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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
281

Estudo de compostos orgânicos voláteis biogênicos nas florestas tropicais da Amazônia, da Guiana Francesa e da Mata Atlântica / Study of biogenic volatile organic compounds in the Amazon, French Guiana and Mata Atlântica Tropical Forests

LOPES, PAULA R.C. 07 January 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-01-07T16:15:17Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-07T16:15:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A atmosfera terrestre contém nitrogênio e oxigênio, sendo este último, um composto altamente reativo e fundamental ao desenvolvimento e manutenção da vida. Além desses gases, diversos outros compostos em pequenas concentrações, os quais podem atuar como reagentes e/ou catalisadores também a compõe. Os compostos gasosos variados e material particulado (orgânico e inorgânico) de diferentes dimensões lançados constantemente à atmosfera são provenientes de fontes diversas. Tais fontes podem ser de origem natural ou antrópica e ainda, podem ser pontuais, difusas, primárias, secundárias, móveis e/ou estacionárias. Os processos envolvendo transformações químicas na atmosfera são extremamente importantes porque tendem a manter a sua composição em estado estacionário. A vegetação, que constitui uma fonte natural, é responsável pela emissão de grandes quantidades de compostos carbonados para a atmosfera. Dentre os vários compostos orgânicos emitidos da superfície do planeta, destacam-se em particular, alguns gases traços, denominados compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs). A emissão dos compostos orgânicos voláteis pela vegetação ocorre, em escala global, predominantemente nos trópicos ou nos meses de verão em outras regiões. As reações fotoquímicas dos compostos orgânicos voláteis desempenham um papel diferenciado e importante na química da troposfera, podendo alterar de forma significativa a concentração de ozônio em áreas tanto urbanas quanto rurais. O presente projeto contempla o estudo de alguns dos inúmeros compostos orgânicos voláteis de origem biogênica (COVBs) emitidos pela vegetação constituinte, das regiões da Floresta Amazônica, da Mata Atlântica e da floresta Tropical da Guiana Francesa, comparando-se os dados de saída gerados pelos Modelos MOZART-4 e CAM-Chem. A escolha dos sítios experimentais para realização deste estudo se deu em parte em função da importância dos locais em termos de biodiversidade, extensão territorial, influência na climatologia (local e/ou regional), bem como também em função da acessibilidade, proximidade a centros urbanos e alterações devido à influência humana. O procedimento metodológico adotado para coleta das amostras de COVBs se deu por meio da técnica conhecida como acumulação de vórtices turbulentos (Relaxed Eddy Accumulation - REA), a qual faz uso de um dispositivo coletor denominado acumulador compacto de vórtices turbulentos (Compact Relaxed Eddy Accumulator - CREA). As amostras gasosas de COVBs foram coletadas por meio de cartuchos comerciais apropriados, compostos por diferentes materiais adsorvedores que apresentavam afinidade química também diferenciada para os variados compostos aos quais foram expostos. Estudos primários para determinação da natureza dos cartuchos que foram utilizados neste projeto foram realizados, a fim de se obter dispositivos adequados a este propósito. Os resultados evidenciam, como esperado, que a presença de isopreno é predominante em todos os sítios experimentais, sendo sua concentração média diária máxima de 5,0 ± 0,3 μg/cm3 registrada na Amazônia e de 8,0 ± 0,4 μg/cm3 (concentração diária) na floresta da Guiana Francesa, seguido pelo alfa-pineno cuja concentração máxima obtida foi de aproximadamente 1,6 ± 0,08 μg/cm3 no último sítio experimental, ambos detectados na estação seca. A emissão de isopreno e dos monoterpenos ocorreu de forma mais acentuada na época seca em comparação ao período úmido. Contudo, observou-se em algumas situações uma pequena discrepância. De maneira geral os resultados gerados pelos modelos estão subestimados, como exceção do parâmetro de radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (PAR), o que indica que a defasagem entre os resultados observados e os simulados pode estar relacionada parâmetros de OH-, NOx e em algumas reações químicas fotoquímicas envolvendo o ozônio. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
282

Estudo da emissão/absorção de Nsub(2)O da bacia Amazônica / Study of the amazon basin Nsub(2)O emission/absorption

CORREIA, CAIO S. de C. 22 December 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-12-22T09:18:25Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-22T09:18:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O óxido nitroso (N2O) é o terceiro gás de efeito estufa natural mais importante no planeta Terra, suas emissões são provenientes, principalmente da atividade bacteriana em processos de nitrificação e desnitrificação. Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de elucidar a contribuição da Bacia Amazônica nas emissões de N2O nos anos de 2010 e 2011. A quantificação do N2O foi realizada por meio da coleta do ar atmosférico utilizando aviões de pequeno porte que descreveram um perfil vertical da superfície até 4,4 km de altitude, em quatro locais, posicionados de tal forma na Bacia Amazônica, que possibilitasse um estudo que a representasse regionalmente. O fluxo de N2O foi estimado utilizando-se o método de integração de coluna que consiste na determinação da concentração deste gás, subtraído das concentrações de entrada do continente, levando-se em consideração o tempo que as massas de ar levaram da costa brasileira até o local de coleta. Foi determinada a emissão de N2O pela queima de biomassa, utilizando a razão CO:N2O, determinada nos perfis amostrados durante a estação de queima de biomassa. A Amazônia apresentou um caráter emissor para N2O, com uma emissão maior em 2010 de 3,84 TgN2O ano-1 e de 1,93 TgN2O ano-1 em 2011. Este comportamento provavelmente é resultante do efeito da temperatura mais elevada em 2010 do que 2011. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
283

Nitro- e oxi-HPA no material particulado atmosférico: algumas contribuições para uma abordagem integrada / Nitro- and oxy-PAH in the atmospheric particulate matter: some contributions for an integrated approach

Alexandre Franco 29 September 2006 (has links)
Os derivados nitrados e oxigenados de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos, nitro-HPA e oxi-HPA, podem ser encontrados no material particulado atmosférico e são provenientes da queima de combustíveis fósseis e biomassa, ou de reações dos HPA com gases atmosféricos. Determinados nitro-HPA e oxi-HPA apresentam mutagenicidade mais elevada do que a dos seus HPA precursores. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os níveis de nitro-HPA e oxi-HPA nos extratos orgânicos do material particulado atmosférico das cidades de São Paulo, Araraquara, Paulínia e Piracicaba, durante períodos com e sem a queima da palha da cana-de-açúcar, verificar a possível existência de transporte de poluentes entre as regiões estudadas e determinar a mutagenicidade do material particulado. O material particulado atmosférico foi coletado em amostrador de grande volume com filtro de fibra de quartzo e extraído em Soxhlet. Os extratos foram submetidos à separação por HPLC, obtendo as frações de HPA, nitro-HPA e oxi-HPA, as quais foram analisadas por GC-MS. Tanto as frações como os extratos brutos foram submetidos a determinações gravimétricas e testes biológicos. Os nitro-compostos específicos, 1-nitropireno (1-NPir), 3-nitrofluoranteno (3-NFlt) e 6-nitrocriseno (6-NCri), para os quais há disponibilidade de padrões, foram analisados sendo que o 6-NCri não foi detectado em nenhuma amostra. Os níveis dos nitro-HPA encontrados (concentração máxima = 0,86 ngm-3) foram similares aos níveis reportados na literatura para diferentes cidades do mundo e o 3-NFlt apresentou níveis mais altos do que o 1-NPir em todas as amostras. Dentre os sítios estudados, São Paulo apresentou, em geral, níveis mais altos do que Araraquara, Piracicaba e Paulínia, apesar das concentrações altas de material particulado encontradas nesses três sítios. Em todos os sítios estudados houve um aumento nos níveis dos nitro-HPA no inverno, e não foi possível verificar se as emissões provenientes da queima da palha da cana-de-açúcar contribuem para os níveis desses poluentes. Na cidade de São Paulo, sítio mais estudado, foi observada uma variação sazonal evidenciada pelo aumento dos nitro-HPA no inverno de 2002. Níveis similares de nitro-HPA foram observados nos invernos de 2001 a 2004, exceto em 2003, onde os níveis foram mais altos devido provavelmente ao período longo de estiagem e às condições meteorológicas favoráveis à estagnação dos poluentes. Relacionando-se os níveis dos nitro-HPA com as trajetórias das massas de ar verificou-se um possível transporte de poluentes de uma região para outra em um único caso, de um total de 15. Dentre os oxi-HPA identificados (5H-fenantro(4,5-bcd)pirano-5-ona, 1-ácido fenantrenocarboxílico, 4H-ciclopenta(def)criseno-4-ona, 9,10-antracenodiona e benzantrona) a 9,10-antracenodiona e a benzantrona são comprovadamente mutagênicos. A benzantrona foi a mais freqüentemente encontrada nas amostras. Os níveis mais altos de oxi-HPA foram encontrados nas amostras de Araraquara e Piracicaba. Por final, pode-se concluir também, que as mutagenicidades das frações nitro- e oxi-HPA são as principais responsáveis pela mutagenicidade do extrato bruto, uma vez que a mutagenicidade das frações HPA praticamente não contribuiu para a mutagenicidade total. / Nitrated and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitro-PAH and oxi-PAH, can be found in the atmospheric particulate matter from the combustion of fossil fuel and biomass or as result of PAH reactions with atmospheric gases. Some nitro-PAH and oxi-PAH compounds present higher mutagenicity than their parent PAH. The objective of this research was to evaluate the nitro- and oxi-PAH levels in organic extracts of atmospheric particulate matter collected at the cities of Sâo Paulo, Araraquara, Piracicaba and Paulinia, over periods with and without sugar cane burning, to analyze the possible transport of pollutants at these regions and to determine the mutagenicity of the particulate matter . The atmospheric particulate matter was collected by high volume sampler over quartz fiber filter and extracted with soxhlet. Extracts were submited to HPLC to obtain PAH, nitro-PAH and oxi-PAH fractions, which were analyzed by the GC-MS. Both fractions and extracts were subjected to gravimetric determinations and biological tests. Specific compounds, 1-nitropyrene (1-NPir), 3-nitrofluoranthene (3-NFlt) and 6-nitrocrisene (6-NCri) were analyzed and only 6-NCri was not detected in any of the samples. The determined levels of nitro-PAH (maximum concentration = 0,86 ngm-3) were similar to that reported in the literature for other cities of the world. In all samples, the 3-NFlt level was higher than that of 1-NPir. Among the studied areas, São Paulo presented, in general, higher levels than Araraquara, Piracicaba and Paulinia, despite the high concentration of particulate matter found at these areas. All the studied sites presented higher levels of nitro-PAH during the winter, and it was not possible to verify if the emissions of sugar cane burning contribute to the levels of these pollutants. An increase of the nitro-PAH during the winter of 2002 was observed in São Paulo, the more deeply studied site, showing a seasonal variation. Similar levels of nitro-PAH were observed in the winter of 2001, 2002 and 2004. In 2003, the levels were even higher probably due to the long period without rain and favorable meteorological conditions to the stagnation of pollutants. Relating the nitro-PAH levels with the air masses trajectories, it was observed that the pollutants were transported from a region to another in only one out of the 15 studied cases. Among the oxi-PAH identified (5H-phenanthro(4,5-bcd)pyran-5-one, 1-phenanthene carboxylic acid, 4H-ciclopenta(def)crisene-4-one, 9,10-anthracenedione and benzanthrone), the 9,10-anthracenedione and benzanthrone are mutagenic and were found in the most of the samples. Finally, the mutagenicity of the nitro-PAH and oxi-PAH fractions accounted for the mutagenicity of the organic extract, due to the fact that the mutagenicity of the PAH fractions was very low and its contribution to the total mutagenicity was negligible.
284

Métodos para resolução de EDOs stiff resultantes de modelos químicos atmosféricos / Methods for solving stiff ODEs resulting from atmospheric chemistry models

Larissa Marques Sartori 21 February 2014 (has links)
Problemas provenientes de química atmosférica, possuem uma característica especial denominada stiffness, indicando que as soluções dos sistemas de equações diferenciais ordinárias envolvidos variam em diferentes ordens de grandeza. Isso faz com que métodos numéricos adequados devam ser aplicados no intuito de obter soluções numéricas convergentes e estáveis. Os métodos mais eficazes para tratar este tipo de problema são os métodos implícitos, pois possuem uma região de estabilidade ilimitada que permite grandes variações no tamanho do passo, mantendo o erro de discretização dentro de uma dada tolerância. Mais precisamente, estes métodos possuem a propriedade de A-estabilidade ou A(alpha)-estabilidade. Neste trabalho, comparamos dois métodos numéricos com estas características: o método de Rosenbrock e a fórmula de diferenciação regressiva (métodos BDF). O primeiro é usado no módulo de Química do modelo CCATT-BRAMS do Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC), sendo incluído na previsão numérica de regiões com intensas fontes de poluição. Este é um método de passo simples implícito com um controle de passo adaptativo. Aqui empregamos também o segundo, um método de passo múltiplo que dispõe de uma fórmula que permite variação no tamanho do passo e na ordem, empregando o pacote LSODE. Os resultados de nossas comparações indicam que os métodos BDF podem se constituir em interessante alternativa para uso no CCATT-BRAMS. / Problems from atmospheric chemistry have a special characteristic denominated stiffness, indicating that the solutions of the involved ordinary differential equations systems vary in different scales. This means that appropriate methods should be applied in order to get convergent and stable numerical solutions. The most powerful methods to treat problems like this are implicit schemes, since they have unlimited stabity regions, allowing large variations in step size, keeping the discretization error within a given tolerance. More precisely, these methods have the A-stability or A(alpha)-stability properties. In this work, we compared two numerical methods with those characteristics: the Rosenbrock method and the backward differentiation formula (BDF). The first one is employed in the Chemistry package within CCATT-BRAMS local weather model of CPTEC (Center for Weather Forecasts and Climate Studies), which is mainly used for the numerical forecasting of regions with intense pollution. This is a implicit one-step method with an adaptative stepsize control. We compare it with the second method, a multistep method with a formula that allows variations in step size and order, with the help of the LSODE package. The results of our comparisons indicate that BDF methods are an interesting alternative to be used within CCATT-BRAMS.
285

Avaliação dos efeitos locais na composição química de águas de chuva nas cidades de São Paulo e Cubatão / Evaluation of local effects in rainwater chemical compositions in São Paulo and Cubatão cities.

Marcelo Vieira da Silva Filho 15 April 2011 (has links)
Este trabalho avaliou a deposição úmida de duas localidades da cidade de São Paulo (Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie localizada na região central e no IAG/USP localizado na zona oeste de São Paulo) e uma localidade pertencente ao município de Cubatão (CEPEMA), na Baixada Santista. O período de estudo compreendeu os meses de julho/2009 a agosto/2010 para o IAG/USP e Cubatão; enquanto que o conjunto amostral no Mackenzie é referente ao período de julho de 2002 a outubro de 2008. A partir da comparação com dados climatológicos verificaram-se para ambas as regiões que o ano de 2009 teve um inverno anomalamente chuvoso; e o ano de 2010 apresentou um verão seco. Observaram-se diferentes faixas de concentrações médias ponderadas por volume (MPV) dos íons majoritários para cada região: Cubatão, onde os íons dominantes foram: cloreto (60,3 mol L-1), sódio (51,4 mol L-1), sulfato (24,0 mol L-1), amônio (23,3 mol L-1) e nitrato (17,4 mol L-1); enquanto que na região do IAG/USP os íons dominantes foram: amônio (25,5 mol L-1) e nitrato (16,3 mol L-1). Obtiveram-se valores médios de pH em água de chuva de 4,8 e 5,3 em Cubatão e São Paulo respectivamente. Registraram-se 12 eventos (em 99) de chuvas ácidas em Cubatão e apenas um entre 59 eventos no IAG/USP. Estimou-se a contribuição marinha para os íons Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, K+, Cl- e SO42-, observou-se que o íon de referência mais adequado para tal estimativa em São Paulo foi o sódio, entretanto para Cubatão o íon mais adequado foi o magnésio. A partir destas premissas pode se destacar que os íons potássio, cálcio e sulfato apresentaram baixa influência marinha em ambas as regiões (<11%), entretanto, o íon cloreto apresentou grande contribuição marinha (>63%) para os dois municípios. A análise estatística multivariada para São Paulo destacou o papel da relação entre o íon amônio com sulfato e nitrato no processo de neutralização da acidez da atmosfera; além da relação da brisa marítima com as concentrações dos íons sódio e cloreto, principalmente no período chuvoso. Ressalta-se também que a contribuição de sódio e cloreto não foi unicamente oceânica e que processos antrópicos e/ou naturais continentais desconhecidos contribuíram para estas concentrações. / This study evaluated the wet deposition of two localities in São Paulo city (University of Mackenzie in the central region and the University of Sao Paulo, IAG/USP, in the west area) and one in Cubatão (CEPEMA), both in Sao Paulo State. The sampling period happened from July 2009 to August 2010 in the IAG/USP and CEPEMA; while the samplings in the Mackenzie were from July 2002 to October 2008. The climatological data analysis showed that the year 2009 had an abnormally rainy winter, and 2010 presented a dry summer for both regions. The major ion volume weight mean (WMV) concentrations for Cubatão were: chloride (60.3 mol L-1), sodium (51.4 mol L-1), sulfate (24, 0 mol L-1), ammonium (23.3 mol L-1) and nitrate (17.4 mol L-1), while in the IAG / USP the dominant ions were: ammonium (25.5 mol L-1) and nitrate (16.3 mol L-1). The average rainwater pH values in CEPEMA and in IAG/USP reached 4.8 and 5.3 respectively. The acid rain events were recorded in 12 samples of Cubatão (from 99 totals) and only one (from 59 total samples) in the IAG/USP. The marine contribution were estimated for Ca2+, Na+ / Mg2+, K+, Cl- and SO42- and was observed that the most appropriate reference ion for this estimative in Sao Paulo was the sodium, however to Cubatão the most appropriate ion was magnesium. From these premises it is emphasized that the potassium, calcium and sulfate showed low marine influence in both regions (<11%), however the chloride ion showed large marine contribution (> 63%) for the two regions. Multivariate statistical analysis to Sao Paulo rainwater has highlighted the role of the relation between ammonium with sulfate and nitrate in the process of neutralizing the acidity of the atmosphere, besides of the relation of sea breeze with the concentrations of sodium and chloride ions, especially in the rainy season. The results also emphasized that the contribution of sodium and chloride was not natural oceanic only and anthropogenic and/or natural unknown sources on the continent contributed to these concentrations.
286

Méthodes variationnelles d'ensemble itératives pour l'assimilation de données non-linéaire : Application au transport et la chimie atmosphérique / Iterative ensemble variational methods for nonlinear data assimilation : Application to transport and atmospheric chemistry

Haussaire, Jean-Matthieu 23 June 2017 (has links)
Les méthodes d'assimilation de données sont en constante évolution pour s'adapter aux problèmes à résoudre dans les multiples domaines d’application. En sciences de l'atmosphère, chaque nouvel algorithme a d'abord été implémenté sur des modèles de prévision numérique du temps avant d'être porté sur des modèles de chimie atmosphérique. Ce fut le cas des méthodes variationnelles 4D et des filtres de Kalman d'ensemble par exemple. La nouvelle génération d'algorithmes variationnels d'ensemble quadridimensionnels (EnVar 4D) ne fait pas exception. Elle a été développée pour tirer partie des deux approches variationnelle et ensembliste et commence à être appliquée au sein des centres opérationnels de prévision numérique du temps, mais n'a à ce jour pas été testée sur des modèles opérationnels de chimie atmosphérique.En effet, la complexité de ces modèles rend difficile la validation de nouvelles méthodes d’assimilation. Il est ainsi nécessaire d'avoir à disposition des modèles d’ordre réduit, qui doivent être en mesure de synthétiser les phénomènes physiques à l'{oe}uvre dans les modèles opérationnels tout en limitant certaines des difficultés liées à ces derniers. Un tel modèle, nommé L95-GRS, a donc été développé. Il associe la météorologie simpliste du modèle de Lorenz-95 à un module de chimie de l'ozone troposphérique avec 7 espèces chimiques. Bien que de faible dimension, il reproduit des phénomènes physiques et chimiques observables en situation réelle. Une méthode d'assimilation de donnée, le lisseur de Kalman d'ensemble itératif (IEnKS), a été appliquée sur ce modèle. Il s'agit d'une méthode EnVar 4D itérative qui résout le problème non-linéaire variationnel complet. Cette application a permis de valider les méthodes EnVar 4D dans un contexte de chimie atmosphérique non-linéaire, mais aussi de soulever les premières limites de telles méthodes.Fort de cette expérience, les résultats ont été étendus au cas d’un modèle réaliste de prévision de pollution atmosphérique. Les méthodes EnVar 4D, via l'IEnKS, ont montré leur potentiel pour tenir compte de la non-linéarité du modèle de chimie dans un contexte maîtrisé, avec des observations synthétiques. Cependant, le passage à des observations réelles d'ozone troposphérique mitige ces résultats et montre la difficulté que représente l'assimilation de données en chimie atmosphérique. En effet, une très forte erreur est associée à ces modèles, provenant de sources d'incertitudes variées. Deux démarches doivent alors être entreprises pour pallier ce problème.Tout d’abord, la méthode d’assimilation doit être en mesure de tenir compte efficacement de l’erreur modèle. Cependant, la majorité des méthodes sont développées en supposant au contraire un modèle parfait. Pour se passer de cette hypothèse, une nouvelle méthode a donc été développée. Nommée IEnKF-Q, elle étend l'IEnKS au cas avec erreur modèle. Elle a été validée sur un modèle jouet, démontrant sa supériorité par rapport à des méthodes d'assimilation adaptées naïvement pour tenir compte de l’erreur modèle.Toutefois, une telle méthode nécessite de connaître la nature et l'amplitude exacte de l'erreur modèle qu'elle doit prendre en compte. Aussi, la deuxième démarche consiste à recourir à des outils statistiques pour quantifier cette erreur modèle. Les algorithmes d'espérance-maximisation, de emph{randomize-then-optimize} naïf et sans biais, un échantillonnage préférentiel fondé sur l'approximation de Laplace, ainsi qu'un échantillonnage avec une méthode de Monte-Carlo par chaînes de Markov, y compris transdimensionnelle, ont ainsi été évalués, étendus et comparés pour estimer l'incertitude liée à la reconstruction du terme source des accidents des centrales nucléaires de Tchernobyl et Fukushima-Daiichi.Cette thèse a donc enrichi le domaine de l'assimilation de données EnVar 4D par ses apports méthodologiques et en ouvrant la voie à l’application de ces méthodes sur les modèles de chimie atmosphérique / Data assimilation methods are constantly evolving to adapt to the various application domains. In atmospheric sciences, each new algorithm has first been implemented on numerical weather prediction models before being ported to atmospheric chemistry models. It has been the case for 4D variational methods and ensemble Kalman filters for instance. The new 4D ensemble variational methods (4D EnVar) are no exception. They were developed to take advantage of both variational and ensemble approaches and they are starting to be used in operational weather prediction centers, but have yet to be tested on operational atmospheric chemistry models.The validation of new data assimilation methods on these models is indeed difficult because of the complexity of such models. It is hence necessary to have at our disposal low-order models capable of synthetically reproducing key physical phenomenons from operational models while limiting some of their hardships. Such a model, called L95-GRS, has therefore been developed. It combines the simple meteorology from the Lorenz-95 model to a tropospheric ozone chemistry module with 7 chemical species. Even though it is of low dimension, it reproduces some of the physical and chemical phenomenons observable in real situations. A data assimilation method, the iterative ensemble Kalman smoother (IEnKS), has been applied to this model. It is an iterative 4D EnVar method which solves the full non-linear variational problem. This application validates 4D EnVar methods in the context of non-linear atmospheric chemistry, but also raises the first limits of such methods.After this experiment, results have been extended to a realistic atmospheric pollution prediction model. 4D EnVar methods, via the IEnKS, have once again shown their potential to take into account the non-linearity of the chemistry model in a controlled environment, with synthetic observations. However, the assimilation of real tropospheric ozone concentrations mitigates these results and shows how hard atmospheric chemistry data assimilation is. A strong model error is indeed attached to these models, stemming from multiple uncertainty sources. Two steps must be taken to tackle this issue.First of all, the data assimilation method used must be able to efficiently take into account the model error. However, most methods are developed under the assumption of a perfect model. To avoid this hypothesis, a new method has then been developed. Called IEnKF-Q, it expands the IEnKS to the model error framework. It has been validated on a low-order model, proving its superiority over data assimilation methods naively adapted to take into account model error.Nevertheless, such methods need to know the exact nature and amplitude of the model error which needs to be accounted for. Therefore, the second step is to use statistical tools to quantify this model error. The expectation-maximization algorithm, the naive and unbiased randomize-then-optimize algorithms, an importance sampling based on a Laplace proposal, and a Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation, potentially transdimensional, have been assessed, expanded, and compared to estimate the uncertainty on the retrieval of the source term of the Chernobyl and Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear power plant accidents.This thesis therefore improves the domain of 4D EnVar data assimilation by its methodological input and by paving the way to applying these methods on atmospheric chemistry models
287

Formation photoinduite du radical hydroxyle dans la phase aqueuse du nuage : impact sur les acides carboxyliques et les acides aminés / Hydroxyl radical photogeneration in cloud aqueous phase : impact on carboxylic acids and amino acids

Bianco, Angelica 04 November 2016 (has links)
Les nuages représentent un milieu multiphasique complexe et réactif. Une grande partie de composés chimiques atmosphériques de la phase particulaire ou gazeuse se dissout dans les gouttelettes de nuage où peuvent subir des transformations chimiques, photochimiques et microbiologiques. L'eau de nuage a été échantillonnée à la station du puy de Dôme et caractérisée par des mesures physico-chimiques. La première partie de mon travail de thèse est focalisée sur la réactivité de l’eau du nuage. La formation d’espèces réactives, le radical hydroxyle, est étudiée par photolyse directe de sources inorganiques et photolyses nano-pulsée et sa vitesse de formation a été corrélée à la concentration de sources. Les propriétés spectroscopiques et la dégradation d'un composé modèle, l'acide tartronique, ont été étudiés. Les expériences faite par irradiation continue (photolyse directe et induite par le radical hydroxyle) et par photolyse pulsée ont permis de comprendre la réactivité de ce composé dans le milieu nuageux. La deuxième partie de mon travail est focalisée sur la caractérisation et la réactivité de la matière organique dans la phase aqueuse des nuages. La détection et la quantification de tryptophane par spectroscopie de fluorescence et l'étude de sa réactivité ainsi que la détection et quantification d‘acides aminés représente une partie importante de ce travail. Les acides aminés ont été détectés pour la première fois dans l'eau de nuage grâce à l'utilisation d'une méthode chromatographique de dérivation et détection par fluorescence. Ce travail à démontré que les acides aminés peuvent représenter entre 4 et 21 % de la concentration en carbone de la matière organique dissoute dans le nuage. La réactivité des acides aminés avec le radical hydroxyle a été comparée avec celle des acides carboxyliques et de la matière organique dissoute. Ce résultat montre clairement que le rôle des acides aminés comme piège de radicaux hydroxyles ne peut plus être négligé. / Clouds represent a multiphase complex and reactive medium in which gases, liquid particles and aerosols are in continuous interaction. A large fraction of atmospheric chemical compounds present in the particulate and gaseous phases can be transferred to the cloud droplets where can undergo chemical, photochemical and microbiological transformations. Cloud waters were sampled at the puy de Dôme station. The first part of my PhD work is focused on the photoreactivity of cloud water. Formation of a reactive species such as hydroxyl radical, by direct photolysis of inorganic sources was investigated, as well as the correlation between the concentration of sources and the hydroxyl radical formation rate. The spectroscopic proprieties and fate of tartronic acid, were investigated under cloud water conditions. Moreover, photochemical experiments were performed using continuous irradiation (direct and hydroxyl radical mediated photolysis) and nanosecond flash photolysis in order to assess the reactivity of this compound in cloud aqueous phase. The second part of my work is centered on the characterization of organic matter in clouds. Two studies are presented: i) Detection and quantification of tryptophan by fluorescence spectroscopy and the assessment of its reactivity; ii) detection and quantification of amino acids. Amino acids are detected for the first time in cloud water using a derivatization method and this work show that they represent the 9% of the dissolved organic matter in cloud. Their reactivity with hydroxyl radical was compared to the reactivity of carboxylic acids and dissolved organic matter. These results clearly demonstrate that amino acids represent a major sink of hydroxyl radicals in cloud water.
288

Studium troposférické chemie pomocí regionálního klimatického modelu RegCM4 a chemického transportního modelu CAMx / Study of tropospheric chemistry using regional climate model RegCM4 and chemistry transport model CAMx

Bartík, Lukáš January 2020 (has links)
The subject of this diploma thesis is study of the impacts of different implementations of turbulence and convection in the Regional Climate Model (RegCM, version 4.6) on the ability to predict the chemical pollution of the troposphere in Europe, which was simulated by the chemical transport model CAMx (Comprehensive Air quality Model with extensions, version 6.50) driven by RegCM meteorology using offline coupling of theese two models. Thesis also includes a brief description of the tropospheric chemistry, a discussion of the influence of meteorological conditions on changes in pollutant concentrations in the troposphere, a brief introduction to the regional climate modeling, a description of both models and method of their coupling. The main focus of the thesis is the analysis of the impacts of different parameterizations in RegCM model simulations on some climatic elements, validation of air temperature and precipitation, analysis of the impacts of changes in driving meteorology on ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and fine aerosol, validation of model concentrations of these pollutants with measurements at rural monitoring stations and comparison of column concentrations of nitrogen dioxide with satellite measurements.
289

Modélisation régionale de la composition chimique des aérosols prélevés au puy de Dôme (France) / Regional modeling of aerosol chemical composition at the puy de Dôme (France)

Barbet, Christelle 02 July 2014 (has links)
Dans l’atmosphère, les particules d’aérosol jouent un rôle clef sur le climat et, par leur action sur la qualité de l’air, ont un impact néfaste sur la santé publique. Ces particules sont composées d’un mélange complexe d’espèces inorganiques et organiques formées à partir d’une grande variété de sources. Si les sources et mécanismes de production des espèces inorganiques sont désormais relativement bien connus, la caractérisation de la fraction organique des aérosols est beaucoup plus complexe : elle est constituée d’aérosols organiques primaires, émis directement dans l’atmosphère, et d’aérosols organiques secondaires (AOS) produits par la conversion gaz-particules de Composés Organiques Volatils (COV). Afin de comprendre les processus de formation des aérosols organiques, des modèles tridimensionnels de chimie-transport sont mis en œuvre. Or, à ce jour, les concentrations en aérosols organiques observées dans l’atmosphère demeurent sous-estimées par ces modèles. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les différents processus de transport, d’émissions et de transformations chimiques intervenant dans la formation des aérosols organiques à partir du modèle de chimie-transport WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting – Chemistry). Les sorties du modèle ont été comparées à des mesures effectuées à la station du puy de Dôme au cours de trois situations correspondant à trois saisons (automne, hiver, été) durant lesquelles des masses d’air de diverses origines ont été échantillonnées. Ces mesures documentent les conditions météorologiques, les propriétés des espèces chimiques gazeuses et des particules d’aérosol. En particulier, les mesures fournies par un spectromètre de masse (AMS : Aerosol Mass Spectrometer), fournissent de informations détaillées sur la variabilité temporelle de la composition chimique des aérosols et notamment sur leur concentration en masse. Les comparaisons modèle/mesures ont montré que les variations saisonnières de la composition chimique des aérosols observées au puy de Dôme étaient bien capturées par le modèle. Cependant, il s’est avéré que les concentrations en aérosols organiques étaient fortement sous-estimées par le modèle et plus particulièrement lors de la situation d’été. La confrontation des origines des masses d’air simulées par le modèle WRF-Chem à celles déterminées par le modèle lagrangien HYSPLIT reconnu pour l’étude de la dispersion atmosphérique et l’analyse des variations de la localisation du sommet du puy de Dôme vis-à-vis de la couche limite atmosphérique ont mis en évidence que le transport était correctement reproduit par le modèle. Les mesures de gaz disponibles au puy de Dôme ont mis en évidence une forte sous-estimation des concentrations en COV d’origine anthropique simulées par le modèle. Des tests de sensibilité ont été réalisés sur les émissions de ces espèces pour restituer les niveaux de concentration observés. Les émissions et les rendements en AOS des COV d’origine anthropique implémentés dans la paramétrisation VBS dédiée aux aérosols organiques dans le modèle ont pu être modifiés afin de reproduire les niveaux de concentration en aérosols organiques observés au puy de Dôme. / In the atmosphere, aerosol particles play a key role on both climate change and human health due to their effect on air quality. These particles are made of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic species emitted from several sources. Although the sources and the production mechanisms for inorganic species are now quite well understood, the characterization of the organic fraction is much more difficult to study. Indeed, particulate organic matter comes from primary organic aerosols directly emitted to the atmosphere and secondary organic aerosols (SOA), which are formed from gas-to-particle conversion of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). Three-dimensional chemistry-transport models are developed to better understand the organic aerosol formation processes. However, these models underestimate the organic aerosol concentrations. The aim of this thesis is to study the transport, the emissions and the chemical transformations involved in the formation of the organic aerosols using the WRF-Chem chemistry-transport model (Weather Research and Forecasting – Chemistry; Grell .et al., 2005). Model outputs are compared to measurements performed at the puy de Dôme station (France) during three campaigns. These measurements allow for characterizing various air masses and different seasonal behaviours (in autumn, winter and summer). The station hosts many probes for controlling meteorological parameters, gas phase species and aerosol properties. In particular, a mass spectrometer (AMS: Aerosol Mass Spectrometer) provides detailed time evolution of the chemical composition and mass concentration of the particulate matter. The comparisons between model results and observations have shown that seasonal variations of the aerosol chemical composition are captured by the WRF-Chem model. However, the organic aerosols mass concentrations are strongly underestimated and this underestimation is more important for the polluted summer case. The calculated origins of air masses are comparable to the results of the lagrangian model HYSPLIT currently used for atmospheric dispersion. The top of the puy de Dôme is observed to be either in the boundary layer or above depending on the season and these observations are correctly reproduced by the WRF-Chem model. As the anthropogenic VOC concentrations are underestimated by WFR-Chem model, sensitivity tests on the anthropogenic VOC emissions and SOA yields, used in the VBS secondary organic aerosols parameterisation, are done to better reproduce the organic aerosol concentrations observed at the puy de Dôme station.
290

Assessing the Impact of H2O and CH4 Opacity Data in Exoplanetary Atmospheres: Laboratory Measurements and Radiative Transfer Modeling Approaches

January 2019 (has links)
abstract: One strategic objective of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is to find life on distant worlds. Current and future missions either space telescopes or Earth-based observatories are frequently used to collect information through the detection of photons from exoplanet atmospheres. The primary challenge is to fully understand the nature of these exo-atmospheres. To this end, atmospheric modeling and sophisticated data analysis techniques are playing a key role in understanding the emission and transmission spectra of exoplanet atmospheres. Of critical importance to the interpretation of such data are the opacities (or absorption cross-sections) of key molecules and atoms. During my Doctor of Philosophy years, the central focus of my projects was assessing and leveraging these opacity data. I executed this task with three separate projects: 1) laboratory spectroscopic measurement of the infrared spectra of CH4 in H2 perturbing gas in order to extract pressure-broadening and pressure-shifts that are required to accurately model the chemical composition of exoplanet atmospheres; 2) computing the H2O opacity data using ab initio line list for pressure and temperature ranges of 10^-6–300 bar and 400–1500 K, and then utilizing these H2O data in radiative transfer models to generate transmission and emission exoplanetary spectra; and 3) assessing the impact of line positions in different H2O opacities on the interpretation of ground-based observational exoplanetary data through the cross-correlation technique. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Chemistry 2019

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