The binding between the 45 kDa N-terminal domain of the a subunit of the GPIb-IX-V complex (GPIbαN) on the platelet membrane and the A1 domain of von Willebrand factor (VWF-A1), a multimeric protein circulating in the plasma, plays a key role in platelet adhesion and thrombus initiation at sites of cut-injury and atherosclerotic plaque rupture where blood vessels are subjected to high haemodynamic shear. A fundamental yet unresolved issue is how haemodynamic force upregulates this interaction (binding kinetics) and how a mechanical stimulus is translated into a biochemical signal (mechanotransduction). In order to address above issues, we setup a new biomembrane force probe (BFP) with the drifting reduction, temperature control and concurrent fluorescence imaging. My research findings are summarized into three aims: 1. VWF regions surrounding A1 hinder A1-GPIbα interaction at zero force, which is relieved by increasing force that stabilizes the interaction, giving rise to a VWF-GPIbα catch bond. 2. Three transport-related physical factors: receptor-ligand separation distance, Brownian motion and diffusivity govern the VWF-GPIbα association. 3. Mechanical force and structural variation regulate platelet signaling via the engagement duration of GPIbα mechanosensor. My thesis study advances our understanding of the biophysical and structural basis of how the VWF activation, its interaction with GPIbα and signal transduction are regulated by force when platelets' haemostatic functions are most needed.

Photocontrol, the use of light-sensitive proteins to control events within living tissue, allows complex processes in higher organisms to be studied. The Halorhodospira halophila photoactive yellow protein (PYP) can be used to regulate transcription factor activity with blue light. Before any PYP-based system can probe complex processes in higher organisms, proof of functional expression in vivo is required. We linked d25 PYP to the C-terminus of blue fluorescent protein (BFP) and expressed variants of the fusion protein (BFPd25PYP) in E. coli and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Expression of BFPd25PYP in E. coli verified in vitro photoswitching. The fusion protein was successfully expressed in HEK293. Fluorescence studies of intact cells indicated chromophore uptake and incorporation into PYP in HEK293, while photoswitching of PYP was measured in protein isolated from HEK293. These findings are promising for the development of applications using PYP for in vivo mammalian photocontrol of biological events.

Photocontrol, the use of light-sensitive proteins to control events within living tissue, allows complex processes in higher organisms to be studied. The Halorhodospira halophila photoactive yellow protein (PYP) can be used to regulate transcription factor activity with blue light. Before any PYP-based system can probe complex processes in higher organisms, proof of functional expression in vivo is required. We linked d25 PYP to the C-terminus of blue fluorescent protein (BFP) and expressed variants of the fusion protein (BFPd25PYP) in E. coli and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Expression of BFPd25PYP in E. coli verified in vitro photoswitching. The fusion protein was successfully expressed in HEK293. Fluorescence studies of intact cells indicated chromophore uptake and incorporation into PYP in HEK293, while photoswitching of PYP was measured in protein isolated from HEK293. These findings are promising for the development of applications using PYP for in vivo mammalian photocontrol of biological events.

Energy saving in coal power plants is a popular topic in present days with the global energy crisis. Internal electricity demand or auxiliary power consumption is an energy portion related with equipment supportive to the main equipment, which is unavoidable but with a proper investigation, some amount of this energy can be saved either by introducing thermally efficient auxiliary equipment or improving efficiencies of available equipment. Out of the various auxiliary equipment, the driving motor of boiler feed pump is the largest power consumer of internal electricity demand in 3x300 MW sub-critical Lakvijaya Power Station in Sri Lanka. So it is obvious that prime movers of feed pumps could be contributed for a large percentage of the losses. So it was decided to find out how to minimize the losses related to Boiler Feed Pump (BFP) system using small steam turbine to drive the BFP. The widely used alternatives for the BFP drivers are condensing type and back pressure type steam turbines. Eleven (11) different configurations of Condensing type, back pressure type and also extraction back pressure type turbines were considered and software programs for each configuration were implemented using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software. The considered configurations are different to each other by inlet steam thermodynamic parameters, steam flow rate, exhaust thermodynamic steam parameters and intermediate extraction parameters etc. Thermodynamic analysis ended up with interesting solutions while all the configurations are giving improved efficiencies than existing electrical motor driven mode. But some of them had not improved their net output and hence there were no gain in net generator power output although the efficiencies are higher. Out of other configurations with improved net output and efficiency, the case with back pressure turbine arranged parallel to the HP turbine had the highest net output gain with better improvement in efficiency without changing the input power to the boiler. Considering the CO2 , SOx and NOx emissions, it was cleared that power plant with suggested BFP modes will give more clean energy than existing power plant. Considering the partial loads behavior it was observed that power plant with Back pressure turbine, steam extracted from HP turbines inlet for prime movers of boiler feed pumps is more thermodynamically economical than existing power plant. Annual financial saving with BFP configurations with positive net output gain and zero boiler input gain were calculated and it will be in between 0.46 and 2.72 UDS million / Year.

Fluorescerande protein kan användas som reportrar i genetiska kretsar för att identifiera framgångsrikt modifierade celler. Med hjälp av syntetisk biologi kan genetiska kretsar, som är en sammansättning gener som kodar för protein, skapas. Genetiska kretsar möjliggör modifiering av celler och har haft stor framgång, vid immunterapi av cancer. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-celler är en genetisk krets där T-celler modifieras till att eliminera tumörceller baserat på en utvald ytmarkör. Med hjälp av fluorescerande proteiner kan olika komponenter i genetiska kretsar märkas in och därmed tydligt följas vid modifieringen av celler, ofta används Blue fluorescent protein (BFP) eller Green fluorescent protein (GFP). För att utveckla mer komplexa genetiska kretsar med flera komponenter krävs fler fluorescerande proteiner som kan kombineras med BFP och GFP, såsom sådana i det röda spektrumet. I denna studie undersöktes rödfluorescerade proteinerna E2Crimson, TagRFP657, mNeptune2.5, mKelly2, mKate2, mCardinal och Katushka2S. Med hjälp av klonade vektorer för respektive protein kan lentivirus produceras för att transducera Jurkat celler. Flödescytometri användes för att identifiera proteinernas fluorescensintensitet i det röda spektrumet, samt deras läckage i BFP och GFP spektrat. Proteinerna med högst fluorescensintensitet i det röda spektrumet samt minst läckage i BFP och GFP spektrat var E2Crimson samt mCardinal. E2Crimson har enligt tidigare studie låg toxicitet och god ljusstyrka samt hade i denna studie högst fluorescensintensitet i det röda spektrumet. E2Crimson anses därför vara optimal att kombinera med BFP och GFP i genetiska kretsar med flera komponenter. / Fluorescent protein can be used as reporters in genetic circuits to identify successfully modified cells. Using synthetic biology, genetic circuits, which are an assembly of genes that code for protein, can be created. Genetic circuits enable the modification of cells and have had great success in immunotherapy of cancer. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are a genetic circuit which modifies T cells to eliminate tumor cells based on a selected surface marker. With the help of the fluorescent protein, various components of genetic circuits can be marked and thus followed during the modification of cells, Blue fluorescent protein (BFP) or Green fluorescent protein (GFP) are often used as reporters. When developing complex genetic circuits with multiple components more fluorescent proteins that can combine with BFP and GFP are required, such as those in the red spectrum. In this study, the far-red fluorescent proteins E2Crimson, TagRFP657, mNeptune2.5, mKelly2, mKate2, mCardinal and Katushka2S were included. Using cloned vectors for each protein, lentiviruses can be produced to transduce Jurkat cells. Flow cytometry was used to identify the proteins fluorescence intensity in the red spectrum, as well as their leakage in the BFP and GFP spectra. The proteins with the highest fluorescence intensity in the red spectrum and the least leakage in the BFP and GFP spectra were E2Crimson and mCardinal. E2Crimson has according to other studies low toxicity and good brightness and in this study E2Crimson showed the highest fluorescence intensity in the red spectrum. E2Crimson is therefore considered optimal to combine with BFP and GFP in multicomponent genetic circuits.

A intervenção em Orientação Profissional e de Carreira objetiva promover a autonomia e autoconhecimento dos indivíduos, auxiliando na construção de seus projetos de vida. Dentre as técnicas que podem ser utilizadas pelos psicólogos nos processos de intervenção, destaca-se o Teste de Fotos de Profissões - BBT-Br, um teste projetivo que avalia interesses vocacionais. A fim de reunir evidência empírica das hipóteses interpretativas do BBT, este estudo explorou as correlações entre interesses vocacionais e traços de personalidade, avaliados por meio da Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade - BFP. Ainda, objetivou-se ampliar os dados do BBT-Br para estudantes do Ensino Superior, uma vez que a maioria dos estudos com este instrumento centra-se em adolescentes do Ensino Médio. Participaram da pesquisa 906 universitários, de ambos os sexos, com idade média de 23.38 anos (D.P. = 5.18), procedentes de instituições públicas e privadas. Para fins de comparação, foram também consultados protocolos dos estudos normativos do BBT-Br (n = 595 universitários), bem como de uma amostra de 497 adolescentes do 3o ano do Ensino Médio. Os instrumentos foram aplicados coletivamente em sala de aula, a saber: (a) questionário socioprofissional; (b) BBT-Br, em formato de aplicativo para tablets desenvolvido nesse estudo, para uso específico em pesquisa; e (c) BFP. Os dados obtidos por meio do BBT-Br foram exportados para banco de dados, enquanto os referentes ao questionário e à BFP foram digitados em programa computacional. Os resultados dos instrumentos de avaliação psicológica foram sistematizados de acordo com seus referenciais técnicos. Os resultados do BBT-Br foram analisados de forma descritiva e comparados, por meio de testes t de Student, com os referenciais normativos disponíveis e com resultados de uma amostra de estudantes do Ensino Médio. A precisão do BBT-Br foi estimada por sua consistência interna (Alfa de Cronbach). A análise da relação entre as variáveis do BBT-Br e da BFP foi realizada por meio de correlação de Pearson. Já a comparação dos resultados do BBT-Br em função das diferentes áreas do conhecimento foi realizada por meio de análises de variância (ANOVA One Way). Os resultados evidenciaram correlações significativas entre as variáveis do BBT-Br e da BFP, de .25 a .41, especificamente entre: o radical Z, a faceta Interesses por novas ideias e o fator Abertura; o radical V e a faceta Competência do fator Realização; o radical G e a faceta Interesses por novas ideias; o radical O e facetas Comunicação, Dinamismo e o fator Extroversão. Os achados são condizentes com as premissas teóricas do BBT-Br, bem como a literatura científica sobre interesses profissionais e personalidade. Os resultados do BBT-Br apontaram distinções nos índices de produtividade e estruturas de inclinação em função do sexo, escolaridade e área do conhecimento. A precisão variou entre .59 e .85, indicando índices razoáveis de fidedignidade para as duas formas do BBT-Br. As evidências deste estudo, de modo geral, corroboram os pressupostos teóricos dos radicais de inclinação do BBT-Br, por meio da relação com os fatores de personalidade. Ainda, apontam que este instrumento projetivo pareceu avaliar adequadamente os interesses profissionais da amostra de universitários, reforçando indícios de sua utilidade em intervenções de carreira. / Vocational guidance interventions aim to promote individuals\' autonomy and selfknowledge, helping them to construct their life projects. Among the techniques available for psychologists to use in these intervention processes, we highlight the Berufsbilder Test - BBT-Br, a projective test that assess vocational interests. In order to gather empirical evidence of the BBT\'s interpretative hypotheses, this study\'s objective was to explore correlations between vocational interests and personality traits assessed through Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade - BFP. Another objective was to use BBT-Br with college students, since most studies using this instrument focus on adolescents in high school. A total of 906 college students, both sexes, aged 23.38 years old on average (SD = 5.18) from both public and private colleges, were assessed. Protocols of BBT-Br normative studies were also consulted to make comparisons (n = 595 college students), as well as a sample of 497 adolescents attending the 3rd year of high school. The instruments were collectively applied in a classroom, namely: (a) socio-professional questionnaire; (b) BBT-Br, in an app format for tablets specifically to be used in research was developed for this study; and (c) BFP. Data obtained trough BBT-Br were exported to a database while those concerning the BFP questionnaire were entered in a computer program. The results from the psychological assessment instruments were systematized according to their technical frameworks. The BBT-Br results were descriptively analyzed and compared using Student t test with the normative references available and with results from a sample of high school students. Accuracy of BBT-Br was estimated using its internal consistency (Cronbach\'s alpha). Analysis of relationship between the variables of BBTBr and BFP was performed using Pearsons correlations, while the comparison of BBT-Br results regarding the different fields of knowledge was conducted using variance analysis (ANOVA One Way). The results show significant correlations between the variables of both BBT-Br and BFP, from .25 to .41, specifically between: Z radical, Interest for new ideas facet and Openness; V and Competence facet of Conscientiousness factor; G and Interest for new ideas facet; O and Communication and Dynamism facets, and Extraversion factor. These findings are in agreement with the theoretical assumptions of BBT-Br, as well as with the scientific literature addressing vocational interests and personality. The results from BBT-Br indicated distinctions in the indexes of productivity and interest structures based on sex, education, and field of knowledge. Accuracy ranged from .59 and .85, indicating reasonable indexes of reliability for both formats of BBT-Br. In general, evidence from this study corroborates the theoretical assumptions of interest radicals of BBT-Br through relationship with personality factors. The results also indicate this projective instrument properly assessed the vocational interests of the sample of college students, reinforcing its usefulness in career interventions.

A intervenção em Orientação Profissional e de Carreira objetiva promover a autonomia e autoconhecimento dos indivíduos, auxiliando na construção de seus projetos de vida. Dentre as técnicas que podem ser utilizadas pelos psicólogos nos processos de intervenção, destaca-se o Teste de Fotos de Profissões - BBT-Br, um teste projetivo que avalia interesses vocacionais. A fim de reunir evidência empírica das hipóteses interpretativas do BBT, este estudo explorou as correlações entre interesses vocacionais e traços de personalidade, avaliados por meio da Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade - BFP. Ainda, objetivou-se ampliar os dados do BBT-Br para estudantes do Ensino Superior, uma vez que a maioria dos estudos com este instrumento centra-se em adolescentes do Ensino Médio. Participaram da pesquisa 906 universitários, de ambos os sexos, com idade média de 23.38 anos (D.P. = 5.18), procedentes de instituições públicas e privadas. Para fins de comparação, foram também consultados protocolos dos estudos normativos do BBT-Br (n = 595 universitários), bem como de uma amostra de 497 adolescentes do 3o ano do Ensino Médio. Os instrumentos foram aplicados coletivamente em sala de aula, a saber: (a) questionário socioprofissional; (b) BBT-Br, em formato de aplicativo para tablets desenvolvido nesse estudo, para uso específico em pesquisa; e (c) BFP. Os dados obtidos por meio do BBT-Br foram exportados para banco de dados, enquanto os referentes ao questionário e à BFP foram digitados em programa computacional. Os resultados dos instrumentos de avaliação psicológica foram sistematizados de acordo com seus referenciais técnicos. Os resultados do BBT-Br foram analisados de forma descritiva e comparados, por meio de testes t de Student, com os referenciais normativos disponíveis e com resultados de uma amostra de estudantes do Ensino Médio. A precisão do BBT-Br foi estimada por sua consistência interna (Alfa de Cronbach). A análise da relação entre as variáveis do BBT-Br e da BFP foi realizada por meio de correlação de Pearson. Já a comparação dos resultados do BBT-Br em função das diferentes áreas do conhecimento foi realizada por meio de análises de variância (ANOVA One Way). Os resultados evidenciaram correlações significativas entre as variáveis do BBT-Br e da BFP, de .25 a .41, especificamente entre: o radical Z, a faceta Interesses por novas ideias e o fator Abertura; o radical V e a faceta Competência do fator Realização; o radical G e a faceta Interesses por novas ideias; o radical O e facetas Comunicação, Dinamismo e o fator Extroversão. Os achados são condizentes com as premissas teóricas do BBT-Br, bem como a literatura científica sobre interesses profissionais e personalidade. Os resultados do BBT-Br apontaram distinções nos índices de produtividade e estruturas de inclinação em função do sexo, escolaridade e área do conhecimento. A precisão variou entre .59 e .85, indicando índices razoáveis de fidedignidade para as duas formas do BBT-Br. As evidências deste estudo, de modo geral, corroboram os pressupostos teóricos dos radicais de inclinação do BBT-Br, por meio da relação com os fatores de personalidade. Ainda, apontam que este instrumento projetivo pareceu avaliar adequadamente os interesses profissionais da amostra de universitários, reforçando indícios de sua utilidade em intervenções de carreira. / Vocational guidance interventions aim to promote individuals\' autonomy and selfknowledge, helping them to construct their life projects. Among the techniques available for psychologists to use in these intervention processes, we highlight the Berufsbilder Test - BBT-Br, a projective test that assess vocational interests. In order to gather empirical evidence of the BBT\'s interpretative hypotheses, this study\'s objective was to explore correlations between vocational interests and personality traits assessed through Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade - BFP. Another objective was to use BBT-Br with college students, since most studies using this instrument focus on adolescents in high school. A total of 906 college students, both sexes, aged 23.38 years old on average (SD = 5.18) from both public and private colleges, were assessed. Protocols of BBT-Br normative studies were also consulted to make comparisons (n = 595 college students), as well as a sample of 497 adolescents attending the 3rd year of high school. The instruments were collectively applied in a classroom, namely: (a) socio-professional questionnaire; (b) BBT-Br, in an app format for tablets specifically to be used in research was developed for this study; and (c) BFP. Data obtained trough BBT-Br were exported to a database while those concerning the BFP questionnaire were entered in a computer program. The results from the psychological assessment instruments were systematized according to their technical frameworks. The BBT-Br results were descriptively analyzed and compared using Student t test with the normative references available and with results from a sample of high school students. Accuracy of BBT-Br was estimated using its internal consistency (Cronbach\'s alpha). Analysis of relationship between the variables of BBTBr and BFP was performed using Pearsons correlations, while the comparison of BBT-Br results regarding the different fields of knowledge was conducted using variance analysis (ANOVA One Way). The results show significant correlations between the variables of both BBT-Br and BFP, from .25 to .41, specifically between: Z radical, Interest for new ideas facet and Openness; V and Competence facet of Conscientiousness factor; G and Interest for new ideas facet; O and Communication and Dynamism facets, and Extraversion factor. These findings are in agreement with the theoretical assumptions of BBT-Br, as well as with the scientific literature addressing vocational interests and personality. The results from BBT-Br indicated distinctions in the indexes of productivity and interest structures based on sex, education, and field of knowledge. Accuracy ranged from .59 and .85, indicating reasonable indexes of reliability for both formats of BBT-Br. In general, evidence from this study corroborates the theoretical assumptions of interest radicals of BBT-Br through relationship with personality factors. The results also indicate this projective instrument properly assessed the vocational interests of the sample of college students, reinforcing its usefulness in career interventions.

Cell adhesion plays an important role in inflammation and immunological responses. Adhesion molecules (e.g., selectins and integrins) are key modulators in mediating these cellular responses, such as leukocyte trafficking under shear stress. In this thesis, we use a bio-membrane force probe (BFP) to study force regulation on kinetics and conformations of selectin and LFA-1 integrin. A new BFP was built up, and a new assay, using thermal fluctuation of the BFP, was developed and used to monitoring selectins and their ligands association and dissociations. The new BFP was also used to investigate the force and force history dependence of selectin-ligand interactions. We found tri-phasic transition of force-dependent off-rates and force-history dependence of selectin/ligaind interactions. The BFP was also used to characterize force-dependent lifetimes of the LFA-1-ICAM-1 interaction. We found that LFA-1/ICAM-1 bonds behaved as catch bond and that LFA-1-ICAM-1's catch bonds were abolished blocking the downward movement of αA domain α7 helix. Finally, the BFP was applied to dynamically probe the global conformational changes of LFA-1 and to characterize force-regulated transitions among different conformational states on a living cell. We observed dynamic transitions of LFA-1 between extended and bent conformations on living cells. The observed average distance change of LFA-1's extensions was about 18nm, while that of the bending was only about 14nm. We also found that forces could facilitate extension but they slow down the bending of LFA-1. The observed transition time of extension was less than 0.1s, while that of contraction was longer than 0.2s. Our observations here are the first in-situ evidence to demonstrate how integrins dynamically transit different conformations and how force regulates these transitions.

Inköp och leverantörsval påverkar företags konkurrenskraftighet. För att behålla sin position på marknaden och skapa långsiktiga relationer måste företag välja rätt partnerföretag. Företag kan uppnå sitt mål med leverantörsrelationer med hjälp av begränsat antal samarbetspartner, rätt bedömning och segmentering av leverantörer. Inköpsprocess och bedömningsmetod studerades på ett fallföretag för att erhålla information om ett nuvarande läge som sedan med hjälp av teori kunde operationaliseras och analyseras. Detta görs i huvudsak med hjälp av Multi-Criteria Decision Making, Kraljic matris och inköpspolicy. Resultatet presenterades med hjälp av sex leverantörer. För att leverantörerna ska vara godtagbar skall alla ‘obligatoriska’ krav uppfyllas i inköpspolicyn och erhålla ett önskat läge i Kraljic matris. Nyckelord: Kraljic matris, leverantörsbedömning, standardiserad bedömningsmall, inköpsprocess, Multi-Criteria Decision Making, Analytical Hierarchical Process, BFP-Bedömningsmall för produktleverantörer.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:33:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angelica Lima da Silva.pdf: 831395 bytes, checksum: 484b5337192fea58cecebc8007f8b27b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-11 / The receipt of the benefit of the Bolsa Familia Program (BFP), public policy of cash transfer from the federal government program to families in poverty and extreme poverty is linked to compliance with conditionalities on health and education. In education the minimum school attendance of 85 % for children between 6 and 15 years and 75 % for adolescents aged 16 to 17 years is required . According rationale explicit in legislation and official documents BFP, ensuring school attendance of children and young people in school would be a major break with the call for intergenerational transmission of poverty factor. This paper assumes the following questions: is attendance important factor to prevent the call intergenerational transmission of poverty? Does the fact that the child is in school with the help of the program ensures your education? This study examined the perceptions of mothers beneficiaries of the program regarding the requirement of attending school and prepared to understand according to their placements, the education of their children was related to participation in the BFP. Twenty semi-structured interviews with mothers of BFP beneficiaries were held in the southern region of Campinas/SP. The survey results indicate that for the beneficiary mothers BFP education of their children is not linked to the program because, according to them, the only requirement BFP with respect to school is school attendance and that they declare comply. As to the education of their children, mothers argue that it is necessary to promote a school that develops a quality education that will prepare them for the job market, so they will have opportunities to break away from poverty in the future and build a better life. / O recebimento do benef?cio do Programa Bolsa Fam?lia (PBF), pol?tica p?blica de transfer?ncia de renda do governo federal destinado a fam?lias em situa??o de pobreza e de extrema pobreza est? vinculado ao cumprimento de condicionalidades nas ?reas de sa?de e educa??o. Na ?rea da educa??o ? exigida a frequ?ncia escolar m?nima de 85% para as crian?as entre 6 e 15 anos e de 75% para adolescentes entre 16 e 17 anos. Segundo justificativa explicitada na legisla??o e documentos oficiais do PBF, a garantia da frequ?ncia escolar de crian?as e jovens na escola seria um fator importante para romper com a chamada transmiss?o intergeracional da pobreza. O presente trabalho parte das seguintes indaga??es: ser? a frequ?ncia escolar fator importante para impedir a chamada transmiss?o intergeracional da pobreza? Ser? que o fato da crian?a estar na escola com o aux?lio do programa garante a sua educa??o? Este estudo analisou as percep??es de m?es benefici?rias do programa a respeito da exig?ncia da frequ?ncia escolar e se disp?s a compreender de acordo com suas coloca??es, se a educa??o de seus filhos estava relacionada com a participa??o no PBF. Foram realizadas vinte entrevistas semiestruturadas com m?es benefici?rias do PBF na regi?o sul de Campinas/SP. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que para as m?es benefici?rias do PBF a educa??o de seus filhos n?o est? vinculada ao programa, pois, segundo elas, a ?nica exig?ncia do PBF com rela??o ? escola ? a frequ?ncia escolar e isso elas declaram cumprir. J? com rela??o ? educa??o de seus filhos, as m?es argumentam que ? necess?rio promover uma escola que desenvolva um ensino de qualidade, que os prepare para o mercado de trabalho, assim eles ter?o possibilidades de romper com a pobreza no futuro e construir uma vida melhor.