：競標者的保留價值越高，將設定越高的標金。 　　定理四：急需用錢的人與儲蓄者的標金策略是背道而馳的。 　　定理五：競標者的訊息溢價越高，將設定越低的標金策略。

This thesis examines the formation, development, role and behaviour of the Singapore National Employers' Federation (SNEF). Its focus is primarily the field of labour management. It addresses key issues in the role of the SNEF from its formation in 1980 to 2004, in the institutional context of Singapore's politics, economic development and industrial relations. This longitudinal study makes a substantial original contribution to understanding Singapore's leading national employers' association, and is a pioneering study of a national employers' association in East Asia. The thesis is a qualitative case-study, using fieldwork interviews, primary documents and the secondary literature as data sources. Through the critical event method, the work focuses analysis on key junctures for the SNEF's development and change during the period examined. In addition, the author employs the Sheldon and Thornthwaite (1999) model of employers' association strategy in framing the analysis of the thesis' central questions, and in examining SNEF's strategic decisions in response to changes in its external environment. By analysing how the SNEF's external roles and internal relations changed during each period, the research draws attention to the dynamic nature of this employers' association in the rapidly changing conditions marking Singapore's development. Given the central role of the People's Action Party (PAP) in Singaporean society, a central theme of this thesis is how the SNEF balances political pressures from Singapore's government-dominated corporatist system, with the needs of its diversified membership. The narrative core of the thesis identifies five distinct periods of Singaporean industrial relations - through the lens of the SNEF - reflecting larger economic developments through which the government guided the economy and society. The thesis finds that, while the SNEF is an independent and apolitical organisation, it is nevertheless deeply embedded in the Singaporean variant of corporatism. Accordingly, the SNEF's role and behaviour are inherently guided by the PAP's ideology of pragmatism and, in Singapore, sectoral interests deferred to and institutionally served national interests.

The purpose of this essay is to document the development of the American Bandmasters Association's Ostwald Award from its inception in 1955 to the present day. The study addresses several aspects of the award's development, taking into account more localized evolution in regard to the award's history, purpose, compositional specifications, and the procedures employed to select the winning composition and composer. Ultimately, the discussion focuses not only on how the award is presented in accordance with its own purposes but the objectives of the American Bandmasters Association. The data for this study are collected through two different methods. The primary method of data collection involves an examination of documents and other associated materials located in the ABA Archive at the University of Maryland. A secondary method of interviews is utilized in order to augment the written record and overcome its deficiencies. Participants in the study include Ostwald Award Committee members and chairs both past and present. While the Ostwald Award has recognized forty-seven compositions since its inception, no formal consideration of the award's history and contribution to the wind band repertoire has been undertaken. Such is the aspiration of this essay.

Mutualisms are delicately balanced partnerships and are increasingly recognized as being fundamental to patterns and processes within ecological systems. Changes to the ecological setting in which such interactions operate can disrupt this balance. By understanding the context-dependent nature of such associations, researchers can begin to understand how changes in the environment can have cascading effects on the entire community within which they occur. Oxpeckers (Buphagus spp.) feed on the ectoparasites of ungulates in sub-Saharan Africa and from the blood of ungulate wounds. Because of this dichotomy in feeding behavior, the role of oxpeckers as consistently beneficial partners of their hosts has been questioned, and it has been suggested that the concept of conditional mutualism be applied to this interaction. I combined observational studies of oxpeckers in Kruger National Park, South Africa, with experiments on oxpeckers in captivity at the Mokopane Biodiversity Conservation Centre, South Africa, to test the hypothesis that the ectoparasite cleaning service provided by oxpeckers to their hosts is context-dependent. The results of my dissertation research demonstrate that the oxpecker-ungulate association has conditional outcomes. Under certain conditions, the oxpecker-ungulate relationship is a nutritional mutualism where ungulates provide food (ticks) for oxpeckers in exchange for a cleaning service. Under other conditions, oxpeckers exploit their hosts to feed from their blood. My findings suggest that a high abundance of the tick species and tick stages oxpeckers prefer is necessary to maintaining an alignment of interests between oxpeckers and ungulates. When ungulates host few ticks of the species oxpeckers prefer, these birds will wound-feed to meet their nutritional demands. Such wound-feeding threatens the balance of the oxpecker-ungulate mutualism. Although oxpeckers frequently wound-fed in captivity, the frequency of wound-feeding events on wild host species was only 3.1% of feeding events. Whether the relationship between oxpeckers and domesticated hosts differs from that between oxpeckers and wild hosts, or if this observed difference is actually a result of researcher constraints in the wild, needs further exploration.

As the development of software applications and Internet, the security issues that come with get more serious. Buffer Overflow is an unavoidable problem while software programming. According to the advisories of each year, they show that many security vulnerabilities are from Buffer Overflow. Buffer Overflow is also the cause of intrusion made by hackers. The users of software applications usually depend on the software updates released by software venders to prevent the attacks caused by Buffer Overflow. So before applying software updates, that how to avoid attacks to software and prolong the save period of software is an important issue to prevent Buffer Overflow. By collecting and analyzing the exploit codes used by hackers, we can build the overall pattern of Buffer Overflow attacks, and we can take this pattern as the basis for preventing future Buffer Overflow attacks. Association rules can find the relations of unknown things, so it can help to build the common pattern between Buffer Overflow attacks. So this work applies association rules to build the pattern of Buffer Overflow attacks, and to find out the relations of system calls inside the exploit codes. We experiment and build a group of system call rules that can differentiate the attack behavior and the normal behavior. These rules can detect the Buffer Overflow attacks exactly and perform well in false positives. And then they can help to do further defenses after detecting attacks and alleviate the seriousness of Buffer Overflow attacks to computer systems.

The object of my investigation is Svenska Arbetsgivareföreningen (SAF) (The Swedish Employer’s Association) and the concrete questions I wish to raise are: (i) How did SAF articulate their ideal of liberty during the period 1902-1948? (ii) How did they combine this ideal with the demands of an ascetic work ethic among the workers? My ambition with this investigation has been to spread some light on how SAF, one of the market’s most important actors in Sweden during the twentieth century, has combined an alleged strong belief in personal freedom with the demands of adjustment to specific virtues and how the proclaimed freedom has, in fact, been subject to a number of conditions. It would be fair to say that the survival of a market economy depends on a broad foundation of workers that in practice are not allowed to make use of the freedom that they are proclaimed to have in theory. The workers must not only be convinced to go to work but also to work efficiently. If this were not the case, then capitalism, built on competition, would collapse. This is congruent with the conclusions made in my investigation. SAF’s proclamations of freedom were indeed a freedom for the believers; for those who could take advantage of the competition. But for those who did not believe in the system or who did not feel that they could find themselves justice in it, SAF demanded a high moral standard. As a consequence of this we are confronted with the following paradox: Freedom for the rich, morality to the poor.

The present study explores the concepts behind Japanese and Swedish dimensional adjectives. The focus is on examining which similarities and differences in the conceptualisation across the two languages exist, if any at all. In order to see how concepts underlying dimensional adjectives are represented in the speaker's minds, data was collected mainly from two word-association tests. The results show that dimensional adjectives are conceptualised and represented differently by speakers of these two languages. The most remarkable difference resulting from the word-association tests is that Japanese participants associate dimensional adjectives mostly with nouns that denote entities the prominent extension of which is aptly described by the stimulus dimensional adjective (e.g. 'long' is associated with 'river'). In Swedish, however, participants associate dimensional adjectives with both adjectives and nouns, and the association patterns and their underlying conceptualisations are thus more diverse (e.g. 'high' is associated with 'building', and 'long' is associated with 'narrow').