Roteiros de vida são um protótipo de trajetória de vida construído socialmente e com partilhado pelos membros de uma cultura e pode influenciar como indivíduos avaliam experiôncias anteriores e projetam seu futuro. Os participantes (384 brasileiros univcr sitú.rios) responderam quais sete eventos mais importantes acontecerão na vida de uma criança hipotética de sua cultura. A análise mostrou um roteiro de vida com alta coin cidência dos eventos citados, cúrnulo de eventos positivos esperados para acontecer entre 15 e 30 anos, além da predominância. de eventos positivos. Comparando os resultados com estudos realizados na Dinamarca, Estados Unidos: Turquia e Holanda, encontrou se uma estrutura semelhante em todos, mas também diferenças no conteúdo referentes a particularidades culturais O roteiro de vida brasileiro ó mais semelhante ao americano Apenas categorias de eventos relacionadas à morte foram consideradas negativas nessa amostra. Estudos futuros podem investigar variações nos roteiros de vida para diferentes grupos na população. / Life scripts are schcrnatic reprcscntations of the lifc history that are socially built and shared by the members of a cultnre and inflnences the way people evaluate their previons and prcsent cxperiences, and how thcy plan their future, A samplc of 384 Brazillians undergnuinates, answered which seven most important events are expected to happen in the life of a newborn in their own culture. Data showed a life script with an overlap of the evcnts: an a.ccurnulation of positivc cvents cxpected to happen bctween thc 15 and 30 ycars of age, anel a prcdominance of positive cvcnts. Comparing this results with previous international studics took placc in Dcnmark, thc Unitcd Statcs, Turkcy: and the Netherlands, a. similar life script structure wa.s fonnd, as well as some content differences refcrring to particular cultural aspccts The brazillian lifc script is more similar to the anwrican life script Only death related event categories \' :ere considered negative by this sample. Futurc studies may investigatc variations on the life seripts for differcnt groups in the population.

nÃo hà / Esta pesquisa tratou de interpretar as relaÃÃes historicamente constituÃdas entre o farmacÃutico, letrado e benemÃrito cearense Rodolfo TeÃfilo (1853-1932) e sua produÃÃo escrita. Acompanhando a historicidade da biografia de Rodolfo TeÃfilo busquei compreender como ele se utilizou de seus livros como lugar de memÃria para defender sua posiÃÃo de intelectual e benemÃrito diante de seus contemporÃneos e especialmente perante a posteridade. Ao interpretar suas obras busquei ainda analisar suas concepÃÃes sobre o fazer historiogrÃfico, bem como as caracterÃsticas autobiogrÃficas presentes em seus livros.

Submitted by Caroline Falcao (caroline.rfalcao@ufpe.br) on 2017-06-19T17:44:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) 2011-Dissertacao-Karen-Meireles-Varela.pdf: 1720050 bytes, checksum: 609f2f6acc490b6f71fa26ed63c450e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-19T17:44:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) 2011-Dissertacao-Karen-Meireles-Varela.pdf: 1720050 bytes, checksum: 609f2f6acc490b6f71fa26ed63c450e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-05 / O desenvolvimento cognitivo na velhice vem sendo um tema bem exploradona psicologia,visto que a população idosa mundial é uma realidade em rápida e progressiva expansão, o que representa um desafio devido às demandas específicas deste novo contingente.Dentro de uma descrição dos efeitos psicológicos presentes na velhice “normal”, o declínio do funcionamento da memória é geralmente colocado em primeiro plano, porém a memória é dificilmente abordada como um processo que se estabelece na interação.Partindo-se dessa premissa, o presente trabalho considera esta função psicológica como um fenômeno que claramente possui aspectos biológicos, mas que também é um fenômeno sócio-cultural (que se estabelece na interação).Este conceito mais amplo e mais complexo de memória exige a consideração dos aspectos sociais da recordação. Assim, as contribuições de dois grandes estudiosos são abordadas neste estudo: Frederic Bartlett e Lev S. Vygotsky. Bartlett explorou o fato de que os fatores e tendências que determinam a recordação estão organizados em esquemas (schema), enfatizando o papel das influências culturais e sociais no desenvolvimento desses esquemas. Vygotsky, em seus estudos a respeito da memória humana, destacoua memória “mediada”.Para este autor, o desenvolvimento da memória, ao longo da vida do ser humano, deve ser analisado em termos das diferentes relações que a pessoa estabelece com os signos, o que produz diferentes formas de memorizar. Dentro deste vasto tema de estudo, um recorte foi feito para se investigar a memória autobiográfica (MA), que engloba inúmeros eventos do nosso passado, estando diretamente relacionada com o reconhecimento de continuidade e de identidade. Segundo Bruner, uma das formas de lembrarmos o passado se dá em termos da narrativa, uma das nossas principais práticas culturais. Dessa forma, narrar um evento autobiográfico junto com outra pessoa que participou deste evento, pode servir como objeto de mediação para superar momentos de incerteza, ambiguidades e/ou lacunas da recordação.Esta pesquisatem um enfoque na recordação das memórias autobiográficas em idosos hígidos ou saudáveis, na presença ou na ausência de um descendente, optando-se, assim, por uma investigação da memória autobiográfica como construções narrativas. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi investigar narrativas autobiográficas de idosos hígidos ou saudáveis, explorando o papel do outro nessa recordação. Trata-se de um estudo empírico comdez pessoas idosas (acima de 60 anos), todas classificadas como saudáveis. Os participantes responderam aum questionário semi-estruturado, cuja finalidade foi traçar o perfil dos idosos. Além disso, relataram narrativas sobre um evento específico importante de suas vidas, que envolvia a presença de um descendente, em duas situações de recordação. As vinte narrativas coletadas foram transcritas e analisadas, levando-se em conta a qualidade e transformações das memórias autobiográficas, referentes ao conteúdo narrativo. Os dados permitiram identificar estratégias de mediação (convenções culturais, imagem visual, atribuição, repetição, gestos e ritmos, sugestão) utilizadas pelo idoso para superar momentos de dificuldades da recordação. Constatou-se que as recordações autobiográficas são reconstruções “esquemáticas”, que podem ser facilitadaspela presença de outra pessoa como objeto de mediação, para superar obstáculos, como momentos de incerteza, ambiguidades e lacunas de esquecimento. / Cognitive development in old age has been a theme well explored in psychology, as the world's elderly population is a reality in a fast and progressive expansion, which represents a challenge due to the specific demands of this new contingent. Within a description of the psychological effects brought by older adults, the decline in memory function is usually placed in first, but the memory is hardly discussed as a process that is established in interaction. Starting from this premise, this paper considers this phenomenon as a psychological function that clearly is biological, but is also a socio-cultural phenomenon (which is established in the interaction). This concept of memory is ampler and more complex, so it requires the consideration of social aspects of remembering. Thus, the contributions of two seminal figures in the psychological study of remembering are addressed in this study: Frederic Bartlett and Lev. S. Vygotsky. Bartlett exploited the fact that factors and trends that determine memory is organized into schemas, emphasizing the role of cultural influences and social development of these schemes. Vygotsky, on the other hand, attended to the ways in which we construct meaningful “signs” as artificial memory aids to solve memoryproblems that go beyond our natural capacities. Within this topic of study, a cut was made to investigate autobiographical memory (AM), which encompasses many events of our past, being directly related to the recognition of continuity and identity. According to Bruner, a way of remembering the past is in terms of narrative, one of our major cultural practices. Thus, narratingan autobiographical event with another person, can be used as an object of mediation to overcome moments of uncertainty, ambiguity and/or gaps in memory. This research has focus on recall of autobiographical memories of healthy aged, in the presence or absence of a son or daughter, opting itself, thus, for an investigation of the autobiographical memory as narrative constructions. The aim of this study was to investigate autobiographical narratives of healthy aged, exploring the role of other’s in this recall. This is an empirical study of ten elderly (over 60), all classified as healthy. The participants answered a semi-structured questionnaire, whose purpose was to trace the profile of the elderly. Additionally, they reported stories about a particular and important event in their lives, which involved the presence of a son or a daughter, intwo different conditions. The twenty storiescollected were transcribed and analyzed, taking into account the qualitative transformations in the autobiographical memories, referring to the narrative content.The data allowed the identification of mediation strategies (cultural conventions, visual images, attribution, repetition, gestures and rhythms, suggestion) used by the elderly to overcome difficult moments in the process of remembering. It was found that autobiographical memories are reconstructions "schemata", which can be supported by another person as an object of mediation, to overcome obstacles, such as moments of uncertainty,ambiguity and gaps in the process of remembering.

Dès les descriptions princeps des Troubles du Spectre de l’Autisme (TSA), l’accent a été mis sur les perturbations de l’identité subjective qu’il est possible d’étudier grâce à la conceptualisation de Conway qui fait interagir le self et la mémoire autobiographique. En nous basant sur ce modèle, nous avons exploré les spécificités du self dans les TSA Sans Déficience Intellectuelle (TSASDI) à travers l’étude de ses dimensions subjectives, conceptuelles et structurelles. Nos résultats retrouvent une atteinte du self au niveau structurel mais pas conceptuel ou subjectif. De plus, nous avons montré une atteinte de la fonction sociale de la mémoire autobiographique et que les images de soi sociales appartenant au self étaient associées à des souvenirs qualitativement différents. Nos résultats nuancent l’altération de la composante épisodique de la mémoire autobiographique et invitent à préciser l’influence des relations sociales sur le self et la mémoire autobiographique dans ces troubles. / Since first descriptions of Autism, disorders of self have been seen as key symptoms. The Self-Memory System put forward by Conway describes the reciprocal relationships between the self and autobiographical memory. This model was the theoretical background of our investigations of the specificities of the self in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder without Intellectual Deficiency. We addressed three issues: structural aspects, concepts and subjective characteristics of the self. Our results showed an impairment of structural aspects of self while concepts and subjective characteristics were spared. Indeed, we found that the social function of autobiographical memory was altered and that social self-images belonging to self-concepts were related to qualitatively different memories. Our results challenge the episodic autobiographical memory deficit classically reported and encourage new researches to explore the impact of social relationships on the self and autobiographical memory.

Childhood maltreatment can have detrimental consequences on individual well-being and cognitive functioning. One type of childhood maltreatment that remains stigmatized and under-researched among men is child sexual abuse (CSA). Research examining the neurophysiological consequences of CSA in males is limited even further. This dissertation presents three original research articles which provide preliminary evidence of the lasting neurophysiological impact of CSA in men. We recruited all male participants, of those who experienced CSA, some had PTSD (CSA+PTSD) others did not have PTSD (CSA-PTSD) allowing for the examination of differences in males with histories of CSA (but no PTSD) versus those who have CSA histories and PTSD. We also recruited control males with no CSA histories nor PTSD. Three functional MRI tasks and one resting state functional scan were obtained. The letter n-back, and an emotional picture n-back task were used in the first study as a measure of working memory and emotional processing. The first study highlights the lasting impact CSA can have on men, regarding brain activity during working memory, and working memory when negative emotional stimuli are involved. The second study examined how negative/traumatic memories are re-experienced. Results from the second study demonstrate that CSA impacts the neurophysiology of autobiographical memory for traumatic experiences. In the final study, resting state functional connectivity was examined within the default mode, salience and limbic networks, and differences in functional connectivity within the networks were observed. Together, these findings highlight the long-term neural impact of CSA and can validate the experience of men who have lived through CSA. They can also guide researchers and clinicians to potential avenues of support for the well-being of these men. These studies highlight the need for more research with men who have experienced CSA so we can fully understand their altered neurophysiological responses, and how this knowledge can be used to support their mental health and continued wellness throughout their lives.

This dissertation presents three studies that examined the effects of diverse cultural backgrounds on maternal socialization strategies and how these were related to the development of their pre-school aged children. Specifically, the investigations focused on mother-child discourses about past events when children were three and four years of age. The present work systematically applied the ecocultural approach by investigating relatively homogenous samples, which were selected based on population parameters and sociodemographic characteristics. These sociocultural contexts represented three different cultural models: (1) the model of psychological autonomy (urban middle-class families from Western societies), (2) the model of relational adaptation (rural farming families from no-Western societies), and (3) the model of autonomy-relatedness (urban middle-class families from non-Western societies). We could demonstrate that the three cultural models manifest in mother-child reminiscing: both, how mothers and children reminisced -the structure- and what they talked about -the content. Mothers of the psychological autonomous contexts structured conversations with many elaborations and evaluations in order to actively involve the child to participate. On the content level, conversations were child-centered, with many child references and talk about personal judgments and opinions. Consequently, children were more expressive and self-centered in these contexts. Thus, conversations mirror the socialization strategy and social roles associated with the cultural model of psychological autonomy: The mother treats the child as a quasi-equal interlocutor and reinforces the child to express her- or himself. Mothers of relational adapted contexts structured conversations rather rigidly by using many repetitions, and few elaborations and evaluations. On the content level, they focused more on social contexts than on the child compared to the autonomous contexts. Accordingly, children contributed less information to conversations and showed a greater focus on social contexts. Thus, conversations mirror the socialization strategy and social roles associated with the cultural model of relational adaptation: The mother is the expert and the child the adaptive apprentice. There was greater heterogeneity for conversational structure and content of mothers and children from autonomous-related contexts. However, overall they mirrored the hybrid orientation in their cultural emphases. The different reminiscing styles and thematic foci were thus meaningful within the different sociocultural environments and fostered children’s cultural development of becoming a competent societal member. Furthermore, we could also demonstrate variations within the elaborative style of mothers all valuing autonomy. Thus, when looking at more specific categories, differences also existed among cultural contexts with the same cultural model. Children’s internalization of the respective cultural orientation was also mirrored in another, adult independent task we conducted: children’s self-drawings. Children of autonomous contexts drew themselves bigger -pronounced and space-demanding- whereas children of the relational contexts drew themselves smaller -mirroring greater self-effacement. Drawings of children from the autonomous-related contexts were intermediate in size. Correlation patterns among maternal and child variables varied across the different cultural contexts. Thus, the studies support the notion that psychological processes have to be considered and interpreted in relation to the sociocultural context in which they unfold. This refers to level-oriented (mean differences) as well as functional (correlation based) analyses: Becoming a competent member of a specific cultural context requires very different skills within universal domains, such as mother-child discourse. Additionally, in this process the effect of socialization strategies on the adults’ part may vary across different sociocultural contexts. Results are also discussed in light of practical implications for culture sensitive intervention programs.

In this study, the relationship of autobiographical memory, implicit motivation, sociocultural orientation, and childhood variables was investigated cross-culturally. A German sample reflecting a prototypical independent context (n=100), and a Chinese (n = 77) and Cameroonian sample (n = 68) from a prototypical interdependent context were selected. Participants were asked to report their earliest childhood memories, to answer socio-demographic questions, to complete the Operant Multimotive Test as a measure of their implicit motivation, and two self-report scales to indicate their sociocultural orientation. Special attention was given to considerations of methodological equivalence across cultures.It was expected that (1) Chinese and Cameroonian participants recall more oriented towards others than German participants, and that (2) individuals from a social-oriented childhood context make more use of the social function of autobiographical recall, and finally that (3) implicit motivation and sociocultural orientation predict autobiographical memory across cultures.Results indicate that Cameroonian and Chinese participants generally make more use of the social function of autobiographical memory than do German participants. Furthermore, the more siblings an individual has, the more she/he makes use of the social function. Missing effects of implicit motivation and sociocultural orientation on interindividual differences in autobiographical memory are accounted for by methodological constraints.

Au cours de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés au fonctionnement de la mémoire autobiographique, permettant de rappeler nos souvenirs personnels. L’autobiographie d’une personne fonde son identité et comporte, outre les souvenirs personnels d’événements singuliers, phénoménologiquement riches et détaillés (souvenirs épisodiques), des connaissances personnelles détachées de tout contexte particulier. Cette dernière composante stocke un ensemble de connaissances très abstraites sur soi et des souvenirs d’événements généraux répétés ou étendus (souvenirs et connaissances sémantisés), issus de sources d’encodage multiples et sans accès spontané à un contexte d’encodage particulier. L’effet de l’âge sur ces différents types de matériels autobiographiques fait l’objet d’études récentes qui ont permis de montrer que les difficultés des sujets âgés sains portent principalement sur les souvenirs épisodiques dont la restitution nécessite une recherche active en mémoire, préservant les souvenirs sémantisés et quelques souvenirs épisodiques, le tout maintenant un sentiment d’identité et de continuité dans le temps. Une autre spécificité du vieillissement cognitif réside dans la nécessité de faire face à certains changements liés à l’identité qui peuvent être déstabilisant, pendant la vieillesse. Dans ce cadre, les souvenirs personnels constituent le matériel brut grâce auquel notre identité peut graduellement se modifier aux grés des différentes étapes de la vie. Le but de ce travail était de spécifier les processus sous-tendant ces modifications liées au vieillissement. Dans ce cadre, nous avons tenté de mieux comprendre la distinction épisodique/sémantique en mémoire autobiographique et le lien entre cette mémoire et le concept d’identité dans le vieillissement normal et dans la maladie d’Alzheimer par le biais du concept de souvenirs définissant le Soi. Nous avons également mené une méta-analyse nous permettant de préciser au niveau neural le processus d’abstraction des souvenirs et de différencier les substrats cérébraux correspondant à la récupération de matériels autobiographiques, mais aussi à la récupération d’informations plus élaborées liées directement à l’identité (jugements personnels liés aux traits de personnalités). Pour terminer, nous présentons des résultats permettant de déterminer les modifications cérébrales liées au vieillissement lors de la récupération de souvenirs autobiographiques épisodiques et sémantisés. L’ensemble de ces résultats nous a permis de proposer de nouvelles pistes de recherche concernant les causes du déclin cognitif associé à la mémoire autobiographique dans le vieillissement, notamment en termes de lien entre mémoire autobiographique et Soi mais également par rapport au rôle des fonctions exécutives et de leurs substrats cérébraux lors du processus de récupération / In this work, we investigated the functioning of autobiographical memory which enables the recall of personal past. Autobiographical memory provides the raw material from which identity is constructed and encompasses various types of knowledge from the general knowledge (i.e., semantic component) of a person’s past comprising abstracted personal information as well as repeated and extended events to very specific personal events (i.e., episodic component) situated in a particular time and space, for which the subject can mentally travel back through subjective time, reliving the encoding context. Several behavioral studies could show that episodic (which necessitate an active research) but not semantic retrieval become less easy to access in aging. Based on their capacity to retrieve semantic memories and some episodic memories, older people ensure a sense of identity and continuity in time. AM contributes to different aspects of identity and the access to personal memories enable the gradual changes of identity throughout lifespan and aging is a particular phase of change. The aim of this work was to investigate the processes underlying cognitive changes in aging. In this framework, we tried to understand more precisely the link between memory retrieval and the Self in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease studying the Self-defining memories. We also conducted a meta-analysis determining the neural substrates of autobiographical episodic memories, autobiographical semantic memories and self-trait judgments. Finally, we propose fMRI results concerning aging effects on the neural substrates of episodic and semantic autobiographical memory retrieval. Taken together, these results set us on several causes of cognitive decline with aging in the context of autobiographical retrieval; in particular concerning the link between autobiographical memory and the Self and also concerning the role of executive functions during autobiographical retrieval

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This research was designed to explore autobiographical memory in children, specifically, the personal events involved in memory and memory failures and to what extent children and adults realize what they have forgotten. Since previous research in this domain has focused mainly on adult's or children's ability to recall past events, few have ventured to investigate what underlies the process of forgetting for everyday events in parents and children, and if a link exists between the two. Survey data pertaining to self-reported memory failures along with information on the amount of interaction between parents and children was collected from parents and children at a local elementary school. The results showed that children and parents were more likely to report failure in prospective memory (forgetting to do something) than retrospective memory (forgetting something they already knew). Additionally, when asked what they thought had caused the failure, children were more likely to attribute the lapse to external distractions. Finally, the data showed that the degree of parent-child interaction was significantly related to the detail provided in a child's reported memory failures. The results are discussed in the context of developing a better understanding of, and suggest future avenues for, research in memory and memory failures in children, as well as understanding the relation between parent/child memory.