The last seven hot rolling passes of the ferritic stainless steels (FSS) AISI 430 and AISI 433 (the latter an Al-added variant of 430) were simulated on Gleeble-1500D® and Gleeble-3800TM® thermo-mechanical simulators to investigate the effect of temperature, strain rate and inter-pass time on the development of texture in these steel grades and its subsequent influence on ridging. The compression tests were carried out over a wide range of strain rates (0.1 s-1 to 5 s-1, 25 s-1 and 50 s-1) and temperatures (1100 to 820 oC) with different inter-pass times (2 s, 10 s, 20 s and 30 s). The transition temperature from dynamic recrystallization (which may introduce a texture change) to dynamic recovery (in which no texture changes are expected) was determined by examining the relationship between the mean flow stress and the deformation temperature in multi-pass tests. Both macrotexture (XRD) and microtexture (EBSD) analyses were employed to characterise and study the texture present in these steels. It was found that the texture in the central layer of the compressed sample is a strong recrystallization-type. The through-thickness textural and microstructural banding was found to be responsible for ridging in these grades of stainless steels. Dynamic recrystallization which promotes the formation of the desired ã-fibre texture leading to high ductility, formability and eventually reduction or elimination of ridging, was found to occur in both AISI 430 and AISI 433 at high temperatures, low strain rates and longer inter-pass times with multi-pass testing. Generally AISI 433 has a stronger gamma texture developed than the AISI 430 when hot rolled under similar conditions, which leads to improved ductility and less ridging in AISI 433 than AISI 430. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted

Various physical mechanisms that affect radiowave propagation at millimetre wavelengths are considered. Current modelling weaknesses are highlighted and new improved models or more appropriate modelling approaches are suggested. Interference and resonance phenomena in the scattering of spherical ice and water particles are reviewed. The long standing problem of the numerous resonances observed in the scattering diagrams of dielectric spheres is answered. The spatial structure and the physical characteristics of non-precipitable ice and water clouds are reviewed. Extinction and back scattering calculations for a wide variety of cloud models over the entire millimetre frequency spectrum are given. Multiple scattering and the effects of super-large drops in clouds are also dealt with. The potential of a spaceborne instrument in deducing information about the vertical structure of various cloud types is examined. Attenuation and reflectivity profiles resulting from various cloud types are calculated for a nadir pointing fixed beam millimetre wave radar operating at 94 GHz. The physics and application of the equation of radiative transfer to millimetre wave propagation in the earth's atmosphere are given and also is the solution of this equation for a typical millimetre wave remote sensing application. The theory of gaseous absorption at millimetre wavelengths is presented and an improved modelling approach is proposed for the calculation of the absorption and dispersion spectra of atmospheric gases. The effects of trace gases on communication systems operating at high altitudes are for the first time reported. Finally the use of the 60 GHz oxygen absorption band for top-side air traffic control/navigation and broadband transmission purposes is studied.

Trådlös energiskörd möjliggör förmågan att skörda energi från elektromagnetisk strålning. Med de senaste framstegen inom trådlös kommunikationsteknik och med tillgången till energieffektiva sensorer, så har radiofrekvensenergiskördning potential till att bli en självförsörjande sensorbaserad plattform. Detta examensarbete undersöker möjligheten att använda radiofrekventa energiskördare som en autonom sensorbaserad plattform. Genom att skapa en sensornod för radiofrekvensenergiskördning, syftar denna avhandling till att undersöka möjliga begränsningar och framsteg som behövs för att göra sådana plattformar möjliga för allmänt bruk. Målet med sensornoden är att simulera en potentiell tillämpning som använder energiskördare som energikälla och backscattering som ett kommunikationsmedium. Ambient backscattering-kommunikation är en trådlös kommunikationsteknik som uppnår energieffektiv kommunikation genom att reflektera energi från omgivande elektromagnetiska källor. Följande avhandling har framgångsrikt utvecklat en prototyp som skördar energi så låg som -10 dBm med 3% verkningsgrad. Trots den låga effektiviteten kan det föreslagna systemet skörda tillräckligt med energi vid -10 dBm för att mäta, konvertera och överföra temperaturdata inom en rimlig tidsram. Den lägsta energiförbrukningen för sensornoden mäts till sex mikrojoule, detta påvisar energieffektiviteten hos dagens mikrokontroller och sensorer. Utöver de utförda labbmätningarna har det utvecklade systemet även testats i en elektromagnetisk kompatibilitetskammare för att validera resultaten. Denna avhandling drar slutsatsen om att radiofrekvent energiskörd är möjlig under kontrollerade förhållanden. Eftersom variationer i ineffekt kan resultera i att energiskördarens prestanda varierar, så bör fler studier undersöka möjligheten till att implementera automatiska impedanstuners. Sådana tuners kommer att möjliggöra optimerad prestanda för ett bredare spektrum av drifteffekter och därmed förbättra prestandan för allmänt bruk. / Wireless energy harvesting is the process of capturing electromagnetic energy into usable direct current. With recent advancements in wireless communication technology and the availability of power-efficient sensors and microcontrollers, radio frequency energy harvesting has the potential to become a viable self-sustaining sensor-based platform. This thesis investigates the possibility of utilizing radio frequency energy harvesters as an autonomous sensor-based platform. By creating a radio frequency energy harvesting sensor node, this thesis aims to investigate possible limitations and advancements needed to make such platforms viable for general usage. The goal of the sensor node is to simulate a potential application that utilizes energy harvesters as an energy source and backscattering as a communication medium. Ambient backscattering communication is a wireless communication technique that achieves energy-efficient communication by reflecting energy from ambient electromagnetic sources. The following thesis has successfully developed a prototype that harvests radio frequency energy as low as -10 dBm with 3\% efficiency. Despite the low efficiency, the proposed system can harvest enough energy at -10 dBm to sense, convert and transmit temperature data every 2 seconds. The lowest energy consumption of the sensor node is measured to be six microjoules of energy, demonstrating the energy efficiency of ’todays microcontrollers and sensors. In addition to the performed lab measurements, the developed system has also been tested in a state-of-the-art electromagnetic compatibility chamber to validate the results. This thesis can conclude that radio frequency energy harvesting is possible under controlled conditions. As variations in input power can result in the varying performance of the energy harvester, future studies are needed to investigate the possibility of implementing automatic impedance tuners. Such tuners will allow for optimized performance for a wider range of operating powers hence improving the performance for general usage.

One of two project reports. Part A can be found at: http://hdl.handle.net/11375/18522 / Recent channeling-backscattering measurements of the disorder induced by heavy ion irradiation of semiconductors has indicated radiation damage far in excess of that predicted by linear transport theory. The present work extends the investigation to TEM and compares the two techniques in an annealing study of ion irradiated silicon (~ 80-200 a.m.u. ions of 15-100 keV) for low fluence (typically 3×10¹¹/cm² for TEM and 10¹²-10¹³/cm² for channeling) bombardment. In addition to showing a good correlation between the techniques, the results indicate that neither does there exist a unique relationship between lattice disordering and cascade energy density, nor that a well defined amorphous structure seems to exist. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

This thesis explored fundamental concepts of linear optics focusing on the modal interaction within waveguide/microresonator systems. In addition, it investigated a nonlinear process of stimulated degenerate four-wave mixing in a channel waveguide exploiting the analogy between photons and cold boson atoms. The backscattering phenomenon due to the surface wall roughness of a microresonator is addressed by adding to the usual conservative (Hermitian) coupling coefficient, a dissipative (non-Hermitian) term. This allows explaining the experimental measurements of a multimodal microresonator, which exhibits an asymmetrical resonance splitting characterized by a difference in the peak depths of the transmission spectra. It is shown theoretically, numerically and experimentally that the stochastic nature of the roughness along with the inter-modal dissipative coupling could give rise to a different exchange of energy between the co-propagating and the counter-propagating mode. The unbalanced exchange of energy between the two modes with opposite angular momenta can generate a different reflection by swapping the injection of the light between the input and the output ports. This effect lies at the heart of the realization of an unidirectional reflection device and it finds an explanation in the physics of the exceptional points. The realization of an optical setup based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, which exploits some particular techniques of data acquisition, allows obtaining a full knowledge of the complex electric field of a propagating mode. In this way, the spectrum of a wedge microresonator vertically coupled to a bus waveguide is explained using analysis methods based on parametric phasors and inverse complex representations. In addition, the energy exchange between the co-propagating and counter-propagating modes is studied from a temporal point of view by extrapolating a simple model based on the Green function. In particular, it is discussed the analytical temporal response of a microring resonator excited through a bus waveguide by an optical rectangular pulse. Here, it is shown theoretically and experimentally, how the temporal response leads to the characterization of the coupling regime simply from the knowledge of the electric field intensity. In this thesis, the isomorphism between the Schroedinger’s equation and the Helmholtz wave equation is analyzed in the nonlinear case. Considering a bulk nonlinear medium of the Kerr type, the complex amplitude of the optical field is a slowly varying function of space and time, which satisfies a nonlinear Schroedinger equation. The well-known nonlinear optical phenomenon of stimulated degenerate four wave mixing is reformulated in the language of the Bogoliubov theory. This parallelism between photons and cold atoms allows showing that the phase of the signal assumes a peculiar sound-like dispersion under proper assumptions.

A growing recognition of the need for effective marine environmental management as a result of the increasing exploitation of marine biological resources has highlighted the need for high speed ecological seabed mapping. The practice of mapping making extensive use of satellite remote sensing and airborne platforms is well established for terrestrial management. Marine biological resource mapping however is not readily available except in part from that derived for surface waters from satellite based ocean colour mapping. Perhaps the most fundamental reason is that of sampling difficulty, which involves broad areas of seabed coverage, irregularities of seabed surface and depth. Conventional grab sample techniques are widely accepted as a standard seabed mapping methodology that has been in use long before the advent of acoustic techniques and continue to be employed. However. they are both slow and labour intensive, factors which severely limit the spatial coverage available from practical grab sampling programs. While acoustic techniques have been used for some time in pelagic biomass assessment, only recently have acoustic techniques been applied to marine biological resource mapping of benthic communities. Two commercial bottom classifiers available in the market that use normal incidence echosounders are the RoxAnn and QTC View systems. Users and practitioners should be cautious however when using black box implementations of the two commercial systems without a proper quality control over raw acoustic data since some researchers in their studies have indicated problems with these two bottom classifiers such as, among others, a depth dependence. In this thesis, an alternative approach was adopted to the use of echosounder returns for bottom classification. / The approach used in this study is similar to,~ used in the commercial RoxAnn system. In grouping bottom types however, Multivariate analysis (Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis) was adopted instead of the allocation system normally used in the RoxAnn system, called RoxAnn squares. In addition, the adopted approach allowed for quality control over acoustic data before further analysis was undertaken. As a working hypothesis, it was assumed that on average 0 and aE2 = 0 where E1 and E2 are the roughness and hardness indices, respectively, and RO is the depth. For roughness index (E1), this was achieved by introducing a constant angular integration interval to the tail of the first OM returns whereas for hardness index (E2), this was achieved by introducing a constant depth integration interval. Since three different frequencies, i.e. 12, 38 and kHz, were operated, Principal Component Analysis was used here to reduce the dimensionality of roughness and hardness indices, formed from the three operated qu frequencies separately. The k-means technique was applied to the first principal component of roughness index and the first principal comp component of hardness index to produce separable seabed types. This produced four separable seabed types, namely soft-smooth, soft-rough, hard-smooth and hard-rough seabeds. / Principal Component Analysis was also used to reduce the dimensionality of the area backscattering coefficient sA, a relative measure of biomass of benthic mobile biota. The bottom classification results reported here appear to be robust in that, where independent ground truthing was available, acoustic classification was generally congruent with ground truth results. When investigating the relationship between derived bottom type and acoustically assessed total biomass of benthic mobile biota, no trend linking the two parameters, however, appears. Nevertheless, using the hierarchical agglomerative technique applied to a set of variables containing average first principal component of the area backscattering coefficient sA, the average first principal component of roughness and hardness indices, the centroids of first principal component of roughness and hardness indices associated with the four seabed types and species composition of fish group of the common species in trawl stations available, two main groups of quasi acoustic population are observed in the North West Shelf (NWS) study area and three groups are observed in the South East Fisheries (SEF) study area. The two main groups of quasi acoustic population in the NWS study area and the three main groups of quasi acoustic population in the study area are associated with the derived seabed types and fish groups of the common species.

Die Charakterisierung von Dispersionen hat das Ziel, die Zusammensetzung und den Zustand von partikelhaltigen Stoffgemischen zu erfassen. Vor allem der Zustand der dispersen Phase (Partikel), der wiederum von der Größe und der Konzentration der Partikel bestimmt wird, ist in diesem Zusammenhang von besonderer Bedeutung. Neben optischen Verfahren, wie der Laserbeugung oder der Lichtstreuung, ist die Anwendung von akustischen Methoden vor allem dann sinnvoll, wenn die zu untersuchenden dispersen Stoffgemische opak und optische Methoden nur noch eingeschränkt (nach Verdünnung) anwendbar sind. Derartige Dispersionen weisen oftmals eine hohe Partikelkonzentration auf. Die Erfassung und Auswertung von Ultraschallechosignalen aus konzentrierten Dispersionen stellt einen neuartigen Ansatz innerhalb der akustischen Partikelmesstechnik dar. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Ultraschallrückstreuverhalten von konzentrierten Dispersionen im unteren Megahertzbereich durchgeführt. Die messtechnische Erfassung der von der Dispersion reflektierten Schallanteile stellte eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Vor allem bei Partikeln, die klein gegenüber der Wellenlänge des Schalls sind oder einen geringen akustischen Kontrast gegenüber der kontinuierlichen Phase aufweisen, ist ein entsprechend schwaches Echosignal zu erwarten. Im Ergebnis der durchgeführten Untersuchungen zeigt sich eine hohe Sensitivität des akustischen Rückstreuverhaltens gegenüber der Zusammensatzung der Dispersion. Vor allem in konzentrierten Dispersionen kann die Messung direkt, d. h. ohne vorherige Verdünnung durchgeführt werden. Dieser Umstand prädestiniert das entwickelte Messverfahren für den Einsatz innerhalb der prozessnahen Charakterisierung von Partikelsystemen, beispielsweise bei Nasszerkleinerungs- oder Kristallisationsprozessen. Bei derartigen Prozessen ist eine Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung nicht oder nur eingeschränkt möglich.

Die Charakterisierung von Dispersionen hat das Ziel, die Zusammensetzung und den Zustand von partikelhaltigen Stoffgemischen zu erfassen. Vor allem der Zustand der dispersen Phase (Partikel), der wiederum von der Größe und der Konzentration der Partikel bestimmt wird, ist in diesem Zusammenhang von besonderer Bedeutung. Neben optischen Verfahren, wie der Laserbeugung oder der Lichtstreuung, ist die Anwendung von akustischen Methoden vor allem dann sinnvoll, wenn die zu untersuchenden dispersen Stoffgemische opak und optische Methoden nur noch eingeschränkt (nach Verdünnung) anwendbar sind. Derartige Dispersionen weisen oftmals eine hohe Partikelkonzentration auf. Die Erfassung und Auswertung von Ultraschallechosignalen aus konzentrierten Dispersionen stellt einen neuartigen Ansatz innerhalb der akustischen Partikelmesstechnik dar. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Ultraschallrückstreuverhalten von konzentrierten Dispersionen im unteren Megahertzbereich durchgeführt. Die messtechnische Erfassung der von der Dispersion reflektierten Schallanteile stellte eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Vor allem bei Partikeln, die klein gegenüber der Wellenlänge des Schalls sind oder einen geringen akustischen Kontrast gegenüber der kontinuierlichen Phase aufweisen, ist ein entsprechend schwaches Echosignal zu erwarten. Im Ergebnis der durchgeführten Untersuchungen zeigt sich eine hohe Sensitivität des akustischen Rückstreuverhaltens gegenüber der Zusammensatzung der Dispersion. Vor allem in konzentrierten Dispersionen kann die Messung direkt, d. h. ohne vorherige Verdünnung durchgeführt werden. Dieser Umstand prädestiniert das entwickelte Messverfahren für den Einsatz innerhalb der prozessnahen Charakterisierung von Partikelsystemen, beispielsweise bei Nasszerkleinerungs- oder Kristallisationsprozessen. Bei derartigen Prozessen ist eine Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung nicht oder nur eingeschränkt möglich.

Les étiquettes d'identification radiofréquence passifs (RFID) sont des systèmes télé-communiquant dont l'approvisionnement en énergie se fait via les ondes électromagnétiques. De plus en plus présents dans notre environnement (passeport, badge d'accès, gestion de stock), ils ont l'avantage d'avoir une durée de vie presque infinie, et ne consomment de l'énergie que lorsqu'ils sont sollicités. Par ailleurs, leur moyen de communiquer, sans fil, permet de les utiliser dans des endroits difficiles d'accès pour des lecteurs optiques type code à barre. Toutefois, la portée de tels systèmes est limitée par l'efficacité de la récupération de l'énergie provenant des ondes. Dans ce cadre, l'augmentation de la portée des étiquettes RFID, notamment pour les applications de logistique est un élément primordial.Sont présentés dans cette thèse différents moyens d'augmenter cette portée notamment grâce à l'amélioration des blocs de récupération d'énergie ou l'adaptation d'impédance, tout en respectant des contraintes liées au coût du système. La première partie se focalise sur la réduction des pertes du bloc de récupération d'énergie par l'optimisation du layout. Une architecture à haut rendement à transistor polarisé est ensuite proposée. Pour finir, l'impact de la rétro-modulation et de l'adaptation d'impédance en fréquence sur la récupération d'énergie sont étudiés et améliorés. / The passive radio frequency identification tags (RFID) systems communicate with a remote power supply thanks to electromagnetic waves. Increasingly present in our environment (biometric passport, inventory management), they present the advantage to have an almost infinite lifetime, and consume energy only when they are solicited. Moreover, because it is a wireless way to communicate, it is possible to use these systems places inaccessible to optical drives type bar code. However, the range of such systems is limited by the efficiency of the recovery of energy from waves. In this context, increasing the range of RFID tags, especially for logistics applications is essential.In this these, different ways to increase the range are studied. The first part focuses on the reduction of losses on the rectifying circuitry thanks to layout optimization. An high performances architecture with transistor biased is then proposed. Finally, the impact of backscattering and impedance matching on the energy recovery are studied and improved.

by Choy Wing Hong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-102). / Text in English; abstract also in Chinese. / by Choy Wing Hong. / ABSTRACT --- p.vi / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.x / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Surface passivation techniques --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Sulfide solution passivation --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Gas-phase sulfide passivation --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Ultra-violet and ozone exposure --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Surface structure of sulfide-passivated surface --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Surface structure of ultra-violet/ozone oxidation --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives of present study --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Instrumentation --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Atomic force microscopy (AFM) --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The development of AFM --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Basic principles of AFM --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Forces and their relevance to atomic force microscopy --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Van Der Waals forces --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Repulsive forces --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Capillary forces --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Displacement sensor of AFM --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Electron tunneling --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Optical interference --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- Laser beam deflection --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Instrument specification --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- Contact mode AFM --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- The development of XPS --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Basic principles of XPS --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- XPS experiments --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Quantitative analysis --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- Atomic concentration of a homogenous materials --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- Layer structure --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4 --- Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Basic principles --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Kinematics --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Channeling --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Surface treatments --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1 --- Semiconductor wafer --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2 --- Cleaning procedures --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3 --- Polysulfide passivation --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4 --- UV/Ozone oxidation --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Surface roughness and oxide contents of sulfide passivation --- p.41 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experimental methodology --- p.42 / Chapter 4.3 --- Etching --- p.44 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Etching effect of polysulfide solution --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Possible consequences of the etching effect --- p.45 / Chapter 4.4 --- Oxide contents --- p.47 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Oxide gained during polysulfide solution treatment --- p.47 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Oxide gained after polysulfide passivation --- p.47 / Chapter 4.5 --- Surface roughness --- p.49 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Surface roughness after different passivation methods --- p.49 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- The sticking probability after different passivations --- p.51 / Chapter 4.6 --- The spiral ladder of solution-phase passivation --- p.55 / Chapter 4.7 --- Conclusions --- p.58 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Sulfide on Ge/GaAs heterojunction --- p.59 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.59 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Band structure of Ge/GaAs heteroj unction --- p.59 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Lattice match of Ge/GaAs heteroj unction --- p.60 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- The growth of Ge on GaAs using molecular beam epitaxy --- p.62 / Chapter 5.2 --- The growth of Ge on GaAs using thermal pulse annealing --- p.63 / Chapter 5.3 --- Sulfide as an atomic interdiffusion barrier --- p.65 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Experimental methodology --- p.65 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Crystallinity of Ge --- p.67 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Results and discussions --- p.67 / Chapter 5.3.3.1 --- RBS and XPS results --- p.67 / Chapter 5.3.3.2 --- AFM and I-V results --- p.71 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusions --- p.71 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- UV/03 on Ge/GaAs heterojunction --- p.72 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction of UV/o3 oxidation --- p.72 / Chapter 6.2 --- UV/o3 oxidation on GaAs --- p.74 / Chapter 6.3 --- Ge on UV/o3 treated GaAs --- p.76 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Experimental methodology --- p.76 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Crystallinity of Ge --- p.77 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- AFM results --- p.77 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- RBS results --- p.80 / Chapter 6.4 --- Diodes --- p.82 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Fabrication of diode --- p.82 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Diode characteristics --- p.84 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- I-V characteristics --- p.90 / Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusions --- p.90 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion and future work --- p.93 / Chapter 7.1 --- Conclusions --- p.93 / Chapter 7.2 --- Future works --- p.94 / Reference --- p.95