A reatividade das lupulonas, terpenos, flavonoides prenilados e compostos contendo grupos tióis livre foi avaliada frente ao radical 1-hidroxietila (HER) para melhor conhecer o balanço redox da cerveja. As constantes de velocidade aparentes (kap) para a reação entre HER e os substratos supracitados foram obtidas via cinética de competição utilizando a armadilha química 4-POBN como competidor e monitorando-se o aduto radical formado por RPE. A partir dos valores obtidos de kap (108 L mol-1 s-1 para as lupulonas, 105 a 107 L mol-1 s-1 para terpenos, 109 L mol-1 s-1 para os flavonoides prenilados, e 108 a 109 L mol-1 s-1 para tióis) e pelas concentrações médias destes compostos na cerveja, pôde-se inferir que a extensão da degradação térmica destes compostos na bebida aumenta na ordem: lupulonas > tióis > flavonoides prenilados > terpenos. Os produtos de reação foram identificados por espectrometria de massas, e através de investigações eletroquímicas e cálculos ab initio empregando-se DFT se propôs um mecanismo de reação. Os produtos de degradação pela reação com HER foram: derivados hidroxilados e compostos de adição do radical HER para as lupulonas; derivados hidroxilados para os terpenos; derivados de adição do radical HER para os flavonoides prenilados; e dissulfetos para os tióis. Em experimento similar foram determinadas as kap para a reação entre metil ésteres derivados de ácidos graxos insaturados e esteróis com o HER, cujos valores de kap variaram de (2,7 ± 0,1) x 107 até (5,2 ± 0,1) x 107 L mol-1 s-1 para o metil docosahexanoato e ergosterol, respectivamente. Os dados cinéticos aqui obtidos contribuem para um melhor conhecimento da degradação térmica oxidativa da cerveja, bem como sugerem que os polifenóis prenilados podem conferir um significativo efeito antioxidante ao organismo humano quando do seu consumo e absorção. / The reactivity of lupulones, terpenes, prenilated flavonoids and thiol-containing compounds was evaluated towards the 1-hydroxyethyl radical (HER) to provide a better knowledge of the redox balance of beer. The apparent rate constants (kap) for the reaction between HER and the substrates were obtained through a competitive kinetic approach using the spin-trap 4-POBN as a competitor and by monitoring the radical adduct by EPR. From the obtained values of kap (108 L mol-1 s-1 for lupulones, from 105 to 107 L mol-1 s-1 for terpenes, 109 L mol-1 s-1 for prenylated flavonoids, and from 108 to 109 L mol-1 s-1 thiol compounds) and the average concentrations of these compounds in beer, it is possible to infer that the extension of the thermal degradation on the beverage is enhanced according to: lupulones > thiol compounds > prenylated flavonoids > terpenes. The reaction products were identified by mass spectrometry, and by electrochemical investigations and ab initio (DFT) calculation, a reaction mechanism has been proposed. The degradation products for the reaction with HER were: hydroxide derivatives and HER addition products for the lupulones; hydroxide derivatives for terpenes; HER addition derivatives for prenylated flavonoids; and disulfides for thiol cmpounds. In similar experiments it was determined the kap for the reaction among methyl ester derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids and sterols with HER, with kap values ranging from (2.7 ± 0.1) x 107 to (5.2 ± 0.1) x 107 L mol-1 s-1 for the methyl docosahexanoate and ergosterol, respectively. The obtained kinetic data may contribute for a better knowledge of the thermal oxidative degradation of beer, as well as may suggest that prenylated polyphenols could present a significant antioxidant effect in the human body through its consumption and absorption.

This master thesis focuses on consumers on the Czech beer market. The main objective is to get knowledge of current consumers through a qualitative research. Based on the most important tendencies I will carry out a segmentation of the market. As a result, profiles of main consumer types will be identified. Deep knowledge about current consumers will provide valuable recommendations for developing optimal communication strategy. I will especially concetrate on attitudes to advertisements and main elements of advertising campaigns.

Nos últimos anos, duas tendências tem se destacado no universo cervejeiro: a obtenção de cervejas a partir de mostos concentrados e a elaboração de cervejas utilizando adjuntos especiais, os quais podem aromatizar ou não as mesmas. Visando um aumento da produtividade juntamente com uma menor necessidade de investimentos na capacidade produtiva, algumas cervejarias vêm optando pelo aumento do extrato inicial de fermentação para valores superiores aos tradicionais (10-15 0P). A elaboração de cervejas utilizando adjuntos especiais vem se tornando uma solução de barateamento na obtenção de cerveja devido à substituição de parte do malte, acrescentando ainda, atributos sensoriais característicos nos produtos obtidos. A banana constitui-se em matéria-prima bastante favorável à fermentação alcoólica por ser rica em carboidratos, minerais e apresentar baixa acidez. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi utilizar a banana como um adjunto do malte e como um aromatizante natural e sutil das cervejas obtidas. A quantificação dos carboidratos presentes na banana prata em diferentes graus de maturação revelou que a condição \"muito-madura\", apresentou o mais alto teor de carboidratos totais solúveis (15,65 %) e o mais baixo teor de amido (0,48 %). Após a etapa quantificação dos carboidratos fez-se um estudo da extração aquosa a quente dos sólidos solúveis da banana com a metodologia de superfície de resposta a partir de um planejamento fatorial 22 onde se obteve um modelo matemático empírico quadrático (Y = 5.58 + 1.25 X1 - 0.26 X2 - 0.37 X22). Os valores que otimizaram esta extração (Y) foram 38,5 g de purê de banana (X1) e tempo de extração de 39,7 minutos. Utilizando um planejamento fatorial 22 fez-se um estudo da fermentação do mosto com adjunto de banana, na planta piloto da microcervejaria da EEL - USP em diferentes concentrações e temperaturas. Observou-se que a 12 0P e a 15 0C obteve-se uma Qp de 0,58 g/L.h em 72 h de fermentação e apenas 6,07 % do açúcar metabolizado pela levedura cervejeira foi desviado para a geração de produtos secundários, garantindo um Yp/s real de 0,48 g/g. Dentro destas condições de estudo investigou-se o comportamento cinético da levedura cervejeira Saccharomyces cerevisiae 308 de baixa fermentação (tipo lager) nestes mostos com banana, de densidade tradicional. Pôde-se observar que o máximo valor de ?x (0,114 h-1) foi alcançado com a fermentação a 12 0P e 15 0C. O valores máximos de ?s e ?p (1,128 e 0,585 g/g.h, respectivamente) foram conseguidos com a fermentação a 15 0P e 15 0C. Em seguida, fez-se um estudo com o propósito de aumentar a produtividade volumétrica de etanol em mostos com banana de alta densidade. Para isto, realizou-se fermentações com a adição de diferentes nutrientes, em mini-bioreatores cilindrocônicos de 0,9 L da Uminho - Portugal. Verificou-se que apenas a adição de MgSO4 foi significativa estatisticamente para o aumento da Qp. Observou-se também que o melhor valor de Qp (0,68 g.L/h) foi alcançado em 64 h de fermentação após suplementação com 420 mg/L de MgSO4. Em seguida, fez-se a caracterização físicoquímica da cerveja obtida com a reprodução do experimento otimizado em mini-bioreator cilindrocônico de 0,9 L da Uminho - Portugal no fermentador de 180 L da EEL - USP, verificando-se que a cerveja com banana de 4,8 % v/v apresentou uma elevada concentração de potássio (600,68 mg/L) e de acetato de isoamila (1,20 mg/L). Das cervejas otimizadas elaboradas na planta piloto da USP, fez-se uma avaliação sensorial comparando-as com cervejas do mercado brasileiro. Observou-se que em relação aos testes de preferência, as cervejas com banana foram estatisticamente preferidas em relação às amostras do mercado. Já os testes de aceitação demonstraram que não houve diferença significativa (p >= 0,05) quanto ao grau de aceitação entre os produtos correspondentes às amostras experimentais otimizadas e as amostras do mercado. Ou seja, as amostras de cerveja com banana foram tão aceitas pelo consumidor quanto às amostras de cerveja do mercado. Por fim foi realizado um estudo econômico preliminar, dentro de uma estimativa de produção de 875 L/mês de cerveja com banana em microcervejaria. Verificou-se que o custo inicial do processo foi 204,76 % superior a de uma cerveja comercial. Todavia, o custo direto variável de produção desta cerveja foi de R$ 0,94/L contra R$ 1,10/L de uma cerveja puro malte produzida nas mesmas condições de processo. / In the past years, two tendencies have been revealed in the universe of brewing: beer production using concentrated wort and its elaboration using special adjunct, which might supply or not a special flavour to the beer. Aiming to increase the process productivity along with decreasing the necessity of further production investments, some breweries have adapted to increase the initial fermentation extract concentration to values superior to the traditional ones (10-15 oP). The elaboration of beer using special adjunct is considered a solution to turn cheap beer production by not only by substituting part of the malt but also in adding characteristic sensorial attributes in the obtained products. Banana is constituted of raw materials suitable for alcoholic fermentation for being rich in carbohydrates and minerals and present law acidity. The principal objective of this research is to utilize the banana as an adjunct for malt and also as a natural and a tenuous flavouring agent for the obtained beer. The quantification of the carbohydrates present in the banana prata in different maturation grade, has revealed that the condition of \"very mature\" represented the highest content in total soluble carbohydrates (15.65%) and the lowest content in starch (0.48%). After the quantification stage of the carbohydrates, a study was done on the hot aqueous extraction of the soluble solids found in the banana using the response-surface method obtained by a complete 22 factorial design. The obtained mathematical empirical quadratic model was (Y = 5.58 + 1.25 X1 - 0.26 X2 - 0.37 X22). The values of the optimized extraction (Y) was 38.5 g of banana pulp (X1) and an extraction time of 39.7 minutes. It was done a study on the fermentation wort with banana adjunct using a factorial design 22, in the micro-brewery pilot plant located in the EEL - USP, at different concentrations and process temperatures. It was observed that at 12 0P and at 15 0C, it was obtained a Qp of 0.58 g/L.h in 72 h of fermentation and only 6.07 % of the sugar metabolized by the alcoholic-yeast was deviated for the production of secondary products, which guaranteed a real Yp/s of 0.48 g/g. Using these conditions in study, it was investigated the kinetic behavior of the alcoholic-yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 308 of law fermentation (lager type) in these wort using banana, of conventional gravity. It can be observed that the maximum value of ?x (0.114 h-1) was achieved with fermentation at 12 0P and 150C. The maximum values of ?s and ?p (1.128 e 0.585 g/g.h, respectively) was obtained at fermentation of 15 0P and 15 0C. It was also done studies with the objective of increasing the volumetric productivity of ethanol in worts with banana at high gravity. For this reason, it was done several fermentations with the addition of different nutrients, in mini-bioreactors cylindrical-conical de 0.9 L from UMinho-Portugal. It was verified that the addition of MgSO4 was statistically significant for the increase in Qp. It was also verified that the best value of Qp (0.68 g.L/h) was achieved in 64 h of fermentation after being supplemented with 420 mg/L of MgSO4. It was also done a physical-chemical characterization of the beer obtained from the reproduction of the optimized experiment obtained using the cylindrical-conical bioreactor de 0.9 L from UMinho- Portugal in the bioreactor of 180 L of working volume located in the EEL - USP, verifying that the beer with banana (4.8 % v/v) have presented a high concentrations of potassium (600.68 mg/L) and isomile acetate (1.20 mg/L). It was done a sensorial evaluation of the elaborated beer in the pilot-plant in the USP, comparing it with the other beers found in the Brazilian market. It was observed that in relation to the preference test, beers with banana were statistically preferred in relation to the other samples. Acceptance tests demonstrated that there has been no significant difference (p>= 0.05) in relation to the grade of acceptance between the products corresponding to the samples taken from the optimized experiments and the samples taken from the market. In other words, the samples with banana were acceptable by the consumer as much as the samples taken from common beers found in the market. Finally, it was done a preliminary economical evaluation of the process, considering as production capacity the value of 875 L/month of beer with banana. It was calculated the initial cost of the process was of 204.76% superior than the commercial draft beer. On the other hand, the direct cost of production of this draft beer was of R$ 0.94/L against R$ 1.10/L of draft beer made from pure malt using the same process conditions.

Optical methods play an important role in process analytical technologies (PAT). Four examples of optical process and quality sensing (OPQS) are presented, which are based on three important experimental techniques: near-infrared absorption, luminescence quenching, and a novel method, photon density wave (PDW) spectroscopy. These are used to evaluate four process and quality parameters related to beer brewing and polyurethane (PU) foaming processes: the ethanol content and the oxygen (O2) content in beer, the biomass in a bioreactor, and the cellular structures of PU foam produced in a pilot production plant.

The brewing industry has considerable economic impact worldwide; therefore, demand exists for a better understanding of the organisms that cause beer-spoilage. Low nutrient levels, depleted oxygen levels, high alcohol levels, and the presence of antimicrobial hop compounds all play a role in making beer an inhospitable environment for most microorganisms. Nonetheless, there are bacteria that are resistant to all of these selective pressures. The most common beer-spoilage bacteria are the Gram-positive lactic acid bacteria <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Pediococcus</i>. It is currently believed that hop-resistance is the key factor(s) permitting <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Pediococcus</i> bacteria to grow in beer. However, it is likely that in addition, ethanol-tolerance and the ability to acquire nutrients also play roles in the beer-spoilage ability of <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Pediococcus</i> isolates. The ability of <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Pediococcus</i> to grow in beer was assessed and correlated to the presence of previously described beer-spoilage related genes, as well as with the presence of novel genes identified in this study. Molecular and culture-based techniques for detection and differentiation between <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Pediococcus</i> isolates that can and cannot grow in beer were established and described in detail. Interestingly, beer-spoilage related proteins were often found to share homology with multi-drug transporters. As such, the presence of these beer-spoilage associated genes was also compared to the ability of isolates to grow in the presence of a variety of antibiotics and, unexpectedly, beer-spoiling bacteria were found to be more susceptible to antibiotics than were non beer-spoiling isolates of the same genus. Additionally, it was found that isolates of <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Pediococcus</i> that can grow in beer do not group phylogenetically. In order to fully appreciate the relationship of speciation with beer-spoilage, phylogenetic and whole genome/proteome studies were conducted to clarify the taxonomy of the <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Pediococcus</i> genera. Through the research in this thesis, a greater understanding of the mechanism(s) enabling bacteria to grow in beer has been gained and taxonomy of the genera <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Pediococcus</i> has been clarified.

Beer, brewing, and the public house have been celebrated institutions in English culture for centuries. The drink occupies a venerable position in the gastronomy of most regions and is an integral component in the lives of many. There is an emerging literature on culinary tourism as an increasingly important element of cultural tourism. Local cuisine can be used to distinguish unique tourist regions from their competitors in an ever-globalising world. While wine tourism in particular has been studied quite thoroughly in recent years, beer tourism has been largely neglected. The purpose of this study is to explore the current state of, and potential for beer tourism in Yorkshire, England. Beer tourism can be described as “visitations to breweries, beer festivals, and beer shows for which beer tasting and experiencing the attributes of a beer region are the prime motivating factors for visitors” (Plummer et al. 2003). Through the use of a mail survey, short interviews, participant observation and secondary data collection techniques the author explored the extent to which local breweries use beer tourism practices; the specific beer tourism techniques being used by breweries in Yorkshire, and their perceived benefits and limitations; the partnerships, alliances and cooperation that may exist between the brewers themselves, and the tourism and hospitality industries; if and how tourism stakeholders draw upon beer and brewing to promote and market the region to tourists, and the role that brewers may play in this process. The author also made recommendations for brewery managers and regional marketing boards based upon relevant academic literature and the specific findings of this study. The author makes note of numerous findings on participation rates for breweries in tours and beer festivals, the perceived benefits and limitations that beer tourism has for brewers, and research on the branding and marketing of Yorkshire beer. A detailed typology of breweries based upon their relationship and degree of integration with the tourism industry is introduced. Furthermore, a tentative hypothesis based upon a brewer’s rationale for involvement in tourism and the size and success of that brewery is presented. This hypothesis must be empirically tested in future research to determine its acceptability. The author also presented a detailed review of the relevance of wine tourism literature for the field of beer tourism. It was found that although the two forms of beverage tourism share many commonalities, there exist as many differences. This comparison ultimately emphasises the importance of developing a specific beer tourism literature. It is hoped that the findings of this beer-specific research may be used by others with a keen interest in beer and tourism to undertake additional studies in the field. This study solely investigates the links between beer producers and the tourism and hospitality industry in Yorkshire, England. A similar study in an alternative setting would most likely yield interesting results. Furthermore, additional studies on beer and tourism should take the size, brewing output capacity, and possibly the revenue of a brewery into account in order to investigate potential differences between breweries’ tourism strategies based upon their size and success in their market.

Beer, brewing, and the public house have been celebrated institutions in English culture for centuries. The drink occupies a venerable position in the gastronomy of most regions and is an integral component in the lives of many. There is an emerging literature on culinary tourism as an increasingly important element of cultural tourism. Local cuisine can be used to distinguish unique tourist regions from their competitors in an ever-globalising world. While wine tourism in particular has been studied quite thoroughly in recent years, beer tourism has been largely neglected. The purpose of this study is to explore the current state of, and potential for beer tourism in Yorkshire, England. Beer tourism can be described as “visitations to breweries, beer festivals, and beer shows for which beer tasting and experiencing the attributes of a beer region are the prime motivating factors for visitors” (Plummer et al. 2003). Through the use of a mail survey, short interviews, participant observation and secondary data collection techniques the author explored the extent to which local breweries use beer tourism practices; the specific beer tourism techniques being used by breweries in Yorkshire, and their perceived benefits and limitations; the partnerships, alliances and cooperation that may exist between the brewers themselves, and the tourism and hospitality industries; if and how tourism stakeholders draw upon beer and brewing to promote and market the region to tourists, and the role that brewers may play in this process. The author also made recommendations for brewery managers and regional marketing boards based upon relevant academic literature and the specific findings of this study. The author makes note of numerous findings on participation rates for breweries in tours and beer festivals, the perceived benefits and limitations that beer tourism has for brewers, and research on the branding and marketing of Yorkshire beer. A detailed typology of breweries based upon their relationship and degree of integration with the tourism industry is introduced. Furthermore, a tentative hypothesis based upon a brewer’s rationale for involvement in tourism and the size and success of that brewery is presented. This hypothesis must be empirically tested in future research to determine its acceptability. The author also presented a detailed review of the relevance of wine tourism literature for the field of beer tourism. It was found that although the two forms of beverage tourism share many commonalities, there exist as many differences. This comparison ultimately emphasises the importance of developing a specific beer tourism literature. It is hoped that the findings of this beer-specific research may be used by others with a keen interest in beer and tourism to undertake additional studies in the field. This study solely investigates the links between beer producers and the tourism and hospitality industry in Yorkshire, England. A similar study in an alternative setting would most likely yield interesting results. Furthermore, additional studies on beer and tourism should take the size, brewing output capacity, and possibly the revenue of a brewery into account in order to investigate potential differences between breweries’ tourism strategies based upon their size and success in their market.

The brewing industry has considerable economic impact worldwide; therefore, demand exists for a better understanding of the organisms that cause beer-spoilage. Low nutrient levels, depleted oxygen levels, high alcohol levels, and the presence of antimicrobial hop compounds all play a role in making beer an inhospitable environment for most microorganisms. Nonetheless, there are bacteria that are resistant to all of these selective pressures. The most common beer-spoilage bacteria are the Gram-positive lactic acid bacteria <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Pediococcus</i>. It is currently believed that hop-resistance is the key factor(s) permitting <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Pediococcus</i> bacteria to grow in beer. However, it is likely that in addition, ethanol-tolerance and the ability to acquire nutrients also play roles in the beer-spoilage ability of <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Pediococcus</i> isolates. The ability of <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Pediococcus</i> to grow in beer was assessed and correlated to the presence of previously described beer-spoilage related genes, as well as with the presence of novel genes identified in this study. Molecular and culture-based techniques for detection and differentiation between <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Pediococcus</i> isolates that can and cannot grow in beer were established and described in detail. Interestingly, beer-spoilage related proteins were often found to share homology with multi-drug transporters. As such, the presence of these beer-spoilage associated genes was also compared to the ability of isolates to grow in the presence of a variety of antibiotics and, unexpectedly, beer-spoiling bacteria were found to be more susceptible to antibiotics than were non beer-spoiling isolates of the same genus. Additionally, it was found that isolates of <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Pediococcus</i> that can grow in beer do not group phylogenetically. In order to fully appreciate the relationship of speciation with beer-spoilage, phylogenetic and whole genome/proteome studies were conducted to clarify the taxonomy of the <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Pediococcus</i> genera. Through the research in this thesis, a greater understanding of the mechanism(s) enabling bacteria to grow in beer has been gained and taxonomy of the genera <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Pediococcus</i> has been clarified.

To maintain the sustainability of cement and concrete production, there is a trend to use wastes in their production. Soda waste, generated by soda ash production process, and beer waste, generated by beer filtration process, are two locally produced wastes in Turkey and many other countries. The nature of these wastes, mostly their fineness, makes them possible to be used in concrete production, especially as a viscosity modifying agent in the self consolidating type of concrete. In this study, the addition of soda and beer wastes to self consolidating mortar (SCM) and self consolidating concrete (SCC), without any treatment but drying, and its effect on their properties were investigated. Mortar and concrete mixes were prepared using these two wastes as cement or aggregate replacement in various amounts. Tests like slump flow, V-Funnel and L-Box for determining the fresh properties, and compressive strength for the hardened properties of the mixtures were carried out to examine the effects of these wastes on the properties of SCM and SCC. The tests revealed that soda waste takes no role in the strength development of the mixes. However, it is possible to use this waste as aggregate replacement to improve the workability and flowability properties of SCM and SCC. The use of beer waste showed contradictive results. A special treatment for this waste before using it in concrete might be required.

Title: Brand loyalty in the Swedish beer market: A consumer study about the relations between brand loyalty, perceived quality, brand awareness and brand associations. Authors: Emmelie Gustafsson and Camilla Sjödahl-Essén Supervisor: Ossi Pesämaa Department: School of Management, Blekinge Institute of Technology Course: Bachelor’s thesis in Business Administration, 15 credits Purpose: This study aims to study how brand loyalty of three Swedish beer brands is affected by brand associations, brand awareness and perceived quality. The study contributes to explain the differences between the three brands to highlight their strength and weaknesses as well as comparing with each other with the result of this study. Method: Three surveys accounted for the empirical data, which furthermore was statistically analyzed with SPSS and Excel. Results: The result of the three brands show that perceived quality is a closer influencing factor to brand loyalty than brand associations and brand awareness. The three brands also differed where Norrlands Guld proved to be the strongest brand with high brand awareness and brand loyalty.