La fibrillation auriculaire (FA) figure parmi les arythmies les plus courantes chez les patients âgés et dont l’incidence augmente avec l’âge. La compréhension des mécanismes liant les caractéristiques tissulaires et le risque de la FA demeure centrale pour l’optimisation du traitement. Les alternances de la durée du potentiel d’action (APD) dans le tissu cardiaque ont été depuis peu documentées comme l’un des phénomènes qui facilitent la FA. Généralement, la FA est associée à de courtes périodes de stimulation électrique. Récemment, la FA a été observée aux longues périodes de stimulation chez les patients atteints de la FA chronique (FAc). Les mécanismes sous-jacents aux alternances d’APD aux longues périodes de stimulation ne sont pas totalement déterminés. En partant d’un modèle mathématique avec le remodelage électrophysiologique associé à la FAc d’un myocyte auriculaire humain, notre objectif était de premièrement identifier ces mécanismes ainsi, nous avons réalisé une analyse de la sensibilité des alternances aux changements des paramètres du modèle. Dix-huit (18) paramètres associés au remodelage de la FA ont été mis à l’échelle entre 30% et 200% de leur valeur de base. Ensuite, nous avons stimulé le tissu à partir de l’électrode de stimulation pendant des périodes de stimulation (CL) comprise entre 700 ms et 350 ms. Les alternances de la durée du potentiel d’action et du calcium intracellulaire (Cai) ont été quantifiées par la suite au point d’enregistrement. On a validé que les alternances d’APD et de Cai étaient significatives seulement pour le changement du paramètre kiCa qui représente la constante d’inactivation des récepteurs ryanodines (RyR). Sachant que ce sont les alternances discordantes qui constituent un substrat pour la FA, nous avons en second lieu, validé la formation des alternances spatialement discordantes aux longues périodes de stimulation lorsque les alternances étaient occasionnées par la diminution de kiCa. Lorsque les alternances discordantes étaient entraînées par l’hétérogénéité de l’inactivation des RyR, le motif des alternances dépendait des conditions initiales de cette hétérogénéité. Nous avons par la suite déterminé les facteurs dynamiques qui modulaient l’apparition des alternances d’APD et de Cai aux périodes de stimulation pour lesquelles les alternances se sont manifestées. On a trouvé que pour notre modèle de FAc avec la diminution de kiCa, les alternances étaient pilotées par le cycle calcique alors que pour le modèle FAc de base, les alternances résultaient des interactions entre le cycle membranaire et calcique. Ces expériences nous ont permis de développer un modèle itéré qui prenait en compte les variables des cycles membranaires, calciques ainsi que le couplage entre ces cycles. L’analyse des données a révélé que le modèle itéré devait être constitué des variables dépendantes suivantes : calcium stocké dans le réticulum sarcoplasmique (SR), calcium cytoplasmique et la durée du potentiel d’action. Notre modèle itéré a pu reproduire les caractéristiques de la dynamique du système représenté par le tissu auriculaire humain avec le remodelage du FAc stimulé périodiquement. / Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common arrhythmias in elderly patients, and its incidence increases with age. Understanding the mechanisms linking tissue characteristics and the risk of AF remains central to optimising treatment. Action potential duration (APD) alternans in cardiac tissue have recently been documented as one of the phenomena that facilitate AF. Typically, AF is associated with short periods of electrical stimulation. Recently, AF has been observed at long pacing periods in patients with chronic AF (AFc). The mechanisms underlying APD alternans at long pacing periods are not fully determined. Using a mathematical model with the electrophysiological remodeling associated with AFc in a human atrial myocyte, our aim was first to identify these mechanisms and then to analyse the sensitivity of the alternans to changes in the model parameters. Eighteen (18) parameters associated with AF remodelling were scaled between 30% and 200% of their baseline value. The tissue was then paced from the stimulation electrode at pacing periods (CL) between 700 ms and 350 ms. Action potential duration and intracellular calcium (Cai) alternans were subsequently quantified at the recording point. APD and Cai alternans were found to be significant only for the change in the kiCa parameter, which represents the ryanodine receptor (RyR) inactivation constant. Knowing that it is the discordant alternans that constitute a substrate for AF, we secondly validated the formation of spatially discordant alternans at long pacing periods when the alternans were caused by the decrease in kiCa. When the discordant alternans were driven by heterogeneity in RyR inactivation, the pattern of alternans depended on the initial conditions of this heterogeneity. We then determined the dynamic factors that modulated the appearance of APD and Cai alternans at the pacing periods for which the alternans occurred. We found that for our AFc model with the decrease in kiCa, the alternans were driven by the calcium cycle, whereas for the basic AFc model, the alternans resulted from interactions between the membrane and calcium cycles. These experiments enabled us to develop an iterated model that considered the variables of the membrane and calcium cycles, as well as the coupling between these cycles. Analysis of the data revealed that the iterated model should consist of the following dependent variables: calcium load in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), cytoplasmic calcium and the duration of the action potential. Our iterated model was able to reproduce the characteristics of the dynamics of the system represented by human atrial tissue with the electrophysiological remodeling associated with AFc paced periodically.

Background: Renal denervation (RDN) can reduce cardiac sympathetic activity maintained by arterial hypertension (aHT). Its potential antiarrhythmic effect on rhythm outcome in patients with multi-drug resistant aHT undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) is unclear. Methods: The RDN+AF study was a prospective, randomized, two-center trial. Patients with paroxysmal or persistent AF and uncontrolled aHT (mean systolic 24-h ambulatory BP > 135 mmHg) despite taking at least three antihypertensive drugs were enrolled. Patients were 1:2 randomized to either RDN+AF ablation or AF-only ablation. Primary endpoint was freedom from any AF episode > 2 min at 12 months assessed by implantable loop recorder (ILR) or 7d-holter electrocardiogram. Secondary endpoints included rhythm outcome at 24 months, blood pressure control, periprocedural complications, and renovascular safety. Results: The study randomized 61 patients (mean age 65 ± 9 years, 53% men). At 12 months, RDN+AF patients tended to have a greater decrease in ambulatory BPs but did not reach statistical significance. No differences in rhythm outcome were observed. Freedom from AF recurrence in the RDN+AF and AF-only group measured 61% versus 53% p = .622 at 12 months and 39% versus 47% p = .927 at 24 months, respectively. Periprocedural complications occurred in 9/61 patients (15%). No patient died. Conclusion: Among patients with multidrug-resistant aHT and paroxysmal or persistent AF, concomitant RDN+AF ablation was not associated with better blood pressure control or rhythm outcome in comparison to AF-only ablation and medical therapy.

Deep Learning models are ubiquitous in machine learning. They offer state-of- the-art performance on tasks ranging from natural language processing to image classification. The drawback of these complex models is their black box nature. It is difficult for the end-user to understand how a model arrives at its prediction from the input. This is especially pertinent in domains such as medicine, where being able to trust a model is paramount. In this thesis, ways of explaining a model predicting paroxysmal atrial fibrillation from sinus electrocardiogram (ECG) data are explored. Building on the concept of feature attributions, the problem is approached from three distinct perspectives: time, scale, and frequency. Specifically, one method based on the Integrated Gradients framework and one method based on Shapley values are used. By perturbing the data, retraining the model, and evaluating the retrained model on the perturbed data, the degree of correspondence between the attributions and the meaningful information in the data is evaluated. Results indicate that the attributions in scale and frequency are somewhat consistent with the meaningful information in the data, while the attributions in time are not. The conclusion drawn from the results is that the task of predicting atrial fibrillation for the model in question becomes easier as the level of scale is increased slightly, and that high-frequency information is either not meaningful for the task of predicting atrial fibrillation, or that if it is, the model is unable to learn from it. / Djupinlärningsmodeller förekommer på många håll inom maskininlärning. De erbjuder bästa möjliga prestanda i olika domäner såsom datorlingvistik och bildklassificering. Nackdelen med dessa komplexa modeller är deras “svart låda”-egenskaper. Det är svårt för användaren att förstå hur en modell kommer fram till sin prediktion utifrån indatan. Detta är särskilt relevant i domäner såsom sjukvård, där tillit till modellen är avgörande. I denna uppsats utforskas sätt att förklara en modell som predikterar paroxysmalt förmaksflimmer från elektrokardiogram (EKG) som uppvisar normal sinusrytm. Med utgångspunkt i feature attribution (särdragsattribution) angrips problemet från tre olika perspektiv: tid, skala och frekvens. I synnerhet används en metod baserad på Integrated Gradients och en metod baserad på Shapley-värden. Genom att perturbera datan, träna om modellen, och utvärdera den omtränader modellen på den perturberade datan utvärderas graden av överensstämmelse mellan attributionerna och den meningsfulla informationen i datan. Resultaten visar att attributioner i skala- och frekvensdomänerna delvis stämmer överens med den meningsfulla informationen i datan, medan attributionerna i tidsdomänen inte gör det. Slutsatsen som dras utifrån resultaten är att uppgiften att prediktera förmaksflimmer blir enklare när skalnivån ökas något, samt att högre frekvenser antingen inte är betydelsefullt för att prediktera förmaksflimmer, eller att om det är det, så saknar modellen förmågan att lära sig detta.

Peripheral blood biomarkers can inform clinical care and drug development. Establishing causality between biomarker and disease is often critical for such applications, but epidemiological studies are limited due to biases from confounding and reverse causation. Mendelian randomization analysis leverages random inheritance of genetic variants at conception to mimic properties of randomized studies and estimate unconfounded effects between biomarker and disease, or vice-versa. This thesis demonstrates the utility of Mendelian randomization as a complementary tool to elucidate observational studies, predict drug safety and repurposing opportunities, and improve diagnostic biomarkers for cardiometabolic diseases. First, we characterized the hypothesized relationship between lipoprotein(a) and atrial fibrillation. We demonstrated both observed and genetically predicted lipoprotein(a) levels were associated with higher risk of atrial fibrillation across multiple independent cohorts. Importantly, risk was partly mediated independent of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, a known consequence of elevated lipoprotein(a) and itself a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Next, we explored the lifelong effects of endogenous testosterone across a comprehensive set of 461 health outcomes in 161,268 males from the UK Biobank cohort. Using Mendelian randomization analysis, we found higher testosterone had beneficial effects on body composition and bone mineral density but adverse effects on prostate cancer, androgenic alopecia, spinal stenosis, and hypertension. Finally, we applied Mendelian randomization with the intention of discovering biomarkers caused by disease, which are expected to represent markers of early disease. As a proof-of-concept, we applied this framework to identify biomarkers associated with genetic predisposition to kidney function among 238 biomarkers measured in the ORIGIN trial. We discovered reduced kidney function caused increased trefoil factor 3 and showed its addition to models with known risk factors improved discrimination of incident early-stage chronic kidney disease. Taken together, Mendelian randomization identified biomarkers that warrant further study, with promising implications for screening, prevention, and treatment of different cardiometabolic diseases. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Biological markers associated with disease can inform novel therapeutics or diagnostics but distinguishing causation from correlation is challenging. Mendelian randomization – a technique that leverages random inheritance of genetic variation to infer causality – was used to examine the role of biomarkers in cardiometabolic diseases. First, we implicated lipoprotein(a) as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation that acts independent of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Second, we comprehensively characterized the lifelong effects of testosterone on health outcomes in males, where we found evidence of both beneficial and adverse effects on disease. Finally, we discovered trefoil factor 3 as a diagnostic marker for early-stage chronic kidney disease. Altogether, this thesis demonstrated different applications of Mendelian randomization that showcase its utility as a complementary tool to reveal causal biomarkers, and served to identify biomarkers for cardiometabolic diseases that merit further studies to evaluate their potential benefit on patient care.

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No description available.

El presente trabajo propone un sistema electrónico de monitoreo continuo de las señales electrocardiográficas de pacientes para la detección de arritmias de tipo Fibrilación auricular y envío de resultados obtenidos para ofrecer una completa supervisión médica que agilice el diagnóstico y atención del paciente. El sistema está compuesto por dos partes, la primera de Hardware y la segunda de Software. En primer lugar, el Hardware del sistema está compuesto por equipos que permiten adquirir las señales electrocardiográficas, realizar el procesamiento y enviar las señales a una base de datos. En segundo lugar, el Software analiza dos parámetros de la señal electrocardiográfica para inferir si el paciente presenta fibrilación auricular y envía una alerta al especialista para la revisión de la señal involucrada. La validación del funcionamiento del sistema se realizó utilizando señales de la base de datos Physionet con una efectividad de 97.3% y señales extraídas de un conjunto de personas con una efectividad del 85.7%. / The present work proposes an electronic system for constant monitoring of the electrocardiographic signals of the patients for the detection of atrial fibrillation and sending the results in order to offer a complete medical supervision that expedites diagnosis and patient care. The system is composed of two parts, the first Hardware and the second Software. First, the system Hardware consists of equipment that allows electrocardiographic signals to be obtained, to process and send the signals to a database. Second, the system Software analyzes 02 parameters of the electrocardiographic signal to conclude if the patient has atrial fibrillation. The validation of the operation of the system is performed using signals from the Physionet database with 97.3% effectiveness and signals extracted from a sample of people with 85.7% effectiveness. / Tesis

RATIONNEL : La fibrillation auriculaire (FA) est la forme d’arythmie la plus commune rencontrée en clinique. De nombreux facteurs ou comorbidités comme l’insuffisance cardiaque, l’hypertension, l’âge ou le diabète peuvent provoquer et/ou aggraver la FA. La maladie du coeur droit (MCD) fait également partie de ces facteurs de risque. HYPOTHESE : L’inflammation induite par la MCD pourrait être un facteur d’initiation, de maintien et d’aggravation de la FA via la mise en place d’un substrat pro -arythmogène. METHODES : Une ligature du tronc artériel pulmonaire (LTP) a été effectuée sur des rats Wistar pesant 225-275g pour provoquer une MCD marquée par une hypertrophie et une dilatation ventriculaire droite. Les animaux témoins, n’ont pas subi de ligature. Au 21e jour après la chirurgie, des études électrophysiologiques et des échocardiographies ont été réalisés in vivo. De plus, nous avons effectué de la cartographie optique ex vivo sur coeur perfusé et des mesures de contractilité sur des cardiomyocytes (CM) isolés d’oreillette droite (OD), d’oreillette gauche (OG) et de ventricule droit (VD). La fibrose cardiaque et les niveaux de Connexine-43 (Cx-43) ont été quantifiés par analyses histologiques. L’expression des gènes et les niveaux des protéines associées ont été évalués par qPCR et immuno-buvardage. RESULTATS : Les échocardiographies ont révélé une hypertrophie et dilatation de l’oreillette droite. Les rats LTP ont montré significativement plus de susceptibilité à la FA que les témoins. L’activité contractile des CM atriaux était augmentée chez les LTP comparés aux témoins. Les coupes histologiques et les analyses par qPCR et d’immunobuvardage ont démontré une augmentation significative de la fibrose et des marqueurs inflammatoires dans les CM, comme l’interleukine-6, l’interleukine 1β ou encore l’inflammasome NLRP3, suggérant leur implication dans l’élaboration du profil inflammatoire arythmogène. CONCLUSION : Cette étude nous a permis de caractériser le modèle LTP au niveau des CM atriaux et de mettre en évidence un remodelage physiologique, électrophysiologique et inflammatoire, ainsi qu’une augmentation de la susceptibilité à la FA chez les animaux LTP. / RATIONAL: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of arrhythmia encountered clinically. Several risk factors such as heart failure, hypertension, age or diabetes can lead to or/worsen AF. Right heart disease (RHD) has also been described among AF risk factors. The mechanisms linking RHD, inflammation and AF are still rarely described in the literature. The main objective of the project is to characterize the proarrhythmogenic cardiomyocyte (CM) remodeling and CM inflammation profile in rat atria affected by RHD. HYPOTHESIS: RHD-induced inflammation could be a factor for AF initiation, sustainability, and aggravation through development of pro-arrhythmogenic substrate. METHODS: Pulmonary artery banding (PAB) is surgically performed on Wistar rats weighing 225- 275g to induce RHD. Sham animals did not receive the PAB surgery. Cardiac echography and electrophysiological studies are performed in vivo on all animals before sacrifice, 21 days postsurgery. Optical mapping was performed ex vivo on Langendorff-perfused hearts. Freshly isolated right ventricular (RV), as well as right and left atrial (RA and LA) CM, underwent contractility recording in vitro. Histological analyses were performed to assess myocardial fibrosis and Connexin-43 levels. Genes and protein levels were obtained by qPCR and Western-blot analyses respectively. RESULTS: Compared to sham, PAB rats developed severe right-sided myocardial hypertrophy accompanied by RA and RV dilation as assessed by echocardiography. PAB rats had a significantly increased AF susceptibility and AF episode duration. CM contractility was enhanced in PAB rats compared to sham. Histology and qPCR analyses revealed increased fibrosis and inflammation in RA. CONCLUSION: This study allowed us to characterize the PAB model in atrial CM and has highlighted physiological, electrophysiological, and inflammatory remodeling, as well as increased AF susceptibility in PAB animals.

La fibrillation auriculaire (FA) est l’arythmie cardiaque la plus répandue. Les maladies du cœur droit (MCD), caractérisées par une hypertrophie et une inflammation myocardique augmentent le risque de FA. La relation tri-factorielle unissant les MCD, l’inflammation et la FA demeure peu décrite. L’hypothèse était qu’une constriction du tronc pulmonaire entraînerait une MCD induisant une inflammation auriculaire et une augmentation du risque de FA. Une ligature du tronc pulmonaire (LTP) fut réalisée chirurgicalement sur des rats Wistar mâles pour mimer une augmentation chronique de la post-charge du ventricule droit. Des rats Sham ont eu une chirurgie sans ligature. Tous les rats ont eu une échocardiographie puis une étude électrophysiologique pour évaluer leur vulnérabilité à la FA avant d’être sacrifiés aux jours 0, 7, 14 et 21 post-chirurgie. Leurs tissus auriculaires ont servi pour la cartographie optique de leur oreillette droite (OD), l’histologie, mais aussi pour la RPCq et l’immunobuvardage de type Western afin de quantifier des marqueurs inflammatoires/fibrotiques/sénescents et des canaux ioniques. Une hypertrophie et dilatation du cœur droit des rats LTP furent observées. Dès le 7e jour, les rats LTP avaient une vitesse de conduction électrique réduite dans leur OD et étaient vulnérables à la FA. De la fibrose s’était accumulée dans l’OD, coïncidant avec une élévation de l’expression de gènes pro-inflammatoires (Nlrp3) et pro-fibrotiques (Tgfβ1) ainsi qu’une diminution de la protéine SERCA2a. Cette étude a démontré qu’une MCD provoque une augmentation de l’inflammation et de la fibrose auriculaire droite associée à une croissance du risque de FA. / Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. Right heart diseases (RHD), which are characterized by hypertrophy and myocardial inflammation can also increase the risk of AF. The tri-factorial relationship that exists between RHD, inflammation and AF remains poorly described. We hypothesized that a permanent constriction of the pulmonary trunk would provoke a severe RHD associated with atrial inflammation and an enhanced AF vulnerability. A pulmonary artery trunk banding (PAB) was surgically performed on male Wistar rats to mimic a chronic increase in right ventricular afterload. Sham rats had surgery without ligation. All rats underwent echocardiography and electrophysiological studies to measure their AF vulnerability before being euthanized on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 post-surgery. Their atrial tissues were used for the optical mapping of their right atrium, histology, but also qPCR and Western immunoblotting in order to quantify inflammatory/fibrotic/senescent markers and ionic channels. PAB provoked the hypertrophy and dilation of the right heart. Starting at day 7, conduction velocity was significantly reduced in PAB rats compared to Sham. The right atrium (RA) dimension, RA fibrosis and AF vulnerability were significantly increased in PAB rats compared to Sham. The expression of pro-inflammatory (Nlrp3) and pro-fibrotic (Tgfβ1) genes was increased, and the levels of the SERCA2a protein were decreased in PAB rats compared to Sham. Our study demonstrated that a RHD in rats can induce an increase in RA inflammation and fibrosis, which are associated with an increased risk of AF.

[ES] La fibrilación auricular es la arritmia cardíaca más común. Durante la fibrilación auricular, el sustrato auricular sufre una serie de cambios o remodelados a nivel eléctrico y estructural. La remodelación eléctrica se caracteriza por la alteración de una serie de canales iónicos, lo que cambia la morfología del potential de transmembrana conocido como potencial de acción. La remodelación estructural es un proceso complejo que involucra la interacción de varios procesos de señalización, interacción celular y cambios en la matriz extracelular. Durante la remodelación estructural, los fibroblastos que abundan en el tejido cardíaco, comienzan a diferenciarse en miofibroblastos que son los encargados de mantener la estructura de la matriz extracelular depositando colágeno. Además, la señalización paracrina de los miofibroblastos afecta a los canales iónicos de los miocitos circundantes. Se utilizaron modelos computacionales muy detallados a diferentes escalas para estudiar la remodelación estructural inducida a nivel celular y tisular. Se realizó una adaptación de un modelo de fibroblastos humanos a nivel celular para reproducir la electrofisiología de los miofibroblastos durante la fibrilación auricular. Además, se evaluó la exploración de la interacción del calcio en la electrofisiología de los miofibroblastos ajustando el canal de calcio a los datos experimentales. A nivel tisular, se estudió la infiltración de miofibroblastos para cuantificar el aumento de vulnerabilidad a una arritmia cardíaca. Los miofibroblastos cambian la dinámica de la reentrada. Una baja densidad de miofibroblastos permite la propagación a través del área fibrótica y crea puntos de salida de actividad focal y roturas de ondas dentro de esta área. Además, las composiciones de fibrosis juegan un papel clave en la alteración del patrón de propagación. La alteración del patrón de propagación afecta a los electrogramas recogidos en la superficie del tejido. La morfología del electrograma se alteró dependiendo de la disposición y composición del tejido fibrótico. Se combinaron modelos detallados de tejido cardíaco con modelos realistas de los catéteres de mapeo disponibles comercialmente para comprender las señales registradas clínicamente. Se generó un modelo de ruido a partir de señales clínicas para reproducir los artefactos de señal en el modelo. Se utilizaron electrogramas de modelos de dos dominios altamente detallados para entrenar un algoritmo de aprendizaje automático para caracterizar el sustrato fibrótico auricular. Las características que cuantifican la complejidad de las señales fueron extraídas para identificar la densidad fibrótica y la transmuralidad fibrótica. Posteriormente, se generaron mapas de fibrosis utilizando el registro del paciente como prueba de concepto. El mapa de fibrosis proporciona información sobre el sustrato fibrótico sin utilizar un valor único de corte de 0,5 milivoltios. Además, utilizando la medición del flujo de información como la entropía de transferencia combinada con gráficos dirigidos, en este estudio, se siguió la dirección de propagación del frente de onda. La transferencia de entropía con gráficos dirigidos proporciona información crucial durante la electrofisiología para comprender la dinámica de propagación de ondas durante la fibrilación auricular. En conclusión, esta tesis presenta un estudio in silico multiescala que proporciona información sobre los mediadores celulares responsables de la remodelación de la matriz extracelular y su electrofisiología. Además, proporciona una configuración realista para crear datos in silico que pueden ser usados para aplicaciones clínicas y servir de soporte al tratamiento de ablación. / [CA] La fibril·lació auricular és l'arrítmia cardíaca més freqüent, en la qual el substrat auricular patix una sèrie de remodelacions elèctriques i estructurals. La remodelació de tipus elèctric es caracteritza per l'alteració d'un conjunt de canals iònics que modifica la morfologia del voltatge transmembrana, conegut com a potencial d'acció. La remodelació estructural és un fenomen complex que implica la relació entre diversos processos de senyalització, interaccions cel·lulars i canvis en la matriu extracel·lular. Durant la remodelació estructural, els abundants fibroblasts presents en el teixit cardíac comencen a diferenciar-se en miofibroblasts, els quals s'encarreguen de mantenir l'estructura de la matriu extracel·lular dipositant-hi col·lagen. A més, la senyalització paracrina dels miofibroblasts amb els miòcits circumdants també afectarà els canals iònics. Es van utilitzar models computacionals molt detallats a diferents escales per estudiar la remodelació estructural induïda a nivell tissular i cel·lular. Es va fer una adaptació a nivell cel·lular d'un model de fibroblasts humans per reproduir-hi l'electrofisiologia dels miofibroblasts durant la fibril·lació auricular. A més, l'exploració de la interacció del calci amb l'electrofisiologia dels miofibroblasts va ser avaluada mitjançant l'adequació del canal de calci a les dades experimentals. A nivell tissular es va estudiar la infiltració de miofibroblasts per tal de quantificar l'augment de vulnerabilitat que això conferia per patir una arrítmia cardíaca. Els miofibroblasts canvien la dinàmica de la reentrada, i presentar-ne una baixa densitat permet la propagació a través de la zona fibròtica, tot creant punts de sortida d'activitat focal i trencaments d'ones dins d'aquesta àrea. A més, les composicions de fibrosi tenen un paper clau en l'alteració del patró de propagació, afectant els electrogrames recollits en la superfície del teixit. La morfologia dels electrogrames es va veure alterada en funció de la disposició i la composició del teixit fibròtic. Per comprendre els senyals clínicament registrats es van combinar models detallats de teixits cardíacs amb models realistes dels catèters de cartografia disponibles comercialment. Es va generar un model de soroll a partir de senyals clínics per reproduir-hi els artefactes de senyal. Es van utilitzar electrogrames de models de bidominis molt detallats per entrenar un algoritme d'aprenentatge automàtic destinat a caracteritzar el substrat fibròtic auricular. Les característiques que quantifiquen la complexitat dels senyals van ser extretes per identificar la densitat i transmuralitat fibròtica. Posteriorment, es van generar mapes de fibrosi mitjançant la gravació del pacient com a prova de concepte. El mapa de fibrosi proporciona informació sobre el substrat fibròtic sense utilitzar un sol valor de tensió de tall de 0,5 mV. A més, utilitzant la mesura del flux d'informació com l'entropia de transferència combinada amb gràfics dirigits, en aquest estudi es va fer un seguiment de la direcció de propagació de l'ona. L'entropia de transferència amb gràfics dirigits proporciona informació crucial durant l'electrofisiologia per entendre la dinàmica de propagació d'ones durant la fibril·lació auricular. En conclusió, aquesta tesi presenta un estudi multi-escala in silico que proporciona informació sobre els mediadors cel·lulars responsables de la remodelació de la matriu extracel·lular i la seva electrofisiologia. A més, proporciona una configuració realista per crear dades in silico que es poden traduir a aplicacions clíniques que puguen donar suport al tractament de l'ablació. / [EN] Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. During atrial fibrillation, the atrial substrate undergoes a series of electrical and structural remodeling. The electrical remodeling is characterized by the alteration of specific ionic channels, which changes the morphology of the transmembrane voltage known as action potential. Structural remodeling is a complex process involving the interaction of several signalling pathways, cellular interaction, and changes in the extracellular matrix. During structural remodeling, fibroblasts, abundant in the cardiac tissue, start to differentiate into myofibroblasts, which are responsible for maintaining the extracellular matrix structure by depositing collagen. Additionally, myofibroblasts paracrine signalling with surrounding myocytes will also affect ionic channels. Highly detailed computational models at different scales were used to study the effect of structural remodeling induced at the cellular and tissue levels.At the cellular level, a human fibroblast model was adapted to reproduce the myofibroblast electrophsyiology during atrial fibrillation. Additionally, the calcium handling in myofibroblast electrophysiology was assessed by fitting calcium ion channel to experimental data. At the tissue level, myofibroblasts infiltration was studied to quantify the increase of vulnerability to cardiac arrhythmia. Myofibroblasts alter the dynamics of reentry. A low density of myofibroblasts allows the propagation through the fibrotic area and creates focal activity exit points and wave breaks inside this area. Moreover, fibrosis composition plays a key role in the alteration of the propagation pattern. The alteration of the propagation pattern affects the electrograms computed at the surface of the tissue. Electrogram morphology was altered depending on the arrangement and composition of the fibrotic tissue. Detailed cardiac tissue models were combined with realistic models of the commercially available mapping catheters to understand the clinically recorded signals. A noise model from clinical signals was generated to reproduce the signal artifacts in the model. Electrograms from highly detailed bidomain models were used to train a machine learning algorithm to characterize the atrial fibrotic substrate. Features that quantify the complexity of the signals were extracted to identify fibrotic density and fibrotic transmurality. Subsequently, fibrosis maps were generated using patient recordings as a proof of concept. Fibrosis map provides information about the fibrotic substrate without using a single cut-off voltage value of 0.5 mV. Furthermore, in this study, using information theory measurements such as transfer entropy combined with directed graphs, the wave propagation direction was tracked. Transfer entropy with directed graphs provides crucial information during electrophysiology to understand wave propagation dynamics during atrial fibrillation. In conclusion, this thesis presents a multiscale in silico study atrial fibrillation mechanisms providing insight into the cellular mediators responsible for the extracellular matrix remodeling and its electrophysiology. Additionally, it provides a realistic setup to create in silico data that can be translated to clinical applications that could support ablation treatment. / Sánchez Arciniegas, JP. (2021). A Multiscale in Silico Study to Characterize the Atrial Electrical Activity of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. A Translational Study to Guide Ablation Therapy [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/171456