Design theories and methodologies are guidelines to develop design solutions. Among many, the Axiomatic design theory (ADT) and Systematic design procedures (SDP) are two well-known approaches to design. For practical applications, the choice of the design methodology is difficult as there is no study to compare them. To close in such gap in literature, this thesis presents a study on comparison of these two design approaches. To facilitate the comparison, design of a solid state fermenter was taken as a vehicle. The fermenter chosen for this study is was used for detoxification of phorbol esters from Jatropha curcas. Jatopha curcas is a woody plant and is one of the major sources for the production of bio-diesel as it is readily available and has unique composition. Processing Jatopha curcas for biodiesel also yields protein rich Jatopha curcas seed cake. This can be used as animal feedstock, cattle fodder or live feed stock. It is however known that phorbol esters present in the seed cake hinder the utilization of the seed cake as live feed stock. Solid state fermentation by fungi is an effective process to denature phorbol esters, which has been demonstrated at the laboratory scale. Development of an industrial scale solid state fermenter (SSF) is necessary. This study applies SDP and ADT the same deign problem of SSF and compared based on the result of the design. It is noted that in ADT, the evaluation of design alternatives neither considers the cost of the system under design nor the delivery time of the system, but SDP does. To make the comparison on the same ground, an extension of ADT enabling it to consider the cost and delivery time (or time) was developed. Several conclusions can be drawn from this study and they are: (1) ADT and SDP are complementary to each other and the one that integrates both is more effective to design; (2) The essence of Axiom 2 of ADT is to evaluate design alternatives with all factors that lead to difficulty to realize the design, but unfortunately the information content in the current ADT literature only considers the functional or quality aspect; (3) Previous reports suggest the presence of zigzag process only in ADT, However in this study it is evident that SDP exercises the zigzag process as well; (4) the proposed formulation of information content by taking into consideration of the quality, cost, time aspects is more effective in design practice as quite often the cost and time are very important aspects to the customer. The contribution of this thesis study is of two-fold. First, the SSF designed in this study is a pilot one in the field of the biochemical process and it has potential to be implemented. Second, this study concludes several unique findings of ADT and SDP with their relationship, which have further resulted in an integrated ADT and SDP design approach and a more complete formulation of information content capable of evaluating design alternatives from all aspects rather than the functional aspect only.

Axiomatic quantum field theory is one approach to the project of merging the special theory of relativity with that of ordinary quantum mechanics. The project begins with the postulation of a set of axioms. Axioms should be motivated by reasonable physical principles in a way that illustrates how a given axiom is true. Motivations are often grounded in the principles of the parent theories: ordinary quantum mechanics or the theory of special relativity. Amongst the set of axioms first proposed by Haag and Kastler in 1963 is the axiom of microcausality. Microcausality requires the observables of regions at space-like separation to commute. This thesis seeks to answer the question ‘What principles from the special theory of relativity or ordinary quantum mechanics motivate, or justify, accepting microcausality as an axiom?’ The first chapter will provide the necessary background to investigate this question and the second chapter will undertake that investigation. In conclusion, microcausality cannot be well-motivated by individual principles rooted in the special theory of relativity or ordinary quantum mechanics.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / In the last two decades, ambivalence has emerged as one of the primary concerns of attitude researchers. The acknowledgement that individuals can simultaneously evaluate an attitude object as both positive and negative has challenged a number of the status quos of the attitude literature. This thesis utilises an unfolding approach to investigate the implications of ambivalence for the conceptualisation of attitudes and their measurement. Firstly, the assumption that ambivalence is at odds with the bipolar understanding of attitudes was investigated. The results suggested that ambivalence is consistent with bipolarity, whereby ambivalent attitudes are located at the centre of the bipolar dimension. Secondly, attitude scales for the abortion, euthanasia and Aboriginal Australians issues were constructed to reflect this bipolar understanding. The fit of these statements to Coombs’ (1964) unidimensional unfolding theory provided evidence that ambivalence is also consistent with the quantitative conceptualisation of attitudes. Together these results provided further validation of the unfolding approach to attitude measurement. These models alleviate many of the problems faced by the ubiquitous method of summated ratings, including the assessment of ambivalent evaluations. Finally, these scales were used to investigate the latent structure of attitudes and its relationship with meta-psychological judgements of ambivalence. The conclusions drawn from these analyses were limited by a number of issues, highlighting the importance of rigorously considering measurement issues for all attitude parameters. Nonetheless, they presented preliminary validation of these scales’ ability to measure ambivalent evaluations and suggested a systematic relationship between proximity to the centre of the evaluative dimension and metapsychological ambivalence. Overall, it is concluded that a number of assumptions regarding the implications of ambivalence are misplaced and the proposed solutions are even more troublesome. Suggestions for future research are made, particularly with respect to differentiating between ambivalent, indifferent and uncertain evaluative states. Furthermore, attitude researchers are encouraged to discard their operationalist biases in order to engage with the measurement issues illuminated throughout this thesis. This is necessary to account for the complexity of the attitude construct, which ambivalence is testament to.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / In the last two decades, ambivalence has emerged as one of the primary concerns of attitude researchers. The acknowledgement that individuals can simultaneously evaluate an attitude object as both positive and negative has challenged a number of the status quos of the attitude literature. This thesis utilises an unfolding approach to investigate the implications of ambivalence for the conceptualisation of attitudes and their measurement. Firstly, the assumption that ambivalence is at odds with the bipolar understanding of attitudes was investigated. The results suggested that ambivalence is consistent with bipolarity, whereby ambivalent attitudes are located at the centre of the bipolar dimension. Secondly, attitude scales for the abortion, euthanasia and Aboriginal Australians issues were constructed to reflect this bipolar understanding. The fit of these statements to Coombs’ (1964) unidimensional unfolding theory provided evidence that ambivalence is also consistent with the quantitative conceptualisation of attitudes. Together these results provided further validation of the unfolding approach to attitude measurement. These models alleviate many of the problems faced by the ubiquitous method of summated ratings, including the assessment of ambivalent evaluations. Finally, these scales were used to investigate the latent structure of attitudes and its relationship with meta-psychological judgements of ambivalence. The conclusions drawn from these analyses were limited by a number of issues, highlighting the importance of rigorously considering measurement issues for all attitude parameters. Nonetheless, they presented preliminary validation of these scales’ ability to measure ambivalent evaluations and suggested a systematic relationship between proximity to the centre of the evaluative dimension and metapsychological ambivalence. Overall, it is concluded that a number of assumptions regarding the implications of ambivalence are misplaced and the proposed solutions are even more troublesome. Suggestions for future research are made, particularly with respect to differentiating between ambivalent, indifferent and uncertain evaluative states. Furthermore, attitude researchers are encouraged to discard their operationalist biases in order to engage with the measurement issues illuminated throughout this thesis. This is necessary to account for the complexity of the attitude construct, which ambivalence is testament to.

Esta pesquisa propõe um método que aplica a Teoria de Projeto Axiomático (PA) ao processo de desenvolvimento de software que se orientam por regras. Nesse âmbito, salienta-se que não foi encontrada na literatura, durante os esforços de pesquisa deste trabalho, a aplicação da Teoria de Projeto Axiomático a sistemas orientados a Regras. Entretanto, a Teoria de Projeto Axiomático já sim foi foco de pesquisa e aplicação no processo de desenvolvimento de software orientado a objeto, servindo de inspiração ao presente trabalho. Dito isso, este trabalho propõe o método Projeto Axiomático aplicado ao Paradigma Orientado a Notificações e ao Paradigma Orientado a Regras (PA-PON-POR) desde que as regras sigam o modelo de estruturação dado pelo PON. O método PA-PON-POR propõe a decomposição funcional de requisitos do sistema em quatro níveis que são: Casos de Uso, Subcasos de Uso Independentes de Características Técnicas, Subcasos de Uso Dependentes de Características Técnicas e Serviços Técnicos. Além disso, o método PA-PON-POR aplica o Axioma da Independência do PA em cada um dos quatro níveis de decomposição por meio das matrizes de projeto e métricas de cálculo da reangularidade e semangularidade do próprio PA. As matrizes de projeto ainda auxiliam na identificação das Premissas exclusivas, elementos esses importantes quando um sistema PON-POR possui Regras que possuem Ações que instigam a geração de fatos conflitantes. O Axioma da Informação do Projeto Axiomático também é aplicado em cada nível de decomposição avaliando as soluções de projeto quanto a sua quantidade de informação. Ainda, o método PA-PON-POR apresenta um conjunto de métricas especificas para avaliação da qualidade estrutural da composição de Regras do sistema, fornecendo critérios para tomada de decisão sobre a qualidade do projeto especificado. Além disso, o método PA-PON-POR é passível de aplicação simultânea com o método existente de projeto de software baseado em desenvolvimento de aplicações PON-POR chamado de Desenvolvimento Orientado a Notificações e Orientado a Regras (DON-DOR), auxiliando na obtenção e validação de artefatos do mesmo. O método PA-PON-POR foi aplicado no desenvolvimento de dois softwares, o primeiro software refere-se um simulador de portão eletrônico e o segundo software refere-se a um sistema de vendas. Em ambas as aplicações, o método PA-PON-POR demonstrou ser eficiente no que se propõe, auxiliando no processo de criação de Regras e de sistemas PON-POR com alguma garantia de qualidade. / This research proposes a method to apply the Axiomatic Design Theory (ADT) in the Rule-oriented software development process. In this context, it was not found in the literature, by the efforts of this work research, the application of ADT in Rule-oriented software development. However, the ADT was focus on research in Object-Oriented software development in a previous work, which was used as inspiration in this current research work. This current research proposes the method Axiomatic Design for Notification-Oriented Paradigm and Rule-Oriented Paradigm (AD-NOP-ROP) since the rules follow the NOP structural model. This method proposes a functional decomposition of system requirements in four levels which are: Use Cases, Use Subcases that are Technical Feature Independent, Use Subcases that are Technical Feature Dependent, and Technical Service . Furthermore, the method AD-NOP-ROP applies the ADT Independence Axiom in each one of the decomposition levels by means of design matrixes and metrics which calculates reangularity and semangularity from ADT. The design matrixes still aids in the identification of Exclusive Premises, which are important elements of NOP-ROP systems with Rules whose Actions instigate the creation of conflicting facts. The Information Axiom from ADT is also applied in each decomposition level in order to evaluate design solutions in terms of its amount of information. Still, the method AD-NOP-ROP presents a set of metrics which are specific for evaluation of structural quality of Rule composition, thereby providing criteria for decision making with respect to design quality. Besides, the method AD-NOP-ROP can be used in a simultaneous way with the existent method used for software design based on NOP-ROP application development, so called Notification-Oriented and Rule-Oriented Application Development (NO-RO-AD), in order to assist in the achievement and validation of artifacts. The method AD-NOP-ROP was applied during the development of two software systems, the first one refers to an Electronic Gate and the second one refers to a Sales System. In both applications the method displayed efficiency in its purposes, assisting in the Rule creation process and also in the creation of NOP-ROP software with some quality assurance.

Esta pesquisa propõe um método que aplica a Teoria de Projeto Axiomático (PA) ao processo de desenvolvimento de software que se orientam por regras. Nesse âmbito, salienta-se que não foi encontrada na literatura, durante os esforços de pesquisa deste trabalho, a aplicação da Teoria de Projeto Axiomático a sistemas orientados a Regras. Entretanto, a Teoria de Projeto Axiomático já sim foi foco de pesquisa e aplicação no processo de desenvolvimento de software orientado a objeto, servindo de inspiração ao presente trabalho. Dito isso, este trabalho propõe o método Projeto Axiomático aplicado ao Paradigma Orientado a Notificações e ao Paradigma Orientado a Regras (PA-PON-POR) desde que as regras sigam o modelo de estruturação dado pelo PON. O método PA-PON-POR propõe a decomposição funcional de requisitos do sistema em quatro níveis que são: Casos de Uso, Subcasos de Uso Independentes de Características Técnicas, Subcasos de Uso Dependentes de Características Técnicas e Serviços Técnicos. Além disso, o método PA-PON-POR aplica o Axioma da Independência do PA em cada um dos quatro níveis de decomposição por meio das matrizes de projeto e métricas de cálculo da reangularidade e semangularidade do próprio PA. As matrizes de projeto ainda auxiliam na identificação das Premissas exclusivas, elementos esses importantes quando um sistema PON-POR possui Regras que possuem Ações que instigam a geração de fatos conflitantes. O Axioma da Informação do Projeto Axiomático também é aplicado em cada nível de decomposição avaliando as soluções de projeto quanto a sua quantidade de informação. Ainda, o método PA-PON-POR apresenta um conjunto de métricas especificas para avaliação da qualidade estrutural da composição de Regras do sistema, fornecendo critérios para tomada de decisão sobre a qualidade do projeto especificado. Além disso, o método PA-PON-POR é passível de aplicação simultânea com o método existente de projeto de software baseado em desenvolvimento de aplicações PON-POR chamado de Desenvolvimento Orientado a Notificações e Orientado a Regras (DON-DOR), auxiliando na obtenção e validação de artefatos do mesmo. O método PA-PON-POR foi aplicado no desenvolvimento de dois softwares, o primeiro software refere-se um simulador de portão eletrônico e o segundo software refere-se a um sistema de vendas. Em ambas as aplicações, o método PA-PON-POR demonstrou ser eficiente no que se propõe, auxiliando no processo de criação de Regras e de sistemas PON-POR com alguma garantia de qualidade. / This research proposes a method to apply the Axiomatic Design Theory (ADT) in the Rule-oriented software development process. In this context, it was not found in the literature, by the efforts of this work research, the application of ADT in Rule-oriented software development. However, the ADT was focus on research in Object-Oriented software development in a previous work, which was used as inspiration in this current research work. This current research proposes the method Axiomatic Design for Notification-Oriented Paradigm and Rule-Oriented Paradigm (AD-NOP-ROP) since the rules follow the NOP structural model. This method proposes a functional decomposition of system requirements in four levels which are: Use Cases, Use Subcases that are Technical Feature Independent, Use Subcases that are Technical Feature Dependent, and Technical Service . Furthermore, the method AD-NOP-ROP applies the ADT Independence Axiom in each one of the decomposition levels by means of design matrixes and metrics which calculates reangularity and semangularity from ADT. The design matrixes still aids in the identification of Exclusive Premises, which are important elements of NOP-ROP systems with Rules whose Actions instigate the creation of conflicting facts. The Information Axiom from ADT is also applied in each decomposition level in order to evaluate design solutions in terms of its amount of information. Still, the method AD-NOP-ROP presents a set of metrics which are specific for evaluation of structural quality of Rule composition, thereby providing criteria for decision making with respect to design quality. Besides, the method AD-NOP-ROP can be used in a simultaneous way with the existent method used for software design based on NOP-ROP application development, so called Notification-Oriented and Rule-Oriented Application Development (NO-RO-AD), in order to assist in the achievement and validation of artifacts. The method AD-NOP-ROP was applied during the development of two software systems, the first one refers to an Electronic Gate and the second one refers to a Sales System. In both applications the method displayed efficiency in its purposes, assisting in the Rule creation process and also in the creation of NOP-ROP software with some quality assurance.

Orientador: Franco Giuseppe Dedini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T16:15:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LombardiJunior_ArleydeBarros_D.pdf: 5366373 bytes, checksum: 0982b8d5bebb123f92dc4438f65e3f2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esta tese consiste no desenvolvimento de estratégias de controle para o sistema de motorização servo assistido para cadeirantes. O sistema combina as vantagens do sistema de propulsão motorizado como aumento da acessibilidade e mobilidade com as vantagens do sistema manual que é o aumento da capacidade muscular e cardiovascular. Este sistema de motorização atua somente quando a força de propulsão exercida pelo usuário é superior à um determinado limite, o que evita o desenvolvimento de lesão por esforço repetitivo. Metodologicamente foi definido um modelo biomecânico para análise dos esforços do ciclo de propulsão aliado a um modelo dinâmico do sistema para análise e simulação das rotinas de controle propostas. Para geração das estratégias de controle utilizou-se a metodologia de projeto axiomático integrado as estruturas de controle de sistemas multi-agentes, sistemas subsumption e lógica nebulosa. As rotinas foram testadas no modelo dinâmico onde foi possível determinar sua eficiência. Finalizando o processo de concepção do sistema de controle foi construído um programa para simulação do mesmo e um protótipo em escala controlado por este programa. Concluindo o trabalho apresenta o primeiro desenvolvimento de controle para motorização servo assistida e também a primeira utilização de metodologia de projeto axiomático para desenvolvimento de estratégias de controle / Abstract: The aim of this dissertation is to develop control strategies for servo-assisted motorization. The system brings the power wheelchair advantages because it increases the accessibility and mobility, but it also brings manual wheelchair advantage that is the opportunity to increase the muscular and cardiovascular capacity. Thus the servo assisted wheelchair is a therapeutic wheelchair which allows the user increases his physical and pulmonary capacity without risk of injury for repetitive effort. The motorization only turns on when the propulsion force applied by the user is higher than a specific value. Methodologically was defined a biomechanical model for analysis of the efforts during the propulsion cyc1e. This model was associated with a wheelchair dynamic model. The new model allows the analysis and simulation of the control strategies proposed. For control strategies generation it was used methodology axiomatic design integrated with the structures of multi-agents control systems, subsumption systems and fuzzy logic. The strategies had been tested using the dynamic model and it was possible to determine its efficiency. It was developed a program for mathematical simulation and a prototype controlled by this program for testing some results. Conc1uding the work presents the first development for control of servo assisted motorization and it is the first application of axiomatic design methodology for control strategies development / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Roseana da Exaltação Trevisan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T19:13:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Inglez_LuisFelipe_M.pdf: 2430907 bytes, checksum: 2ff762a89795106a40225f7d705b1d6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Apesar de todos os avanços tecnológicos, o desenvolvimento de projeto, na grande maioria das vezes, ainda é executado de forma interativa, empírica e intuitiva, baseado unicamente na experiência, inteligência ou criatividade dos engenheiros. O desenvolvimento de processo e máquinas para solda em plástico de tanques de combustível soprados não é exceção. Assim como na fase de desenvolvimento, a alteração ou correção de um projeto já existente também é realizada de forma empírica. Visando identificar as falhas de projeto de um processo de solda existente e orientar ações de correção e melhoria, o autor deste estudo utilizou uma metodologia de desenvolvimento sistêmico de projeto, no caso o Axiomatic Design, como uma ferramenta de análise. Para tanto, ele coordenou a construção da matriz de design do processo estudado para identificar os acoplamentos existentes. Num segundo momento, baseando-se nos documentos de controle de produção diário do período de 2005 a 2007, buscou-se estimar os valores anuais do conteúdo de informação deste sistema (Isys). A correção ou melhoria dos acoplamentos que obtivessem as menores eficiências no ano de 2005 foi priorizada. O cálculo dos valores de conteúdo de informação dos anos de 2006 e 2007 visou avaliar a eficácia do método proposto. Os resultados destes cálculos comprovaram que o projeto axiomático pode ser utilizado como ferramenta de análise. / Abstract: Despite all technological and scientific breakthroughs, design is being done empirically on a trial-and-error basis, depending on intuitive and innate reasoning rather than a rigorous scientific study. Design of welding machines for fuel plastic tanks is no exception. Refurbishment and corrective maintenance tasks are also made without any scientific basis. This work intended to demonstrate the use of axiomatic design as an analytic tool for an existent machine design in use on the shop floor. Based on the literature review about Axiomatic Design and Plastic Welding, the author determined the design matrix of an existent fuel tank welding machine, identifying the coupled elements. Moreover, based on production data from 2005 to 2007, the information content (Isys) of this machine was evaluated. The correction or improvement of design parameters with low information content values in 2005 was prioritized. In order to validate the efficacy of using axiomatic design as an analytic tool, the information content values of 2006 and 2007 were evaluated. The result proves that axiomatic design can be used as an analytical tool. / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

The continuing trends of miniaturisation, mass customisation, globalisation and wide use of the Internet have great impacts upon manufacturing in the 21st century. Micro manufacturing will play an increasingly important role in bridging the gap between the traditional precision manufacturing and the emerging technologies like MEMS/NEMS. The key requirements for micro manufacturing in this context are hybrid manufacturing capability, modularity, reconfigurability, adaptability and energy/resource efficiency. The existing design approaches tend to have narrow scope and are largely limited to individual manufacturing processes and applications. The above requirements demand a fundamentally new approach to the future applications of micro manufacturing so as to obtain producibility, predictability and productivity covering the full process chains and value chains. A novel generic modular reconfigurable platform (GMRP) is proposed in such a context. The proposed GMRP is able to offer hybrid manufacturing capabilities, modularity, reconfigurablity and adaptivity as both an individual machine tool and a micro manufacturing system, and provides a cost effective solution to high value micro manufacturing in an agile, responsive and mass customisation manner. An integrated framework has been developed to assist the design of GMRPs due to their complexity. The framework incorporates theoretical GMRP model, design support system and extension interfaces. The GMRP model covers various relevant micro manufacturing processes and machine tool elements. The design support system includes a user-friendly interface, a design engine for design process and design evaluation, together with scalable design knowledge base and database. The functionalities of the framework can also be extended through the design support system interface, the GMRP interface and the application interface, i.e. linking to external hardware and/or software modules. The design support system provides a number of tools for the analysis and evaluation of the design solutions. The kinematic simulation of machine tools can be performed using the Virtual Reality toolbox in Matlab. A module has also been developed for the multiscale modelling, simulation and results analysis in Matlab. A number of different cutting parameters can be studied and the machining performance can be subsequently evaluated using this module. The mathematical models for a non-traditional micro manufacturing process, micro EDM, have been developed with the simulation performed using FEA. Various design theories and methodologies have been studied, and the axiomatic design theory has been selected because of its great power and simplicity. It has been applied in the conceptual design of GMRP and its design support system. The implementation of the design support system is carried out using Matlab, Java and XML technologies. The proposed GMRP and framework have been evaluated through case studies and experimental results.

This work includes an attempt to enhance the autonomy of intelligent agents via real-time learning.In nature, the ability to learn at runtime gives species which can do so key advantages over others. While most AI systems do not need to have this ability but can be trained before deployment, it allows agents to adapt, at runtime, to changing and generally unknown circumstances, and then to exploit their environment for their own purposes. To reach this goal, in this thesis a pragmatic design (ONA) for a general-purpose reasoner incorporating Non-Axiomatic Reasoning System (NARS) theory is explored. The design and implementation is presented in detail, in addition to the theoretical foundation. Then, experiments related to various system capabilities are carried out and summarized, together with application projects where ONA is utilized: a traffic surveillance application in the Smart City domain to identify traffic anomalies through real-time reasoning and learning, and a system to help first responders by providing driving assistance and presenting of mission-critical information. Also it is shown how reliable real-time learning can help to increase autonomy of intelligent agents beyond the current state-of-the-art. Here, theoretical and practical comparisons with established frameworks and specific techniques such as Q-Learning are made, and it is shown that ONA does also work in non-Markovian environments where Q-Learning cannot be applied. Some of the reasoner's capabilities are also demonstrated on real robotic hardware. The experiments there show combining learning knowledge at runtime with the utilization of only partly complete mission-related background knowledge given by the designer, allowing the agent to perform a complex task from an only minimal mission specification which does not include learnable details. Overall, ONA is suitable for autonomous agents as it combines, in a single technique, the strengths of behavior learning, which is usually captured by Reinforcement Learning, and means-end reasoning (such as Belief-Desire-Intention models with planner) to effectively utilize knowledge expressed by a designer. / Computer and Information Science