Cette thèse propose des réponses aux questions qui font l'objet des préoccupation et des intérêts des gestionnaires de marques occidentales mondiales qui veulent s'assurer que leurs produits ne sont pas boycotté par les populations locales dans les pays arabes ou musulmans . Une expansion mondiale de ce phénomène a été vue dans la révolution sexuelle des années 1960 et par conséquent reflétée dans la publicité de l'époque à la télévision, radio, presse écrite et panneaux publicitaires. Malgré son utilisation répandue, il existe cependant certaines conséquences sociales et éthiques ainsi que nous assistons à une hausse des critiques de la part des consommateurs, des groupes religieux et des associations de parents, en particulier dans le monde arabo-musulman. Pourtant, son utilisation et les ramifications sur les musulmans, un segment de plus de 2 milliard de consommateurs reste largement négligé. On peut faire valoir que l'utilisation de sex-appeal dans la publicité peut offenser et même chasser les consommateurs qui considèrent les thèmes occidentaux et les modèles de rôles de genre en conflit direct avec leur culture locale. Afin de comprendre le processus de prise de décision complexe derrière ce phénomène, une recherche minutieuse est nécessaire pour développer une approche multidimensionnelle en tenant compte de toutes ces constructions. Bien qu'il n'est pas contraire à la loi dans la plupart des pays musulmans d'utiliser du matériel sexuellement explicite dans la publicité, les annonceurs doivent être las des répercussions du nationalisme croissant et la ferveur religieuse dans les pays musulmans. / There is a greater emphasis on the need to explore the use of sexual content due to globalization and the resulting standardization of advertising content. In our effort to bridge the gap identified by several prominent academicians and practitioners, we endeavored to examine how Muslim women respond to sex appeal in print advertising. The choice of using print ads in our study was due to it being more frequently used and in a more explicit fashion. Our research takes a mix-method (qualitative and quantitative) approach, allowing us to begin with an exploratory phase (qualitative) to identify themes that are associated with sex appeal in the minds of Muslim women. We started off with in-depth interviews in Morocco, Turkey and UAE, providing us with 100 interviews overall. On this basis we formed a conceptual model with globalization, self-brand connection and embarrassment as the independent variables. Religious conviction served as a moderator in the relationship between globalization and attitude towards the ad. We also looked at how these factors influence purchase intention. We provide all the results from Morocco and UAE which show that both globalization and self-brand connection have a significant positive relationship with attitude towards the ad. While embarrassment was found to have a significant negative relationship with attitude towards an ad with sex appeal. We also found compelling evidence for Muslim women's preference for a European, blonde blue-eyed model over a local Muslim model in sexually suggestive ads. At the end we discuss the possible reasons for our results in the light of existing literature and provide directions for future research.

Background: For decades, gender representation in advertising has occupied the attention of researchers, where especially advertising that depicts women sexually has been well examined. However, relatively few research works have investigated the sexualization and objectification of men in advertising, although it is starting to change. Research Purpose: The purpose of this research is to analyze Swedish male's perspectives of male representations in fashion advertising, specifically, sexualized, and objectified male representations and its effects on brand image. Methodology: For this study, a qualitative research method with a deductive approach was applied. The data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews, using a topic guide based on the proposed analytical framework by Edell & Burke. 17 stimulus in the form of advertisements were chosen from internationally well-known brands as well as Swedish brands within the time frame of the last ten years, from 2013-2019. 17 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with Swedish male adults between the ages of 25-57 were conducted. Findings: The findings, in relation to RQ1, showed that the aspects emphasized by Swedish male adults in discussing sexually objectifying images of men in advertising are: “lack of reality”, “body focus and lack of purpose”, “lack of new-thinking” and “lack of inclusion and self-identity with brands”. The findings, in relation to RQ2 showed that the men’s negative feelings, judgements, beliefs and attitudes about and towards most of the brands and advertisements resulted in a negative or ambivalent brand image. An exception to this was the men’s positive feelings, judgements, beliefs and attitudes towards the American Eagle and Dressman which resulted in mostly a positive brand image. Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings of this thesis confirms firstly that the aspects emphasized by Swedish male adults in discussing sexually objectifying images of men in advertising are: “lack of of reality”, “body focus and lack of purpose”, “lack of new thinking” and “lack of inclusion and self-identity with brands”. Secondly, Swedish men’s attitudes towards sexually and objectified males in fashion advertisements resulted in a positive, negative, or alternatively, an ambivalent brand image being created, depending on the context the brand image was analyzed from. Theoretical Contributions: This thesis contributes in several ways theoretically to literature on the topic of advertising, gender stereotyping and sexualizatiom in relation to the advertising of males. Firstly, it highlights a modern phenomena which has been overlooked in previous research. Secondly, it contributes to new areas of consumer attitudes, in this case Swedish male adults, which has not previously been thoroughly investigated. Lastly, this thesis contributes with updated, descriptive as well as specific information on the phenomena and ultimately creating and generating a better understanding of the phenomena: sexualized and objectified men in fashion advertising and the effects it has on brand image.

<p>The Internet has opened up new opportunities for companies to market and sell their products online. In the early days of internet marketing and still some of the more widely used methods are Pop-ups and Banners. Earlier research and academic studies have proven these methods of being perceived as irritating and more or less ignored. With this in mind, marketers have been searching to find new and alternative ways of marketing, in addition to the traditional methods. Eventually, when the trend of blogs and communities began growing, so did the companies interests towards them. Because of the new possible forms of marketing online, and due to the companies increasing effort of receiving better value regarding their advertisement budget, the purpose of this thesis is to examine if marketing on sites such as blogs and communities are more positively perceived upon among internet users. In some cases, this has been examined in relation to the more traditional means of online marketing. Furthermore, we examined whether or not the tailoring of advertisements had more effect on users, and if there were any differences in the general perception of blog- and community advertisements among male and female consumers.</p><p>The empirical data needed was gathered quantitatively through an online survey, based on the consumer point of view of this matter. As it became difficult to attain any response from users of internet blogs, the study became more focused on communities and forums. The survey was placed on three communities within current areas of interest; Home electronics, Sports and training, and Family life. Furthermore, a conceptualization was made out of the theoretical chapter, and was used for the analyzing of the data.</p><p>The results indicate that a majority of the respondents are more positive towards advertisements on blogs and communities, as well as customized advertisements within these mediums. It was further found that these advertisements did not disrupt the surfer’s flow as much as traditional mediums. The findings also show that a majority of the respondents are aware of online advertisements in general, and just as many have developed a dislike towards them. However, the male respondents have a more positive view of advertisements on blogs and communities, than the female. The same finding appeared in regard to tailored ads; while male consumers consider these as more acceptable, the female respondents have an indifferent opinion. To the question of why advertisement on these mediums were more regarded upon, the most common response was due to these ads being considered as more related to their interests. Conclusively, tailored ads that are developed and placed in relation to the website and its content have a larger effect on internet users, than do random advertisements.</p>

The Internet has opened up new opportunities for companies to market and sell their products online. In the early days of internet marketing and still some of the more widely used methods are Pop-ups and Banners. Earlier research and academic studies have proven these methods of being perceived as irritating and more or less ignored. With this in mind, marketers have been searching to find new and alternative ways of marketing, in addition to the traditional methods. Eventually, when the trend of blogs and communities began growing, so did the companies interests towards them. Because of the new possible forms of marketing online, and due to the companies increasing effort of receiving better value regarding their advertisement budget, the purpose of this thesis is to examine if marketing on sites such as blogs and communities are more positively perceived upon among internet users. In some cases, this has been examined in relation to the more traditional means of online marketing. Furthermore, we examined whether or not the tailoring of advertisements had more effect on users, and if there were any differences in the general perception of blog- and community advertisements among male and female consumers. The empirical data needed was gathered quantitatively through an online survey, based on the consumer point of view of this matter. As it became difficult to attain any response from users of internet blogs, the study became more focused on communities and forums. The survey was placed on three communities within current areas of interest; Home electronics, Sports and training, and Family life. Furthermore, a conceptualization was made out of the theoretical chapter, and was used for the analyzing of the data. The results indicate that a majority of the respondents are more positive towards advertisements on blogs and communities, as well as customized advertisements within these mediums. It was further found that these advertisements did not disrupt the surfer’s flow as much as traditional mediums. The findings also show that a majority of the respondents are aware of online advertisements in general, and just as many have developed a dislike towards them. However, the male respondents have a more positive view of advertisements on blogs and communities, than the female. The same finding appeared in regard to tailored ads; while male consumers consider these as more acceptable, the female respondents have an indifferent opinion. To the question of why advertisement on these mediums were more regarded upon, the most common response was due to these ads being considered as more related to their interests. Conclusively, tailored ads that are developed and placed in relation to the website and its content have a larger effect on internet users, than do random advertisements.

Bakgrund: Spridningen av feministiska budskap och firandet av kvinnors mångfald har lett till att en ny kategori av marknadsföring har uppkommit, kallad Femvertising. Det finns en osäkerhet i hur reklam som använder sig av denna reklamform uppfattas av konsumenter, vilket gör det intressant att undersöka huruvida konsumenters attityder samt associationer kopplade till ett varumärke påverkas vid användning av Femvertising. Syfte: I detta examensarbete studeras relationen mellan Femvertising och varumärkesimage. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur unga konsumenters uppfattning av ett varumärkes image i termer av varumärkespersonlighet, varumärkesattityd och reklamattityd påverkas vid exponering för Femvertising. Vidare kommer en kartläggning av skillnader mellan unga manliga konsumenter och unga kvinnliga konsumenter att göras gällande ämnet. Metod: Studien är baserad på en kvantitativ metod med en deduktiv ansats, där datainsamlingen skett i form av ett experiment med en efterföljande enkät. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar bearbetades insamlad data i Excel och SPSS. Slutsats: Studien har identifierat att användning av Femvertising leder till att ett varumärkes image präglas av uppriktighet enligt unga konsumenter. Unga konsumenter har positiva attityder både gentemot reklamen och varumärket men uppfattningen om ett varumärkes image kan inte antas skilja sig åt mellan unga kvinnor och män vid användning av Femvertising. Unga kvinnor uppvisar en högre grad av positiva attityder både gentemot reklamen och varumärket i jämförelse med unga män men det bör understrykas att Femvertising även ger positiva effekter på varumärkesimage enligt unga män. / Background: The spreading of feminist messages and the celebration of women's diversity has led to the emergence of a new category of marketing called Femvertising. There is an uncertainty about how advertising that employs this category is perceived by consumers, making it interesting to investigate whether consumers' attitudes and associations connected with a brand are affected using Femvertising.  Purpose: In this master thesis the relation between Femvertising and Brand Image is examined. The purpose of the study is to investigate how the perception of a Brand Image in terms of Brand Personality, brand attitude and attitude towards the ad is affected by exposure to Femvertising according to young consumers. Furthermore, an identification will be made of the differences between young male and female consumers regarding the mentioned subject.  Method: The study is based on a quantitative method with a deductive approach, where the data collection took place in the form of an experiment with a subsequent survey. In order to answer the research questions, the collected data was processed in Excel and SPSS.  Conclusion: The study has identified that the use of Femvertising leads to a Brand Image characterized by sincerity by young consumers. Young consumers have positive attitudes both to the advertisement and the brand, but the perception of a Brand Image cannot be expected to differ between young women and men when using Femvertising. Young women present more positive attitudes both towards the advertisement and the brand in comparison with young men, but it should be emphasized that Femvertising also has positive effects on brand image according to young men.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal determinar si existe una relación entre la actitud del consumidor hacia el anuncio y la intención de compra generada por el influenciador de moda en Instagram, para las MYPES en Lima Moderna. El panorama actual propone la implementación del “Influencer Marketing” como una estrategia impulsora frente a un mercado global en el cual el consumidor está más informado y confía en opiniones de expertos que brindan sus experiencias de moda. Surge entonces la necesidad de que las micro y pequeñas empresas logren comprender la importancia del Marketing Digital dentro de su plan estratégico, con el fin de incrementar su cartera de clientes y ser más competitivos en el mercado global. En base a ello, las MYPES en Lima moderna utilizarán influenciadores en redes sociales que generan mayor credibilidad en los usuarios. Sin embargo, en Lima Moderna aún existe indiferencia hacia el Marketing Digital. Es por ello que resulta fundamental lograr que las MYPES conozcan el efecto que tiene el Marketing Digital sobre el consumidor actual. También se buscó identificar quienes son los influenciadores de moda más seguidos por los jóvenes. Asimismo, a partir del análisis de regresión múltiple utilizado en la herramienta SPSS, se demostró que todas las variables usadas en el presente estudio influyen en la intención de compra. / The main objective of this research work is to determine if there is a relationship between the attitude of the consumer towards the advertisement and the purchase intention generated by the influence of fashion on Instagram, for the MYPES in Modern Lima. The current scenario proposes the implementation of "influence marketing" as an impulsive strategy against a global market in which the consumer is more informed and confident in the opinions of the experts who provide their fashion experiences. The need arises for micro and small companies to understand the importance of Digital Marketing within their strategic plan, in order to increase their client base and be more competitive in the global market. In this sense, the MYPES in Lima will used that strategy to improve the credibility of users. However, in Modern Lima there is still indifference towards Digital Marketing. That is why it is essential to achieve that the MYPES join the effect that Digital Marketing has on the current consumer. We also seek to identify who is the fashion influence most followed by young people. Likewise, from the multiple regression analysis used in the SPSS tool, it was shown that all the variables under study influence purchase intention. / Tesis