The thesis is concerned with a question, what plays the key role in decision making process about restructuring of production capacities of automotive companies within global process. All of this is running in the background of optimization factors influencing their cost items value. Volkswagen AG, more precisely SKODA AUTO was chosen for behavior analysis introduced as a case study. The goal is to suggest some recommendations for SKODA AUTO to help with achieving sales of 1,5 million cars in 2018 based on global pressures analysis affecting automotive industry and future cost development study in this field. The main benefit of the thesis is the complex cost items analysis resulting in application of the conclusions into SKODA AUTO case in a form of recommendations based on cost reduction.

This master’s thesis is dedicated to Side Impact Crash Tests Measurement in company Skoda Auto a.s.. Thesis describes measuring chain devices of Crash Test Laboratory, and also transferring and assessment process of crash record. Main part of Thesis describes eligible acceleration transducer attachment to B-Pillar of a vehicle.

Les myopathies auto-immunes (MAI), classiquement appelées myosites ou myopathies inflammatoires idiopathiques, représentent un groupe de maladies définies par des caractéristiques cliniques, histopathologiques et biologiques. Une des caractéristiques les plus notables est la présence d’auto-anticorps (aAc) chez environ 60% des patients. Les MAI regroupent : les dermatomyosites, les polymyosites, les myosites à inclusion, les myosites de chevauchement incluant le syndrome des anti-synthétases et les myopathies nécrosantes auto-immunes (MNAI). Les MNAI ont été récemment individualisées parmi les MAI comme des maladies graves fréquemment associées à la présence d’aAc dirigés contre la Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) ou la 3-Hydroxy-3-MéthylGlutaryl-CoA Réductase (HMGCR). La localisation de SRP et HMGCR étant intracellulaire, le rôle des aAc dans la physiopathologie des MNAI reste mal compris. La pathogénicité des aAc anti-SRP et anti-HMGCR envers des cellules musculaires cultivées in vitro a récemment été mise en évidence mais leurs effets in vivo demeurent inconnus.Au cours de cette thèse, j’ai étudié le rôle physiopathologique des aAc anti-SRP et anti-HMGCR in vivo chez la souris. Le transfert passif d’IgG de patients atteints de MNAI, positifs pour les aAc anti-SRP ou anti-HMGCR, à la souris sauvage entraîne un déficit musculaire. Ce déficit était prolongé chez la souris immunodéficiente Rag2-/-, et limité chez la souris déficiente pour la fraction C3 du complément. Chez les souris recevant les IgG anti-SRP+, le déficit musculaire était important et accompagné de quelques signes de nécrose myocytaire. Les IgG anti-HMGCR+ induisaient une faiblesse musculaire moindre, et des signes histopathologiques rares ou absents. Ces résultats sont en accord avec l’observation chez l’homme d’une maladie plus grave chez les patients anti-SRP+ par rapport aux patients anti-HMGCR+. La supplémentation en complément humain des souris augmentait le déficit musculaire induit par les IgG anti-HMGCR+ et de façon moindre pour les IgG anti-SRP+. En collaboration avec l’INSERM UMRS974, nous avons montré que les cibles SRP et HMGCR peuvent être détectées à la surface des fibres musculaires in vitro, suggérant qu’elles puissent être accessibles aux aAc in vivo.Ces résultats démontrent pour la première fois le rôle pathogène des aAc anti-SRP et anti-HMGCR in vivo et l’implication du complément, contribuant à une avancée dans la compréhension de la physiopathologie des MNAI. / Autoimmune myopathies (AIM), classically called myositis or idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, represent a group of diseases characterized by clinical, histopathologic and biologic properties. One of the most notable properties is the presence of autoantibodies (aAb) in approximately 60% of patients. AIM includes five principal entities: dermatomyositis, polymyositis, inclusion body myositis, overlap myositis including the anti-synthetase syndrome and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies (IMNM). IMNM have recently been individualized among AIM as severe diseases frequently associated with aAb directed against Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) or 3-Hydroxy-3-MethylGlutaryl-CoA Reductase (HMGCR). Since SRP and HMGCR have an intracellular localization, the role of anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR aAb in the pathophysiology of IMNM remains unclear. Anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR aAb were recently shown to be pathogenic to muscle cells in vitro but in vivo effects remain unknown.During this thesis, I studied the pathophysiological role of anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR aAb in vivo in mice. Passive transfer of IgG purified from plasma of IMNM patients positive for anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR aAb to wild-type mice elicited a muscle weakness. Immune-deficient Rag2-/- mice presented a prolonged muscle deficit, whereas complement component C3 deficient mice had limited signs. Mice injected with anti-SRP+ IgG displayed a strong muscle weakness with mild myocytic necrosis. The muscle deficit was milder and histopathologic findings were not always present in mice receiving anti-HMGCR+ IgG. This is in accordance with clinical findings in anti-SRP+ patients which present a more severe disease than anti-HMGCR+ patients. When supplemented with human complement, mice receiving anti-HMGCR+ IgG showed a more severe muscle deficit. This supplementation increased the deficit induced by anti-SRP IgG in a milder way. In collaboration with INSERM UMRS974, we showed that the targets SRP and HMGCR can be detected on the surface of myofibres in vitro, suggesting that they could be accessible to aAb in vivo.Together, these results demonstrate for the first time the pathogenic role of anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR aAb in vivo and the implication of complement, contributing to a progress in the comprehension of MNAI pathophysiology.

La duplicité de l’apparaître consiste à distinguer tout ce qui apparaît conformément à son mode d’apparaître : immanence et transcendance. Notre travail a pour objectif d’élucider par l’analyse des lectures henryennes de l’histoire de la philosophie une présupposition fondamentale qui conditionne cette doctrine de la duplicité de l’apparaître, présupposition qui joue un rôle fondamental dans la phénoménologie de Michel Henry. Notre problématique consiste donc à nous demander comment comprendre l’essence d’une telle duplicité qui ne peut que rendre difficile à penser ce qu’il y a de commun entre la transcendance, comme déploiement de l’horizon phénoménologique, et l’immanence, comme épreuve immédiate de soi dans l’affectivité. Afin de donner une réponse à cette question fondamentale, nous avons centré notre étude sur les deux ouvrages majeurs de M. Henry : Philosophie et Phénoménologie du corps et L’essence de la manifestation. Conformément à nos analyses qui suivent les lectures henryennes de Maine de Biran, Kant, Fichte, et Heidegger, nous nous sommes demandé si une distinction kantienne entre la logique formelle et la logique transcendantale ne fonctionnait pas comme une présupposition qui, d’une part détermine la duplicité de l’apparaître et, d’autre part entraîne une purification radicale de l’immanence en dehors de la transcendance, au point d’anéantir la possibilité qu’elles auraient de se rapporter l’une à l’autre. Une telle analyse nous a conduit à saisir l’enjeu de l’attachement exclusif de la doctrine henryenne de l’immanence au principe des jugements analytiques ; attachement qui conférera un caractère paradoxal à la duplicité de l’apparaître / The duplicity of appearing phenomenologically classifies appearances according to their modes of appearance: immanence and transcendence. By analyzing Michel Henry’s analysis of the history of philosophy, this study examines the fundamental presupposition that conditions this doctrine of duplicity of appearing and plays an important role in Henry’s material philosophy. The following question arises: how can we understand the essence of duplicity, which makes it difficult to comprehend the relationship between transcendence and immanence? To answer this question, we focus on Henry’s two major works: Philosophy and Phenomenology of Body and The Essence of Manifestation. By analyzing Henry’s interpretation of the works of Maine de Biran, Kant, Fichte, and Heidegger, we inquire whether the Kantian distinction between formal and transcendental logic serves as the condition that determines the duplicity of appearing and leads to the distinction of immanence from transcendence to eliminate the possibility of a relationship between them. This analysis leads to an understanding of a fundamental issue regarding the exclusive commitment of immanence to the principle of analytic judgments, with the commitment lending a paradoxical character to the duplicity of appearing.

La motivation principale de cette thèse est de faire face à l'accroissement de la complexité des systèmes informatiques, qui, dans un futur proche ( de l'ordre de quelques années) risque fort d'être le principal frein à leur évolution et à leur développement. Aujourd'hui la tendance s'inverse et le coût de gestion humaine dépasse le coût des infrastructures matérielles et logicielles. De plus, l'administration manuelle de grands systèmes (applications distribuées, réseaux de capteurs, équipements réseaux) est non seulement lente mais aussi sujette à de nombreuses erreurs humaines. Un des domaines de recherche émergent est celui de l'informatique autonomique qui a pour but de rendre ces systèmes auto-gérés. Nous proposons une approche qui permet de décrire des politiques de gestion autonomiques de haut niveau. Ces politiques permettent au système d'assurer quatre propriétés fondamentales de l'auto-gestion: l'auto-guérison, l'auto-configuration, l'auto-protection et l'auto-optimisation. Nos contributions portent sur la spécification de diagrammes de description de politiques de gestion autonomiques appelés (S)PDD "(Sensor) Policy Description Diagrams". Ces diagrammes sont implémentés dans le gestionnaire autonomique TUNe et l'approche a été validée sur de nombreux systèmes: simulation électromagnétique répartie sur grille de calcul, réseaux de capteurs SunSPOT, répartiteur de calcul DIET. Une deuxième partie présente une modélisation mathématique de l’auto-optimisation pour un « datacenter ». Nous introduisons un problème de minimisation d’un critère intégrant d’une part la consommation électrique des équipements du réseau du « datacenter » et d’autre part la qualité de service des applications déployées sur le « datacenter ». Une heuristique permet de prendre en compte les contraintes dues aux fonctions de routage utilisées. / The main challenge of this thesis is to cope with the growing complexity of IT systems. In a near future (mainly the next few years) this complexity will prevent new developments and system evolutions. Today the trend is reversing and the managing costs are overtaking the hardware and software costs. Moreover, the manual administration of large systems (distributed applications, sensor networks, and network equipment) is not only slow but error-prone. An emerging research field called autonomic computing tries to bring up self-managed systems. We introduce an approach that enable the description of high level autonomic management policies. These policies allow the system to ensure four fundamental properties for self-management: self-healing, self-self-configuring, self-protecting and self-optimizing. We specify autonomic management Policy Description Diagrams (PDD) and implement them in Toulouse University Network (TUNe). We validated our approach on many systems: electromagnetic simulations distributed on computer grids (grid’5000), wireless sensor networks with SunSPOTs and the computing scheduler DIET. A second part of this thesis presents a mathematical modeling for self-optimizing datacenters. We introduce a minimization problem with a criterion integrating both the electrical consumption of the datacenter networking equipment and the quality of service of the deployed applications. A heuristic takes into account the routing functions used on the network.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:32:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valeria de Almeida Furtado.pdf: 2069500 bytes, checksum: 74f545290544847f1d34b2b06f245146 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-14 / In 2002, the Secretary of Education for the State of Minas Gerais began implementation of the Teaching College Course, in the distance learning modality, which was denominated Veredas. The goal was to offer a university level course for professionals who work as teachers at the earliest grades of primary school. The analysis of the results, at the end of the course, showed that the objectives proposed were successfully achieved, considering that, of the 14,136 (fourteen thousand, one hundred and thirty-six) effectively enrolled teachers, 13,749 (thirteen thousand, seven hundred and forty-nine) acting teachers were trained at the higher education level. Eighteen (18) Educational Agencies or AFORs were created and the work in the Varginha (MG) Agency gave rise to the research that culminated in this thesis; it was connected to the University Center of Minas Gerais (UNIS). This research had two general objectives: to understand in-service training of optimized Distance Learning tutors through the reflection promoted, through the act of writing and by attainment of auto-heteroevaluative practice and to show the viability of the guiding principles proposed by the Complex Thought in education for in-service training of Distance Learning tutors and the signs of permanence of the transformations which have taken place in the period of this in-service training. The specific objectives were: survey bibliography in relation to the education of Distance Learning tutors; identify the existing relationships between Complex Thought, writing, assessment and education in in-service training of Distance Learning tutors in the Veredas Project of the AFOR/Varginha; show that the in-service training for Distance Learning tutors was focused on encouraging the auto-heteroevaluative process promoted through writing and the practice of the guiding principles of Complex Thought; and verify whether or not the changes that took place in the educational praxis, throughout the training of Distance Learning educational tutors, during the development of the Veredas Project in the AFOR/Varginha, remained after this program ended, using the reports that the tutors drafted during and following the end of this in-service training for this purpose. Considering that, according to the proposals of Complex Thought, the theory and method are two sides of the same movement and have a symbiotic relationship, transmuting without losing their specificity, the methodology used followed these steps: bibliographic survey aimed at a more profound study on the process of professional Distance Learning service education; detecting the existing relationships between the guiding principles-writing-assessment articulated in the formation of the tutoreducator s identity; and requesting that the 56 (fifty-six) tutor-educators who experienced the process of implementation and development of the Veredas Project (2002 to 2005) in the AFOR/Varginha, register their experiences as tutors for the Higher Learning Teacher Education Course Veredas, in the distance learning modality, in writing, focusing on vital aspects of the personal and professional dynamic. From these reports, 10 categories were chosen: learning; assessment; coordination; team experiences; growth; emotion; study; renewal; transformation; and life. Based upon these results it is possible to state that the triad of guiding principles of Complex Thought, the act of writing and the practice of auto-heteroevaluation constitute the cornerstones of the formation of the Distance Learning tutoreducator s identity in service. It is suggested that other studies be done with the goal of increasing the knowledge that has been crystallized here, as well as holding other teacher training courses, using the Veredas model / No ano de 2002, a Secretaria de Estado da Educação de Minas Gerais deu início à implantação do Curso Normal Superior, na modalidade de educação a distância, denominado Veredas. Teve, como objetivo, graduar em nível universitário profissionais que exerciam a docência nas séries iniciais do ensino fundamental. A análise dos resultados, ao final do curso, constatou que os objetivos propostos foram alcançados com êxito, considerando que, dos 14.136 (quatorze mil, cento e trinta e seis) professores efetivamente matriculados, 13.749 (treze mil, setecentos e quarenta e nove) professores em exercício foram habilitados em nível superior. Foram criadas 18 (dezoito) Agências de Formação AFOR e o trabalho da que se situava em Varginha (MG) deu origem à pesquisa que culminou nesta tese; ela estava vinculada ao Centro Universitário de Minas Gerais (UNIS). Foram dois os objetivos gerais desta pesquisa: compreender a formação em serviço do tutor de EaD otimizada pela reflexão promovida, através do ato de escrever e pela consecução da prática auto-heteroavaliativa e mostrar a viabilidade da aplicação dos princípios-guias propostos pelo Pensamento Complexo na formação em serviço do tutoreducador de EaD e os indícios de permanência das transformações ocorridas no período dessa formação em serviço. Os objetivos específicos foram: levantar bibliografia referente à formação do tutor de EaD; Identificar as relações existentes entre o Pensamento Complexo, escrita, avaliação e formação em serviço de tutoreseducadores de EaD no Projeto Veredas da AFOR/Varginha; mostrar que a formação em serviço do tutor de EaD teve como foco o estímulo ao processo auto-heteroavaliativo promovido através da escrita e da prática dos princípios-guias do Pensamento Complexo e verificar se as mudanças ocorridas na práxis pedagógica, ao longo da formação em serviço do tutoreducador de EaD, durante o desenvolvimento do Projeto Veredas na AFOR/Varginha, permaneceram após o término dessa formação, utilizando, para esse fim, os relatos que os tutores elaboraram durante e após o término dessa formação em serviço . Considerando, segundo as propostas do Pensamento Complexo que teoria e método são duas faces de um mesmo movimento, mantendo-se em simbiose, transmutando-se sem, no entanto, perderem sua especificidade, a metodologia utilizada seguiu os seguintes passos: pesquisa bibliográfica com o objetivo de aprofundar os estudos sobre o processo de formação do profissional de EaD em serviço; detectar as relações existentes entre princípios-guiasÛescritaÛavaliação articuladas na formação da identidade do tutoreducador e para tanto, solicitou-se aos 56 (cinquenta e seis) tutoreseducadores que viveram o processo de implantação e desenvolvimento do Projeto Veredas (2002 a 2005) na AFOR/Varginha, que registrassem através da elaboração de um relato escrito, sua experiência como tutor(a) do Curso Superior de Formação de Professores Veredas, na modalidade a distância, enfocando aspectos vitais da dinâmica pessoal e profissional. Dos relatos foram selecionadas 10 categorias: aprendizagem; avaliação; coordenação; convivência em equipe; crescimento; emoção; estudo; renovação; transformação e vida. É possível afirmar que a tríade princípios-guias do Pensamento Complexo, ato de escrever e a prática da auto-heteroavaliação constitui os pilares sustentadores da formação da identidade do tutoreducador de EaD em serviço. Fica a sugestão de que outros estudos sejam feitos com o objetivo de ampliar os conhecimentos que foram aqui cristalizados, bem como a realização de outros cursos de formação de professores, nos moldes do Veredas

As citocinas têm papel importante como mediadores através das respostas imunológicas. A Interleucina-21, importante regulador dos linfócitos T e B, é produzida por linfócitos CD4 ativados, e está implicada na patogênese do diabetes autoimune em modelo animal, o NOD. A região promotora da IL-21, que contempla sítios de controle da expressão gênica em camundongos, o NFATc2, T-bet e c-MAF, foi estudada pela primeira vez em humanos portadores de diabetes tipo 1A, neste trabalho. Foi analisado também a freqüência do polimorfismo C1858T do gene PTPN22, que tem sido associado em estudos recentes como fator de risco importante para diabetes tipo1A e outras doenças autoimunes. Associou-se ainda, autoanticorpos pancreáticos e não-pancreáticos em diabéticos e grupo controle normal, e estes resultados foram analisados com ambos os genes. Foram estudados 612 DM1A e 792 indivíduos do grupo controle. Após extração de DNA genômico, a região 5proximal da região promotora do gene da Il-21, -448+83pb, foi seqüenciada em 309 brasileiros diabéticos tipo 1A e 189 indivíduos do grupo controle. A genotipagem do polimorfismo C1858T do gene PTPN22, por RFLP, foi realizada em 434 diabéticos e 689 controles, bem como os alelos HLA-DRB1. Foi encontrada uma variação alélica, em heterozigoze, na posição g.-241 T>A, em apenas uma paciente, que apresentou idade de diagnóstico aos 30 anos de idade. Esta variante alélica não foi encontrada nos 497 indivíduos (308 DM1A e 189 grupo controle). A freqüência dos alelos polimórficos (CT/TT) foi maior nos diabéticos (18.7%) que no grupo controle (10.6%), OR 1,94 e p<0,001. O polimorfismo C1858T do gene PTPN22 associou-se à maior freqüência dos autoanticorpos pancreático anti-GAD65 (p=0,002) e não-pancreático anti-TG (p=0,001), quando avaliados os dois grupos juntos, DM1A e grupo controle. Os diabéticos apresentaram maior freüência dos autoanticorpos como segue: autoanticorpos pancreáticos: anti-GAD65: 225 /482 (46.7%) vs 13/786 (1.7%), p<0.001; anti-IA2 : 204/469 (43.5%) vs 15/786 (1.9%), p<0.001. Autoanticorpos não-pancreáticos: FAN: 60/234 (25.6%) vs 13/239 (5.4%), p<0.001; anti-TPO: 64/279 (22.9%) vs 34/495 (6.9%), p<0.001; anti-TG : 65/278 (23.4%) vs 44/489 (9%), p<0.001; TRAb: 14/187 (7.5%) vs 1/327 (0.3%), p<0.001; anti-21-OH : 8/154 (5,2%) vs 1/160 (0,6%), p< 0,001. Os autoanticorpos a seguir foram realizados apenas nos pacientes diabéticos: anti-tTG 5/73% (6.8%), anti-Endom 10/176 (5.7%). Com exceção do anti-GAD65 e anti-TG, nenhum outro autoanticorpo associou-se ao polimorfismo do gene PTPN22. Os alelos HLA-DR3/DR$ predominaram nos diabéticos (p<0,001). Concluimos então que o polimorfismo C1858T do gene PTPN22 e os alelos HLA-DR3/DR4 estão associados ao risco de DM1A. Variantes alélicas na região 5 proximal do gene da IL-21 parece não ser predisponente à suscetibilidade ao DM1A e outras doenças autoimunes. Autoanticorpos órgão-específicos são mais freqüentes em diabéticos, principalmente nas glândulas adrenal e tireóide. O polimorfismo C1858T do gene PTPN22 está associado à maior freqüência dos autoanticorpos anti-GAD65 e antitireoglobulina / Objective: Cytokines are central mediators of inflammation through innate and adaptive immune responses. IL-21, a critical regulator of T and B cell function, is produced by various subsets of CD4+ T cells, and it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of non obese diabetes mouse. The proximal promoter of IL-21, which controls its Th-cell-subset-specific expression through the action of NFATc2, T-bet and c-MAF in animal models, was evaluated in type 1A diabetes (T1AD) patients for the first time. This study also analyzed the 1858T PTPN22 polymorphism, which has recently emerged as an important risk factor for T1AD and other autoimmune diseases. Moreover, islet and other organ-specific autoantibodies were quantified in T1AD patients and healthy controls and the results were correlated with both genes. Research design and methods: The case series comprised 612 T1AD patients and 792 healthy control (HC) individuals. Genomic DNA extraction was performed by salting-out in purified blood leukocytes. The region encompassing -448+83 bp of IL-21 gene was amplified and sequenced using genomic DNA from 309 Brazilian T1AD patients and 189 control individuals. RFLP genotyping of C1858T PTPN22 was performed in 689 controls and 434 T1D patients. HLA DR3/DR4 alleles were also evaluated. Results: A heterozygous allelic variant (g.-241 T>A) was found in only one patient, who was 30 years old at the onset of disease. This allelic variant was not found in 497 individuals (308 T1AD patients and 189 healthy controls). The PTPN22 1858T allele frequency was greater in patients (18.7%) than in controls (10.6%): odds ratio of 1.94; p<0.001. An association was found between C1858T polymorphism and higher frequency of GAD65 Ab (p=0.002) and TG Ab (p=0.011), among both T1AD and HC. Type 1 diabetes patients presented higher frequency of the following autoantibodies, compared with HC (p<0.001): GAD65 Ab (46.7% vs 1.7%); IA2 Ab (43.5% vs 1.9%); ANA (25.6% vs 5.4%); TPO Ab (22.9% vs 6.9%); TG Ab (23.4% vs 9.0%); TRAb (7.5% vs 0.3%); 21-OH Ab (5,2% vs 0,6%). The following antibodies were evaluated only in T1AD: tTG Ab (6.8%) anti-Endom (5.7%). Except by GAD65 Ab and TG Ab, no association was found between C1858T polymorphism and these autoantibodies.HLA-DR3/DR4 alleles predominated in T1D patients (p<0.001) Conclusions: C1858T PTPN22 polymorphism and the HLA-DR3 and/or DR4 alleles were associated with proneness to T1AD. Allelic variants at the 5\' proximal region of the IL-21 gene do not seem to predispose to susceptibility to T1AD and other autoimmune endocrine diseases. Autoantibodies specific to other organs and tissues are frequent in T1AD carriers, mainly to the thyroid glands. The 1858T PTPN22 polymorphism was associated with higher frequency of GAD65A and TGA.

INTRODUÇÃO: A sofisticação dos métodos de diagnóstico por imagem, em especial o ultra-som, contribuiu para que nódulos cada vez menores fossem diagnosticados com maior freqüência. Nódulos tireóideos são encontrados ao exame ultra-sonográfico, em até 17% das mulheres adultas. A lobectomia total é considerada procedimento adequado para o tratamento dos nódulos benignos laterais da tireóide. O hipotireoidismo pode ocorrer em 5% a 35% dos doentes, após esse procedimento e está relacionado tanto com a quantidade de tecido glandular remanescente, quanto com a sua qualidade funcional. Neste estudo avaliou-se a ocorrência do hipotireoidismo após lobectomia total, visando identificar os indivíduos com maior risco de desenvolver essa doença. MÉTODOS: No período de março de 1996 a julho de 2005, foram selecionados 228 indivíduos eutireóideos submetidos à lobectomia total da tireóide por bócio não tóxico, do Departamento de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço do Instituto Brasileiro de Controle do Câncer e da clínica privada do autor. Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo com 186 indivíduos passíveis de análise, considerando os níveis séricos de tireotrofina (TSH) pré e pós-operatórios e a dosagem de anticorpos antitireóideos. O volume do coto tireóideo remanescente foi determinado por exame ultrasonográfico. Os exames anatomopatológicos foram revistos e quantificaram, por meio da análise semiquantitativa, os agregados linfocitários e os folículos linfóides: graduados de 0 a IV e de 0 a III, respectivamente. O hipotireoidismo foi diagnosticado quando TSH = 5,5 mU/L em até oito semanas após a operação. RESULTADOS: Houve predomínio do sexo feminino neste estudo (88%), com a idade variando de 16 a 72 anos e com média de 45 anos. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 29 meses, variando de seis meses a nove anos. Foi identificado TSH = 5,5 mU/L em 61 casos (32,8%). Bócio foi o diagnóstico de 82% dos hipotireóideos e 80,7% dos eutireóideos. A idade, o sexo e a quantidade de infiltrados linfocitários não apresentaram diferença estatística entre os indivíduos eutireóideos e hipotireóideos após o procedimento. Os fatores relacionados ao hipotireoidismo pósoperatório foram: valor médio de TSH pré-operatório, que registrou 2,1mU/L, entre os hipotireóideos, e 1,2 mU/L, entre os eutireóideos (p<0.001); volume médio do coto remanescente da tireóide, que indicou 3,9 cm3 no grupo com hipotireoidismo e 6,0 cm3 no grupo sem doença (p=0,003); lobectomia direita (p=0,006); positividade do anticorpo antiperoxidase (AcTPO) (p=0,009). O TSH pré-operatório > 2,0 mU/L aumentou em 7,1 vezes a possibilidade de ocorrer hipotireoidismo após lobectomia total e, quando foi considerada a lobectomia direita e o volume do coto remanescente = 4,0 cm3, a possibilidade de apresentar hipotireoidismo pós-operatório foi 7,4 vezes maior. CONCLUSÕES: O hipotireoidismo pós-operatório ocorreu em 32,8% dos indivíduos submetidos à lobectomia total por bócio não tóxico. Pequeno volume do remanescente tireóideo ao ultra-som, inferior a 4,0cm3, e a remoção do lobo direito estiveram relacionados com maior risco para o hipotireoidismo. Fatores determinantes do estado funcional da glândula, como os níveis elevados, porém ainda normais, do TSH no préoperatório e a presença AcTPO positivos também se mostraram relacionados com o risco elevado para o hipotireoidismo pós-operatório. / INTRODUCTION: Thyroid nodules, recently, have their diagnosis increased because of the improvement of imaging methods, especially ultrasound. Around 17% of these nodules may be identified in adult women by ultrasound. Total lobectomy is considered an appropriate procedure for benign thyroid nodules. Hypothyroidism may occur in 5% to 35% patients after total lobectomy and it is related to the volume of the remnant thyroid tissue and its functional quality. This study was designed to evaluate the incidence of postoperative hypothyroidism and to determine patients with high risk for this disease. METHODS: From March 1996 to July 2005, 228 euthyroid patients, from the Department of Head and Neck Surgery of the Brazilian Institute for Cancer Control (IBCC) and from the author?s private office, had a total lobectomy due to non-toxic goiter. Out of these patients, 186 were selected for this retrospectively study. Thyrotrophin (TSH) levels, antithyroid antibodies, volume of the remnant thyroid by ultrasound and a semiquantitatively review of the histological specimens considering lymphocytic infiltration were studied. Hypothyroidism was defined for TSH = 5,5 mU/L up to eight weeks postoperative. RESULTS: Women were predominant (88%) with ages varying from 16 to 72 years old and the median age of 45 years old. The average time of follow-up was 29 months, ranging from six months to nine years. TSH ³ 5,5 mU/L occurred in 61 patients (32,8%). Adenomatous goiter was the principal diagnosis in 82% of the hypothyroids patients and 80,7% of the euthyroids. Age, sex and lymphocytic infiltrate did not show any difference between the two groups. Postoperative hypothyroidism was related to: higher preoperative TSH level than the euthyroids postoperative patients (2,1 mU/L versus 1,2 mU/L, respectively) (p<0,001), smaller thyroid remnant volume, 3,9 cm3 in hypothyroid group against 6,0 cm3 in the euthyroid group (p=0,003), right lobectomy while the euthyroid patients had more left lobectomy (p=0,006) and, finally, higher positive titles of the antiperoxidase antibodies (AcTPO) (p=0,009). The risk for postoperative hypothyroidism was 7.1 times higher for those with preoperative TSH > 2,0 mU/L. When right lobectomy was analyzed with the remnant volume = 4,0 cm3, the risk for postoperative hypothyroidism was 7,4. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative hypothyroidism occurs in 32,8% of patients who have undergone a total lobectomy for non-toxic goiter. Possible indicators for development of postoperative hypothyroidism are: preoperative TSH > 2,0 mU/L and postoperative positive AcTPO, small thyroid volume at ultrasound, and right lobectomy.

L'émergence de l'informatique dans les nuages met en avant de nombreux défis qui pourraient limiter l'adoption du paradigme Cloud. Tandis que la taille des données traitées par les applications Cloud augmente exponentiellement, un défi majeur porte sur la conception de solutions efficaces pour la gestion de données. Cette thèse a pour but de concevoir des mécanismes d'auto-adaptation pour des systèmes de gestion de données, afin qu'ils puissent répondre aux exigences des services de stockage Cloud en termes de passage à l'échelle, disponibilité et sécurité des données. De plus, nous nous proposons de concevoir un service de données qui soit à la fois compatible avec les interfaces Cloud standard dans et capable d'offrir un stockage de données à haut débit. Pour relever ces défis, nous avons proposé des mécanismes génériques pour l'auto-connaissance, l'auto-protection et l'auto-configuration des systèmes de gestion de données. Ensuite, nous les avons validés en les intégrant dans le logiciel BlobSeer, un système de stockage qui optimise les accès hautement concurrents aux données. Finalement, nous avons conçu et implémenté un système de fichiers s'appuyant sur BlobSeer, afin d'optimiser ce dernier pour servir efficacement comme support de stockage pour les services Cloud. Puis, nous l'avons intégré dans un environnement Cloud réel, la plate-forme Nimbus. Les avantages et les désavantages de l'utilisation du stockage dans le Cloud pour des applications réelles sont soulignés lors des évaluations effectuées sur Grid'5000. Elles incluent des applications à accès intensif aux données, comme MapReduce, et des applications fortement couplées, comme les simulations atmosphériques.

L'émergence de l'informatique dans les nuages met en avant de nombreux défis qui pourraient limiter l'adoption du paradigme Cloud. Tandis que la taille des données traitées par les applications Cloud augmente exponentiellement, un défi majeur porte sur la conception de solutions efficaces pour le stockage et la gestion de données. Cette thèse a pour but de concevoir des mécanismes d'auto-adaptation pour des systèmes de gestion de données, afin qu'ils puissent répondre aux exigences des services de stockage Cloud en termes de passage à l'échelle, disponibilité, fiabilité et sécurité des données. De plus, nous nous proposons de concevoir un service de données pour le Cloud qui soit à la fois compatible avec les interfaces standard dans le contexte du Cloud et capable d'offrir un stockage de données à haut débit. Pour relever ces défis, nous avons proposé des mécanismes génériques pour l'auto-connaissance, l'auto-protection et l'auto-configuration des systèmes de gestion de données. Ensuite, nous les avons validés en les intégrant dans le logiciel BlobSeer, un système de stockage de données qui optimise les accès hautement concurrents aux données. Finalement, nous avons conçu et implémenté un système de fichiers s'appuyant sur BlobSeer, afin d'optimiser ce dernier pour servir efficacement comme support de stockage pour les services Cloud. Puis, nous l'avons intégré dans un environnement Cloud réel, la plate-forme Nimbus. Les avantages et les désavantages de l'utilisation du stockage dans le Cloud pour des applications réelles sont soulignés lors des évaluations effectuées sur Grid'5000. Elles incluent des applications distribuées à accès intensif aux données, telles que les applications MapReduce, et des applications fortement couplées, telles que les simulations atmosphériques.