Background Sport parachuting is a dangerous recreational activity for which available literature appears unsatisfactory to form a basis for injury prevention.  Aim Overall: Explore some risk factors in sport parachuting. Study I: Identify fatal incident and injury mechanisms for skydiving (sport parachuting from aircraft). Study II: Identify fatal incident and injury mechanisms for BASE jumping (sport parachuting from fixed objects) for each of the four fixed object types B-A-S-E (building, antenna, span, earth). Study III: Identify non-fatal incident and injury mechanisms for skydiving. Study IV: Evaluate the validity of a compulsory reporting system among active skydivers. Study V: Explore some aspects of the Swedish skydiving culture and its relation to injury risks and injury reporting. Study VI: Describe the mechanism of incident and injury for a free fall shoulder dislocation. Methods Descriptive epidemiological studies of (I) fatal injury events in Swedish skydiving, (II) fatal injury events in BASE jumping worldwide, and (III) non-fatal injury events in Swedish skydiving. Self-report survey of (IV) Swedish skydivers to measure: Sensitivity, as the proportion of injury events fulfilling the reporting criterion that were actually reported; Specificity, as the proportion of false positives in relation to the defined gold standard. Content analysis of (V) Swedish skydiving participant narratives. First-person narrative and free fall video recordings (VI) of one case. Results Overall: Risk factors associated with “free fall” flight of the human body and recreational usage of parachutes were described. Study I: Fatal risk factors in skydiving included student instability in free fall, leading to unstable parachute activation with subsequent line entanglement or parachute activation failure. Unintentional water landings also contributed to fatalities. Every fourth skydiving fatality survived impact and died during transports or in hospitals. Study II: Fatal risk factors in BASE jumping included parachutist free fall instability, miscalculation of free fall acrobatics, deployment failure by the parachutist, pilot chute malfunction and parachute malfunction. In cliff jumping (BASE object type E), parachute opening towards the object jumped with subsequent collision was a frequent factor. Poor visibility, strong or turbulent winds, cold and water also contributed to BASE jumping fatalities. Study III: Non-fatal risk factors in skydiving included experience level and type of student-training system. The lower extremities, spine and shoulders were important regions of injury. The most serious injuries were seen in experienced skydivers. Study IV: The overall sensitivity of the skydiving injury reporting system was 0.37 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24-0.51). With non-minor injuries as the target for reporting, the sensitivity was 0.67 (95% CI 0.43-0.85). No significant effect on reporting was found for gender, age, license level, years in the sport, total number of jumps or club affiliation. The specificity was 0.91 (95% CI 0.83-0.95). Study V: It is suggested that Swedish skydiving culture is carried by the local club; not the national association. Skydiving culture at the local drop zone and formal and informal hierarchical structures among skydivers may be what really decides how rules are enforced, risk-taking behavior is seen, and if incidents and injuries are reported. Study VI: The free fall airstream forces were in this case strong enough to dislocate a shoulder joint, which has safety implications that should be considered by participants and medical doctors performing precourse examinations. Conclusion A number of risk factors in sport parachuting are described. Some technological, training and regulatory interventions are suggested to increase safety.

<p>Man has always in one way or another had to take risks in order to survive, but in today's society, voluntary risks increased markedly. It is about both physical and financial risks. The aim of this essay is to problematize what it is for properties that drive people to extreme sports and adventure travel. We want to see how extreme sports performers own picture looks compared to how the media presents them. We have in this essay interviewed two long sailors, a BASE jumper and an ex-mountain climber to see how the performers own picture of reality looks. We examined how the media presents different extreme sports in the form of news magazines and lifestyle magazine. We have concluded that there is a huge gap between the self images of their sport compared to how the media presents them. News Magazines often deals with risks and dangers of extreme sports and put them in different contexts in their articles and that the sport is to demonstrate its capacity, to reach goals, triumph and prestige. Also Sunday supplement that are not news-oriented have the same main focus. Lifestyle magazines image of extreme sports performers is more consistent with the addition to the participants own image in which the actual experience and lifestyle is important and not the risk-seeking.</p>

Man has always in one way or another had to take risks in order to survive, but in today's society, voluntary risks increased markedly. It is about both physical and financial risks. The aim of this essay is to problematize what it is for properties that drive people to extreme sports and adventure travel. We want to see how extreme sports performers own picture looks compared to how the media presents them. We have in this essay interviewed two long sailors, a BASE jumper and an ex-mountain climber to see how the performers own picture of reality looks. We examined how the media presents different extreme sports in the form of news magazines and lifestyle magazine. We have concluded that there is a huge gap between the self images of their sport compared to how the media presents them. News Magazines often deals with risks and dangers of extreme sports and put them in different contexts in their articles and that the sport is to demonstrate its capacity, to reach goals, triumph and prestige. Also Sunday supplement that are not news-oriented have the same main focus. Lifestyle magazines image of extreme sports performers is more consistent with the addition to the participants own image in which the actual experience and lifestyle is important and not the risk-seeking.

Esta pesquisa busca contribuir para o desenvolvimento de relações entre corpo e tecnologia, ao compreender esse dialogo como um sistema alterador de percepção. Ao partir da experiência do corpo junto a dispositivos que permitem a transgressão do organismo natural, inicio com essa dissertação a formulação do conceito de \"acoplamento\", espécie de extensão que não invalida o corpo natural, mas que trabalham em conjunto para formar um novo corpo propositor de distintas perspectivas. Compreendo que \"acoplamento\" seja em consonância ao que chamo \"poética do risco\", onde encaro a berlinda não como um abismo, mas como um desconhecido que me permite sair da zona de conforto para alcançar a potência do sistema em que me encontro. Ao apresentar alguns trabalhos desenvolvidos nos últimos anos, pretendo tatear noções de corpo, tecnologia, presença, órtese e prótese que possam apontar caminhos para a formulação do que venho até então chamando de \"acoplamento\". Serão apontados os trabalhos: \"adaMachine Experimento #1 Máquina de Criar Presenças\", performance telemática que investiga possibilidades de presença, tecnologias e afetos através de formas de comunicação mediadas, ruidosas e suscetíveis as limitações dessa mediação; \"La Grand Pelea\" investiga sensores biofísicos buscando ultrapassar a fronteira da pele através da criação de wearables, com capacidade para potencializar as relações entre a tecnologia e o corpo que a veste, propondo interfaces assistivas e para performance; e \"Monomito\", objeto performático vestível, no qual as dimensões da tecnologia e do corpo ocupam o mesmo lugar de importância, trata da jornada humana modificada pelas relações que cria com o outro, ainda que em tempos distintos. Encerro esta dissertação com um relato sobre o Projeto Híbrida, que promoveu de forma técnica, teórica e sensível, conexões que nos mostram as potências do atuar coletivamente na contemporaneidade. O projeto revela implicações que extrapolaram os conceitos de arte e o laboratório acadêmico ao vivenciar a cultura do compartilhamento e da prototipagem para apresentar questões estéticas que emergiram de proposições sensíveis, oferecerendo ferramentas de empoderamento social. / This research aims to contribute to the development of relations between body and technology, as understanding this dialogue as perception changing system. From the physical experience of connection with devices that allow the transgression of the natural organism, I discuss, with this dissertation, what I\'ve been calling the \"coupling\" concept. A sort of body extension that does not invalidate the natural body, but instead works mutually to form a new body that proposes different perspectives. In my understanding, \"coupling\" is in consonance to what I call \"poetics of risk,\" in which I see the line before the void, the exit point; not as an abyss, but as an unknown space that allows me to get out of the comfort zone to achieve the power of the system in which I find myself in. By presenting some work done in recent years, I want to grope for notions of body, technology, presence, orthotics and prosthesis that indicate the principles for what I\'ve been calling so far as \"coupling\". The works that will be discussed are: \"adaMachine Experiment # 1 Presence Creator Machine\", a telematic performance that investigates the possibilities of presence, technologies and affections through mediated, noisy and limited communication; \"La Grand Pelea\" investigates biophysical sensors seeking to cross the border of the skin by creating wearables, able to enhance the relationship between technology and the body that wears it, proposing interfaces for assistive purposes and performative art experiments; and \"Monomyth\", wearable performative object, in which the dimensions of technology and body occupy the same place of importance, deals with the human journey that is modified by establishing peculiar relations provoked by the apparatus and the performer. I conclude this dissertation with a report about Hibrida Project, which promoted technical, theoretical and sensitive connections that show us the power of acting collectively in contemporary times. The implications of this project revealed that it went beyond the concepts of art and the academic laboratory, as its participants experienced the culture of sharing and prototyping, and were able to present aesthetic issues that emerge from these sensitive propositions, offering social empowerment tools.

Esta pesquisa busca contribuir para o desenvolvimento de relações entre corpo e tecnologia, ao compreender esse dialogo como um sistema alterador de percepção. Ao partir da experiência do corpo junto a dispositivos que permitem a transgressão do organismo natural, inicio com essa dissertação a formulação do conceito de \"acoplamento\", espécie de extensão que não invalida o corpo natural, mas que trabalham em conjunto para formar um novo corpo propositor de distintas perspectivas. Compreendo que \"acoplamento\" seja em consonância ao que chamo \"poética do risco\", onde encaro a berlinda não como um abismo, mas como um desconhecido que me permite sair da zona de conforto para alcançar a potência do sistema em que me encontro. Ao apresentar alguns trabalhos desenvolvidos nos últimos anos, pretendo tatear noções de corpo, tecnologia, presença, órtese e prótese que possam apontar caminhos para a formulação do que venho até então chamando de \"acoplamento\". Serão apontados os trabalhos: \"adaMachine Experimento #1 Máquina de Criar Presenças\", performance telemática que investiga possibilidades de presença, tecnologias e afetos através de formas de comunicação mediadas, ruidosas e suscetíveis as limitações dessa mediação; \"La Grand Pelea\" investiga sensores biofísicos buscando ultrapassar a fronteira da pele através da criação de wearables, com capacidade para potencializar as relações entre a tecnologia e o corpo que a veste, propondo interfaces assistivas e para performance; e \"Monomito\", objeto performático vestível, no qual as dimensões da tecnologia e do corpo ocupam o mesmo lugar de importância, trata da jornada humana modificada pelas relações que cria com o outro, ainda que em tempos distintos. Encerro esta dissertação com um relato sobre o Projeto Híbrida, que promoveu de forma técnica, teórica e sensível, conexões que nos mostram as potências do atuar coletivamente na contemporaneidade. O projeto revela implicações que extrapolaram os conceitos de arte e o laboratório acadêmico ao vivenciar a cultura do compartilhamento e da prototipagem para apresentar questões estéticas que emergiram de proposições sensíveis, oferecerendo ferramentas de empoderamento social. / This research aims to contribute to the development of relations between body and technology, as understanding this dialogue as perception changing system. From the physical experience of connection with devices that allow the transgression of the natural organism, I discuss, with this dissertation, what I\'ve been calling the \"coupling\" concept. A sort of body extension that does not invalidate the natural body, but instead works mutually to form a new body that proposes different perspectives. In my understanding, \"coupling\" is in consonance to what I call \"poetics of risk,\" in which I see the line before the void, the exit point; not as an abyss, but as an unknown space that allows me to get out of the comfort zone to achieve the power of the system in which I find myself in. By presenting some work done in recent years, I want to grope for notions of body, technology, presence, orthotics and prosthesis that indicate the principles for what I\'ve been calling so far as \"coupling\". The works that will be discussed are: \"adaMachine Experiment # 1 Presence Creator Machine\", a telematic performance that investigates the possibilities of presence, technologies and affections through mediated, noisy and limited communication; \"La Grand Pelea\" investigates biophysical sensors seeking to cross the border of the skin by creating wearables, able to enhance the relationship between technology and the body that wears it, proposing interfaces for assistive purposes and performative art experiments; and \"Monomyth\", wearable performative object, in which the dimensions of technology and body occupy the same place of importance, deals with the human journey that is modified by establishing peculiar relations provoked by the apparatus and the performer. I conclude this dissertation with a report about Hibrida Project, which promoted technical, theoretical and sensitive connections that show us the power of acting collectively in contemporary times. The implications of this project revealed that it went beyond the concepts of art and the academic laboratory, as its participants experienced the culture of sharing and prototyping, and were able to present aesthetic issues that emerge from these sensitive propositions, offering social empowerment tools.