Hjärtlungräddning (HLR) är en direkt livsavgörande kunskap och förväntningar på att sådan kunskap finns bland sjukhuspersonal är trolig. Syftet med studien var att kartlägga utbildning i och attityder till undervisning i HLR bland all personal som arbetar på ett mindre sjukhus i södra Sverige. En enkät bestående av fjorton frågor besvarades av 151 personer via sjukhusets intranät. Majoriteten av svaren kom från sjuksköterskor och undersköterskor, övriga yrkeskategorier fanns också representerade fast i mindre omfattning. Majoriteten var nöjd med nuvarande HLR utbildning och de flesta önskade regelbunden utbildning. Upplevelsen av att befintliga kunskaper var tillräckliga instämde endast hälften i och likaså att handlandet i samband med hjärtstopp kändes adekvat. Anledningen till ovanstående resultat kan bara spekuleras kring men tidigare forskning pekar på att faktorer som oerfarenhet, stress, etiska dilemman och bristande HLR utbildning kan bidra till sådana upplevelser. Slutsatsen kan dras att regelbunden HLR utbildning bör ske enligt gängse riktlinjer samt att all sjukhuspersonal erbjuds, även de som inte är direkt involverade i patientomvårdnaden. Åtgärder för att förbättra kunskap och handlande i samband med hjärtstopp kan t ex göras genom tillgång till enkla återupplivningsdockor med feedback möjlighet och erbjudande om debriefing efter hjärtstopp. Kommande forskning bör fokusera på personers upplevelse av kunskap och handlande i samband med hjärtstopp relaterat till HLR utbildning.

Inom området för främjande av sexuell hälsa finns en övertygelse om att självkänsla fungerar som en psykologisk immunisering mot ohälsa. Fortfarande kvarstår dock frågetecken kring såväl självkänsla, sexuell hälsa och sambandet mellan dessa. Syftet med denna studie var att utveckla ett mätinstrument för sexuell hälsa samt att klargöra huruvida det finns ett samband mellan sexuell hälsa och bassjälvkänsla bland unga vuxna. En enkätundersökning genomfördes på 75 högskolestudenter i åldrarna 18 till 30. Resultatet visade att det fanns ett starkt positivt samband mellan sexuell hälsa och bassjälvkänsla. Studien visade även att män hade högre sexuell hälsa än kvinnor och att desto oftare deltagarna hade sexuellt umgänge desto högre sexuell hälsa hade de.

As early as in 1915, 1931 and 1942, there were serious outbreaks of dengue fever occurred to the entire island of Taiwan. In 1942, there were five million people in the whole Taiwan infected with dengue fever. After the significant outbreaks of dengue fever in the entire Kaohsiung District of Taiwan Island in 1987 and 1988, except that the regional epidemics occurred in three places of Northern and Central Taiwan, namely Jhonghe City of Taipei County, Taichung City and Taipei City, all other regional outbreaks of dengue fever mostly occurred in Kaohsiung County or City, Tainan City and Pingtung County. Apparently, the epidemic situation of dengue fever has become an epidemic disease of Southern Taiwan, and gradually developed as a ¡§community disease¡¨ or ¡§environmental disease.¡¨ Coincidently, the year of 2006 was a peak period for the propagation of dengue fever. Under the circumstances that the number of dengue fever patients was getting higher and higher, both the government and the competent authorities took compulsory measures or epidemic prevention acts (such administrative acts as insecticide spraying against mosquitoes in residences after forceful unlocking of doors, emergency public spraying of chemicals against mosquitoes, taking blood tests, and so on). It seemed so obvious that the liberty of living, liberty of property and personal liberty, which are the basic rights of civilians under the protection of the Constitution, were involved. Besides, whenever dengue fever is epidemic, it is common to see conflicts (arguments) over the door unlocking and insecticide spraying problems frequently happened between the citizens and the government departments concerned. In the legal aspect, it is necessary to review whether these acts comply with the provisions of the Constitution. Apart from collecting the related local and foreign literatures to investigate the change of the administrative system of epidemic control, the study introduces the details of the three major directions in taking epidemic prevention measures against dengue fever in Taiwan, including such administrative and management acts as the preventive measures to be taken during the ordinary days, the epidemic control measures after receiving the report of dengue fever cases, and the epidemic prevention measures after the confirmation of dengue fever cases. In addition, regarding the various compulsory epidemic control measures taken by the health administrative authorities, such as the problems of forceful unlocking of doors for intrusion of residences, forceful (emergency) spraying of insecticide, and the compensation for the loss of property rights after the death of real estate owners¡¦ animals or plants caused by the chemical spraying, etc., the study reviews the reference of laws and the proper legal procedures to be complied with. It includes the theories and principles of the Constitution that Taiwan government should comply with. Although the paper encounters limitations in the studying process, it is still hoped that from the limited literatures with limited information, major directions can be found out as a reference for the competent authorities or scholars to improve or solve the abovementioned problems in the later days. It is also expected that the later researchers can have further understanding of the implementation or practical aspects of the epidemic prevention measures of dengue fever, and finally achieve in-depth development and breakthrough in the studies of the solutions. Keywords: dengue fever, basic human rights, epidemic prevention measures

This analysis is about the fourth basic competence and how you can define it, what it includes and if it is possible to find it in the new curriculum for the Swedish high school; Gymnasiereformen -07. The analysis was focused on the following subjects; Mathematics, Social science and Swedish. The aim with this analysis has been to create a summary in the field of information literacy and to define the fourth basic competence. The analysis were focused on and delimited by the following conceptions; information literacy, digital competence and the information search process. The sources of information has primarily been taken from the field of information literacy and statements from professionals in the fields of information literacy and education. The analysis concludes that you can find the fourth basic competence in the new curriculum for the subjects, Mathematics, Social science and Swedish.

The aim with this study was to give awareness about the school situation for students living in the slum areas of Nairobi. The purpose was to raise the teachers’ perspectives about working with these students. Previous researches around the topic were studied to gain a better knowledge for the subject. The focus was put on Maslow’s hierarchy of basic needs, trauma with its effects and possible treatments in school and the home environment effects on the student´s learning. Since this was a qualitative study, the method used was open aimed interviews. Eleven teachers working in the slum areas in Nairobi were interviewed with these two main questions in mind; What do teachers think is important when working with students who come from the slum areas of Nairobi and how do teachers work with these students? All schools were located in or close to a children home in order for the teachers to have a wide range of experiences when working with students from the slum area. Some of the results that came up were that teachers saw it as important to provide students with their basic needs in school. The teachers also said that students had different reactions towards trauma and it was of great importance for students to be able to both channel their expressions after the trauma but also to forget the trauma for the moment to be able to concentrate in school. The teachers were disagreeing about whether to treat students equally or individually. Some of the teachers said that the student´s home environment affects their learning due to the quality and quantity of help that they can get with their homework. Some teachers felt adequate due to the extra work put on their shoulders in their work with the students from the slum areas.

Childhood exposure to family violence is a risk factor for dysfunctional intimate relationships in adulthood (e.g., Fagan & Browne, 1994). Family violence research has commonly utilized Social Learning Theory to explain cross-generational patterns of family violence. However, not all individuals who experience a violent home environment become abusers or victims in their parental or marital roles (e.g., Duffy & Momirov, 1997), which illustrates resiliency - positive adaptation or development in spite of serious threats or significant adversity (Masten, 2001). Considering strengths and resources, rather than risks and vulnerabilities, is relatively new in the field of family violence. Consequently, a basic interpretive qualitative research design (Merriam, 2002) was utilized to investigate the experiences of three heterosexual women who self-identified as (a) having observed a pattern of interparental violence in childhood and (b) currently being in non-violent intimate adult relationships. The studys purpose was to describe and understand this phenomenon, with special attention given to identifying possible resiliency and protective factors. Interviews were conducted on multiple occasions and transcripts were analyzed in terms of Kearneys (2001) shared meaning and descriptive categories. The shared meaning involved the role of emotional work required, and the descriptive categories included five themes (i.e., Diverse Experiences of Family Violence, Family Violence is Always with You, Complex Daughter-Mother Relationships, Understanding and Making Sense of Healthy Relationships, and Sources of Strength and Positive Influences). Findings are described alongside implications for counselling practice and future research.

Arithmetic cognition research was at one time concerned mostly with the representation and retrieval of arithmetic facts in memory. More recently it was found that memory retrieval does not account for all single digit arithmetic performance. For example, Canadian university students solve up to 40% of basic addition problems using procedural strategies (e.g. 5 + 3 = 5 + 1 + 1 + 1). Given that procedures are less efficient than direct memory retrieval it is important to understand why procedure use is high, even for relatively skilled adults. My dissertation, therefore, sought to expand understanding of strategy choice for adults basic arithmetic. Background on this topic and supporting knowledge germane to the topic are provided in Chapter 1.<p> Chapter 2 focused on a well-known, but unexplained, finding: A written word problem (six + seven) results in much greater reported use of procedures (e.g., counting) than the same problem in digits (6 + 7). I hypothesized that this could be the result of a metacognitive effect whereby the low surface familiarity for word problems discourages retrieval. This was tested by familiarizing participants with a subset of the written word stimuli (e.g. three + four = ?, six + nine= ?) and then testing them on unpractised problems comprised of practiced components (four + six = ?). The result was increased retrieval reported for unpractised problems with practiced components. This indicates that surface familiarity contributes to strategy choice.<p> Chapter 3 focused on another classic phenomenon in the arithmetic cognition literature, the problem size effect: Response time, error, and procedure rates increase as a function of problem size. A previous study reported a reduced problem size effect for auditory multiplication problems compared to digit problems. I hypothesized that if this reduction was due to problem encoding processes rather than an effect on calculation per se, then a similar pattern would be observed for addition. Instead, I found that the size effect for addition was larger. I concluded that the auditory format promotes procedures for addition, but promotes retrieval for multiplication.<p> Chapters 4 and 5 were concerned with a well-known methodological issue in the strategy literature, subjectivity of self-reports: Some claim self-reports are more like opinions than objective measures. Thevenot, Fanget, and Fayol (2007) ostensibly solved this problem by probing problem memory subsequent to participants providing an answer. They reasoned that after a more complex procedure, the memory for the original problem would become degraded. The result would be better memory for problems answered by retrieval instead of by procedure. I hypothesized that their interpretation of their findings was conflated with the effect of switching tasks from arithmetic to number memory. I demonstrated that their new method for measuring strategy choice was contaminated by task switching costs, which compromises its application as a measure of strategy choice (Chapter 4). In a subsequent project (Chapter 5), I tested the sensitivity of this new method to detect the effects of factors known in the literature to affect strategy choice. The results indicated that Thevenot et al.s new method was insensitive to at least one of these factors. Thus, attempts to control for the confounding effects of task switching described in Chapter 4, in order to implement this new measure, are not warranted.<p> The current dissertation expanded understanding of strategy choice in four directions by 1) demonstrating that metacognitive factors cause increases in procedure strategies, 2) by demonstrating that the process of strategy selection is affected differentially by digit and auditory-verbal input, 3) by investigating the validity of an alternative measure of strategy use in experimental paradigms, and 4) by discovering a critical failure in the sensitivity of this new measure to measure the effects of factors known to influence strategy use. General conclusions are discussed in Chapter 6.

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Galen Strawson’s Basic Argument is an attempt to prove that no agent can meet the demands for true moral responsibility. The Basic Argument proceeds on the assumption that, in order for an agent to be truly morally responsible for her actions, she must be truly responsible for her reasons for performing those actions, which Strawson contends is impossible since it requires an infinite regress of truly responsible decisions to have the reasons one has. In my thesis, I take issue with the Basic Argument. I argue that, contrary to Strawson’s claims, the Basic Argument is not persuasive to those who reject that one’s reasons cause one’s actions. For those who are willing to overlook this shortcoming, I then argue that it is possible for an agent to evade the threat of infinite regress, particularly in situations where two simultaneous choices (at least partially) explain each other.

While there is much research aiming to assess the determinants of welfare state attitudes, there are not many studies focussing on how human values influence attitude formation. This thesis explores the relationship between values and welfare state attitudes across national contexts. In doing so, it focuses on the moderating influence of contextual factors on the values-attitudes link. In order to measure values properly, and to study their effects on welfare state attitudes, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multi-group structural equation modelling (MGSEM) is used. These methods enable testing for measurement equivalence across groups, a prerequisite for comparing the effects of human values across countries. The individual-level data used in this thesis comes from the European Social Survey (ESS) between 2002-08. The findings show that values can play an important role in welfare state attitude formation, but that the impact of values on attitudes differs considerably across national contexts. Several country-specific contextual factors such as the generosity of redistributive institutions, their framing and their distributive outcomes moderates the values-attitudes link. In more generous welfare states and where redistributive issues are more articulated in the political debate, the impact of, for instance, egalitarian values on redistributive attitudes is comparably strong. Moreover, in countries where lower social classes are more exposed to risks and lack resources to meet these risks, class differences in the values-attitudes link are greater. Finally, the results show that the particular values that underlie welfare state attitudes in Eastern Europe are fundamentally different to those in Western Europe. The results imply that the impact of values on welfare state attitudes mainly depends on (i) whether people perceive welfare state institutions to have important consequences for the extent to which their values are attained, and (ii) the presence of competing motives. Hence, it is not necessarily the case that people who support the welfare state do so, for example, due to holding egalitarian values. In contrast to previous research, which has been quite unsuccessful in confirming direct relationships between institutions and attitudes, the results in this thesis suggest that there are indeed clear and consistent macro-micro relationships, but that these are more complex. Rather, it is in the interplay between values, attitudes and institutions that this relationship can be found. / Forskningen kring välfärdsstatsattityder och dess determinanter är omfattande, men väldigt få studier intresserar sig för hur grundläggande mänskliga värderingar påverkar dessa attityder. Den här avhandlingen syftar till att fylla denna lucka genom att fokusera på relationen mellan värderingar och attityder till välfärdsstaten. Särskilt fokus har lagts på att utforska den modererande inverkan som kontextuella faktorer har på länken mellan värderingar och attityder i olika nationella kontexter. I den bemärkelsen syftar avhandlingen även att bidra till forskningen om hur institutioner och andra kontextuella faktorer är kopplade till formeringen av attityder, där man ännu inte lyckats hitta en tydligt framträdande relation mellan den nationella kontexten formeringen av attityder på individnivån. För att kunna mäta värderingar på ett adekvat sätt, och för att kunna estimera och jämföra effekterna av värderingar på välfärdsstatsattityder i olika nationella kontexter, har konfirmatorisk faktoranalys (CFA) och strukturella ekvationsmodeller (MGSEM) använts. Dessa metoder tillåter testandet av ekvivalens med avseende på de mätinstrument som används, dvs. om måtten för värderingar har samma betydelse i olika grupper, vilket är en förutsättning för att kunna jämföra effekterna av värderingar i olika länder. Data på individnivå beträffande värderingar och attityder har hämtats från European Social Survey (ESS) från åren 2002-08. Dessutom har kontextdata hämtats från en rad olika källor. Resultaten visar att värderingar kan spela en betydande roll i att forma attityder till välfärdsstaten, men samtidigt att värderingarnas inverkan varierar kraftigt mellan olika länder. Flera faktorer i den nationella kontexten, såsom graden av generositet i välfärdsstatssystemen, samt de välfärdsstatliga institutionernas diskursiva inramning och deras socioekonomiska utfall, modererar länken mellan värderingar och attityder. Exempelvis, jämlikhetsorienterade värderingar har större betydelse för attityder till välfärdsstaten i mer generösa välfärdsstater och där omfördelningspolitiska frågor i högre grad präglar den politiska debatten. Vidare finns det klasskillnader i kopplingen mellan värderingar och attityder, i bemärkelsen att de med lägre utbildning och mindre intellektuellt krävande arbeten i mindre utsträckning formar sina attityder baserat deras värderingar. Dessa klasskillnader är särskillt stora i länder där de lägre klasserna är särskilt riskutsatta samt i högre grad saknar resurser att möta dessa risker. Medan värderingar har en betydande påverkan på generella attityder till välfärdsstaten i många länder så är länken mellan värderingar och stödet för specifika omfördelningsstategier svag eller icke existerande i de flesta länder som studerats. Slutligen så visar resultaten att de värderingar som ligger till grund för välfärdsstatsattityder i Östeuropeiska länder är fundamentalt annorlunda än de i Västeuropa. Jämlikhetsorienterade värderingar spelar en betydande roll i Västeuropeiska länder medan konservativa värderingar spelar en mer framträdande roll i Östeuropa. Resultaten föreslår att relationen mellan värderingar och attityder till välfärdsstaten beror på (i) om människor upplever att välfärdsstatens institutioner har betydande konsekvenser för deras möjligheter att få sina värderingar realiserade, och (i) frånvaron eller närvaron av konkurrerande motiv. Därmed är det inte nödvändigtvis så att människor som är mer jämliksorienterade i sina värderingar även är mer positivt inställda till välfärdsstaten och omfördelning. Detta beror istället på kontextuella faktorer, såsom institutioner och deras utfall, och deras inverkan på länken mellan värderingar och attityder. I motsats till tidigare forskning, som haft svårt att hitta tydliga kopplingar mellan exempelvis institutioner och attityder, så visar resultaten i denna avhandling att finns tydliga kopplingar mellan makro- och mikronivån men att dessa inte är så okomplicerade och direkta som man tidigare trott. Istället verkar det vara i samspelet mellan värderingar, attityder och institutioner som denna relations kan hittas.