<p>Pilot training and certification have largely remained the same since the Practical Test Standards (PTS) were issued more than twenty years ago by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Within the last several years, the general aviation training sector has acquired the capability to collect and analyze digital data from certain training aircraft. With the implementation of digital information analysis, a more accurate picture of the capabilities of student pilots is possible. These advancements could be used by flight instructors in the assessment process of flight students. With the inclusion of digital data from the aircraft, the cognitive load necessary to make an accurate assessment of a student’s performance could be affected, ideally in a positive manner. Cognitive load researchers typically focus on three aspects to enhance the likelihood of success in learning or task completion. There are three techniques to reduce cognitive load: (a) reduce extraneous load, (b) manage intrinsic load, and (c) optimize germane load (Young, Cate, O’Sullivan, & Irby, 2016). The current research project focused on the impact to the cognitive load of flight instructors who were presented with digital information retrieved from an airplane during their assessment of a student pilot’s aircraft landing competence, endorsement readiness for initial solo, the willingness of the instructor to mentor the student, and how well they liked the student pilot. The study found that a digital condition, when presented alone, created extraneous cognitive load and did not enable flight instructors to accurately rate student landing performance. Additionally, flight instructors were not able to use a combined digital + traditional condition to accurately assess student landing performance. When student performance was on the extreme (i.e. ‘poor’ and ‘good’), flight instructors were better able to determine whether or not a student was ready for a solo endorsement, but instructors did have difficulty distinguishing an ‘average’ student from a ‘good’ performing student. Lastly, all of the conditions presented failed to provide the proper visualizations to allow participants to make assessments of their willingness to mentor the students, and participants indicated that they did not like the students presented with the digital condition. Digital visualizations from aircraft data will require careful development in order to limit the extraneous load and reduce the intrinsic load for student flight assessment, and should be developed in collaboration with flight instructors to provide information to assist the analysis of student flight performance. </p>

abstract: There are significantly higher rates of pilot error events during surface operations at night than during the day. Events include incidents, accidents, wrong surface takeoffs and landings, hitting objects, turning on the wrong taxiway, departing the runway surface, among others. There is evidence to suggest that these events are linked to situational awareness. Improvements to situational awareness can be accomplished through training to instruct pilots to increase attention outside of the cockpit while taxiing at night. However, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) night time requirements are relatively low to obtain a private pilot certification. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of flight training experience on conducting safe and incident-free surface operations at night, collect pilot opinions on night training requirements and resources, and analyze the need for night time on flight reviews. A survey was distributed to general aviation pilots and 239 responses were collected to be analyzed. The responses indicated a higher observed incident rate at night than during the day, however there were no significant effects of night training hours or type of training received (Part 61, Part 141/142, or both) on incident rate. Additionally, higher total night hours improved pilot confidence at night and decreased incident rate. The overall opinions indicated that FAA resources on night flying were effective in providing support, but overall pilots were not in support of or against adding night time requirements to flight reviews and found night training requirements to be somewhat effective. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Aerospace Engineering 2020

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Tato diplomová práce popisuje standardy, typy a použití leteckého systému Electronic Flight Bag. Dále se zabývá návrhem a implementací aplikace pro tablety s operačním systémem Android. Tato aplikace vychází z evropských směrnic pro piloty všeobecného letectví. Mezi hlavní vlastnosti vytvořené aplikace patří letový manuál, prohlížeč letových publikací a dokumentů, letová navigace zaměřena na uživatele, kalkulace hmotnosti a těžiště, a další interaktivní výpočty.

<p>The international aviation industry has embraced a revolutionary future concept of operations known as "free flight". The free flight concept allows each aircraft to travel between destinations using flexible fuel efficient routes rather than the current fixed jet routes. Flying the present inefficient fixed routes costs the airlines millions of dollars annually in fuel and personnel costs. Additionally, because there are only a limited number of the current "highways in the sky", aircraft in the United States and Europe regularly experience delays waiting for their turn to access the jet-routes. This present system also constrains future air traffic growth, particularly in oceanic airspace.</p> <p> To address these deficiencies, direct pilot-to-controller communications are required in oceanic airspace managed by the United States. This functional requirement for direct pilot-to-controller communications is not being met by the present oceanic air-to-ground communications system.</p> <p>Using a systems engineering approach, this project determines the feasibility of extending domestic air traffic control communication systems into the U.S. managed oceanic airspace over the Gulf of Mexico. Two feasible alternatives are evaluated for achieving this capability.</p> / Master of Science

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a simulation with workedexamples on the creation of episodic memories and the troubleshooting ability of maintenance technician students. Previous research shows that domain knowledge, conceptual knowledge, strategic knowledge, and episodic memories are all required to successfully troubleshoot. While domain, conceptual, and strategic knowledge can all be taught using traditional instruction, episodic memories require students to experience the actual troubleshooting of a fault. Simulations and worked examples are two instructional methods that have proven effective at teaching troubleshooting. This research specifically examined how a simulation combined with worked examples would affect 1) immediate troubleshooting abilities, 2) the creation of episodic memories, and 3) delayed troubleshooting abilities. This study was conducted in two stages and administered via a learning management system due to COVID-19 restrictions. The first stage included a pre-test, a training session using the simulation with worked examples, and an immediate post-test for near and far transfer of troubleshooting abilities. The second stage occurred one week later and included the final posttest for near and far transfer of troubleshooting abilities and creation of episodic memories. Answers to four troubleshooting questions on each of the pre-test and immediate and delayed post-tests were collected to determine any differences in the immediate and retained troubleshooting abilities. Answers to the solution mapping questions were collected to determine the creation of episodic memories. A repeated measure analysis of variance was conducted in SPSS to analyze the results of the troubleshooting pre- and post-tests. A correlational coefficient was used to determine any interaction between episodic memories and delayed troubleshooting abilities. Previous experience levels and participants’ major of study were also examined to determine their effect on the results. The findings show the simulation with worked examples had a statistically significant effect on delayed troubleshooting abilities and the created episodic memories had a positive correlation with the delayed troubleshooting, both with a medium effect size. However, the simulation with worked examples had no statistically significant effect on immediate troubleshooting abilities. Levels of previous experience and participants’ major of study had little effect on the results.

By analyzing the sustainability performance and the framework of Cathy Pacific’s sustainable management, the paper tries to make contribution to the application and dissemination of practical approaches to sustainable management in Aviation Industry. This paper can be used as a base for  decision and policy making to solve the global aviation environmental conflict at the same time as a consult in the option of technology and strategy, for international cooperation and as public information about the current circumstance and outlook perspective.

Airline maintenance outsourcing is a common practice in the deregulation era of airline industry, and it mainly covers topics across technology, economics, and politics. This dissertation used an explanatory sequential mixed methods research to explore the effect of airline maintenance outsource on aviation safety. The first stage of the research was a quantitative research using a panel data analysis using five models to explore the statistical relationships between the independent variables: amount of outsourced maintenance, airline profitability, and real gross domestic product per capita, and dependent variables: aircraft accident rate and aircraft incident rate for the major U.S. Part 121 passenger air carriers between 1995 and 2019. The second qualitative research was interview with commercial aircraft maintenance professionals, airline manager, civil aviation regulators, and other key stakeholders to seek their interpretation about the first stage research results, opinions and understandings about the current commercial aircraft maintenance practice, and their expectations of the industry. Both stages of research confirmed that airline maintenance outsourcing does not affect aviation safety, and there is a positive relationship between airline financial performance and aviation safety performance. Consequently, airline maintenance outsourcing is not only economically sensible but also conducive to aviation safety if it is done properly. In the second stage research, the researcher found deficiencies in the current oversight system mainly due to lack of funding and personnel which needs to be addressed. The researcher recommended activity-based accounting to solve the funding issues about airline maintenance oversight and the future study can focus on decision-making process for airline maintenance outsourcing/insourcing based on empirical data.

Ziel dieser Studie, die auf Anregung des BUND entstand, ist es, zu fünf Fragen Stellung zu nehmen, die für die Gestaltung einer nachhaltigen und effizienten Luftverkehrsentwicklung in Deutschland wichtig sind. 1. Welche Kapazität haben die Bahnensysteme der drei großen Flughäfen Berlin (BER), München und Düsseldorf? Müssen diese Flughäfen um weitere Bahnen vergrößert werden oder reicht ihre Kapazität aus? 2. Welche flughafenrelevanten Trends bestimmen den Luftverkehr in Deutschland? Muss man den aktuellen Forderungen der Luftverkehrswirtschaft folgen oder gibt es auch Anzeichen für alternative Entwicklungen, die nachhaltiger sind und zu effizienteren Lösungen führen? 3. Wie gut und verlässlich sind Prognosen der Luftverkehrswirtschaft? Muss man diese Prognosen hinnehmen oder gibt es Anhaltspunkte dafür, dass sie systematisch unzuverlässig sind? 4. Wie sind die wirtschaftlichen Perspektiven der Flughäfen? Warum erzielen so viele Flughäfen Verluste? Was kann getan werden, um die Verluste zu verringern? 5. Welche Erfahrungen gibt es mit Flughafenkooperationen? Müssen Flughäfen immer alleinstehende Unternehmen darstellen oder gibt es Beispiele für gelungene kooperative Lösungen? Die Studie beleuchtet historische Erfahrungen, stellt aktuelle Entwicklungen vor und zieht Schlussfolgerungen für eine zukunftsfähige Luftverkehrspolitik in Deutschland. Drei wesentliche Aspekte dabei sind eine marktgerechte Internalisierung externer Effekte des Luftverkehrs, eine verstärkte Kooperation von Flughäfen in Deutschland und eine weitere Marktöffnung des deutschen Marktes für ausländische Wettbewerber. Großer Dank wird den Mitgliedern der Forschungsgruppe Luftverkehr geschuldet, die wertvolle Informationen beigetragen haben, ohne die diese Studie nicht hätte entstehen können. / The aim of the study is to discuss five aspects of the German aviation system which are debated intensely in Germany. The first aspect is the problem of the capacity of airports. There are several airports with two runways. The question arose what is the capacity of these airports? Some wanted to add third ones to cope with future growth while others argued the capacity would be sufficient for the foreseeable future. This leads to the second aspect which covers the trends that dominate the further development of the German aviation markets. The latter will be shaped by the competition between various airlines and various airports. Especially important will be the new competition between old airports in Europe and new ones in Istanbul, Dubai or Abu Dhabi. Equally important is the question, how good forecasts of future growth of airports are (third aspect). Studies delivered by airports themselves show a systematic overestimation of their own growth. This leads to the fourth aspect, i.e. to the question of the economic situation of small and large airports in Germany. We have to ask, why there are so many small airports with losses. Last but not least the following topic has to be discussed: could more cooperation between large and small airports solve the difficult economic situation of the small ones without hindering the large ones? International examples are being analysed. The study concludes with a proposal for the further development of the German aviation system.

This thesis explores how the complex interplay between gender and technology significantly shaped the popularization of commercial aviation in the United States during the 1920s and 30s. As technological innovations improved both the safety and efficiency of airplanes during the early part of the twentieth century, commercial aviation industries increasingly worked to position flight as a viable means of mass transportation. In order to win the trust and money of potential passengers, however, industry proponents recognized the need to separate flight from its initial association with danger and masculine strength by convincing the general public of aviation’s safety and reliability. My work examines the efforts made by industry executives, pilots, and popular news sources to remake the public image of flight by specifically positioning women—as pilots, wives, and mothers—as central to the popularization of commercial aviation. More specifically, this thesis investigates the ways in which female popularizers of commercial aviation effectively mediated the boundaries between technologies and society, and how women’s positions as technological boundary workers often required them to redefine the social meanings and expectations of their gender.