Este trabalho descreve a síntese de semicondutores a base de bismuto [Bi2O3, BiOX (X= Cl, Br ou I)] e óxidos de ferro (FexOy), a modificação por tratamento hidrotérmico e a formação de compostos híbridos de BiOX e Bi2O2CO3 ou Fe3O4 e a aplicação destes na degradação fotocatalítica de soluções de rodamina B e de fenol. A formação de vacâncias de oxigênio (VO) em estruturas de BiOCl e Bi2O2CO3 foi promovida por processo de sonicação. Os diferentes oxihaletos de bismuto, polimorfos de óxidos de bismuto e de óxidos de ferro foram precipitados pela elevação de pH do meio precursor utilizando soluções aquosas de monoisopropanolamina (MIPA), diisopropanolamina (DIPA), triisopropanolamina (TIPA), hidróxidos de sódio, potássio ou de amônio. Por meio de caracterização das propriedades físico-químicas, estruturais e morfológicas foram propostos mecanismos atentando-se a participação da base utilizada para formação e atividade catalítica dos compostos. Foram obtidas as fases α-Bi2O3 quando utilizado bases minerais e MIPA e γ-Bi2O3 utilizando-se TIPA, fases amorfas ou mistas foram obtidas com as demais bases. Os oxihaletos de bismuto se formaram independente da base utilizada na precipitação, apresentando diferenças estruturais. O processo de sonicação levou a formação de VO em estruturas de BiOCl e Bi2O2CO3 que foi verificado por Raman e espectroscopia de fotoelétrons excitados por raios X. Na precipitação de íons Fe2+ a utilização de MIPA levou à formação de magnetita, enquanto as demais bases levou a formação de misturas de óxidos de ferro. O tratamento hidrotérmico levou a híbridos de BiOX e magnetita, que apresentaram comportamento magnético, e de BiOCl e Bi2O2CO3, além de oxibrometos ricos em bismuto. Todos os materiais apresentaram atividade fotocatalítica na degradação de soluções de fenol e/ou rodamina B, as caracterizações de espectroscópicas, área superficial e potencial Zeta foram utilizadas para explicar as diferenças nestas atividades. / This study describes the synthesis of semiconductors based on bismuth [Bi2O3, BiOX (X = Cl, Br or I)] and iron oxides (FexOy), the modification by hydrothermal treatment and the formation of hybrids of BiOX and Bi2O2CO3 or Fe3O4, and the application of the materials to the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B and phenol solutions. The formation of oxygen vacancies (VO) in the structures of BiOCl and Bi2O2CO3 was promoted by a sonication process. The different bismuth oxyhalides, polymorphs of bismuth oxides and iron oxides were precipitated by raising the precursor pH level using aqueous solutions of monoisopropanolamine (MIPA), diisopropanolamine (DIPA), triisopropanolamine (TIPA), sodium, potassium or ammonium hydroxides. By performing the characterization of physico-chemical, structural and morphological properties, mechanisms were proposed considering the participation of the base on the formation of the compounds and their catalytic activity. The α- Bi2O3 phase was obtained when mineral bases and MIPA were used; the γ- Bi2O3 was formed when using TIPA; amorphous or mixed phases were obtained when using the other bases. Bismuth oxyhalides were formed independently of the base used for precipitation, showing structural differences. The sonication process led to the formation of VO in structures of BiOCl and Bi2O2CO3which was verified by Raman and X-ray excited photoelectron spectroscopies. For Fe2+ ion precipitation, the use of MIPA led to the formation of magnetite, while the other bases led to the formation of mixtures of iron oxides. The hydrothermal treatment led to hybrids of BiOX and magnetite, which presented magnetic behavior, and BiOCl and Bi2O2CO3, in addition to bismuth-rich oxybromides. All the materials showed photocatalytic activity in the degradation of phenol and / or rhodamine B solutions. Characterization techniques such as spectroscopy, surface and Zeta potential were used to explain as the different photocatalytic activities.

La catalyse homogène à l’or a longtemps été sous-estimée. Cela a changé au début du 21ème lorsque la communauté des chimistes a reconsidéré les nombreuses singularités que ce métal peut apporter. De nos jours, plus d’une centaine de groupe de recherche mondialement reconnus a permis d’élargir les domaines d’applications de ce précieux métal. De nombreuses avancées ont été réalisées, mais à ce jour très peu sont utilisées à grande échelle et la fréquence de turnover est souvent faible. Ces problèmes sont souvent liés à la rapide dégradation des espèces actives d’or cationiques. Ce manuscrit expose les avancées qui ont été proposée jusque là et les alternatives que nous avons offert. Nous avons ainsi décrit une méthode de cationisation lente et réversible de l’espèce d’or cationique en substituant les sels d’argent traditionnellement utilisés au profit d’autres acides de Lewis. La découvert de cette lente métathèse d’anion a permis : de retarder la décomposition de l’espèce active dans le milieu, de diminuer la charge catalytique d’or et de monter en charge les réactions à l’échelle du gramme. Cette méthode a ensuite été appliquée avec succès à des réactions énantiosélectives d’hydroalkylation d’alcènes non activés, mais également à permis de considérer l’indium et le bismuth comme une alternative aux métaux de transition en π-catalyse. / Homogeneous gold catalysis has been underestimated for nearly a century. After reconsideration the by chemists’ community, it rapidly became a hot topic in chemistry. To date, more than a 100 worldwide groups have embraced the golden opportunity. Considerable breakthroughs have been made, nevertheless, the classical experimental procedures still suffer from low turnover numbers (TON) and scalability. These issues can be attributed to the decay of cationic gold catalysts and several solutions have been proposed in the literature. In this thesis, we will present our way to circumvent this thorny issue. Specifically, we have used Lewis acids other than silver salts for that purpose and found that some of them could indeed generate an active gold species through slow anion metathesis. The slow anion metathesis could retard the decomposition of the active gold species. Thus, gold could be used in low amounts in scalable reactions by simply avoiding the use of silver. These silver-free two-component mixtures could address the difficult issue of C-C bond forming reaction. Besides, we have developed catalytic enantioselective hydroalkylations of unactivated alkenes. This study led us to consider indium and bismuth catalysis in addition to gold.

Thesis (doctoral)--Munich, 1934. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-24).

Thesis (doctoral)--Munich, 1934. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-24).

Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2016-08-26T10:48:20Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-26T10:48:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O presente trabalho descreve o procedimento experimental do método de purificação do sal de Triiodeto de Bismuto (BiI3), visando uma futura aplicação destes em cristais semicondutores, como detector de radiação à temperatura ambiente. A técnica de Bridgman Vertical Repetido foi aplicada para a purificação e crescimento de BiI3, baseada na teoria da fusão e o fenômeno de nucleação do material. Uma ampola preenchida com sal de BiI3, na quantidade máxima de 25% do seu volume interno, foi posicionada no interior do forno de Bridgman Vertical e verticalmente deslocada à uma velocidade de 2 milímetros por hora dentro do forno programado obedecendo um perfil térmico e gradiente de temperatura, com uma temperatura máxima de 530°C, estabelecidos neste trabalho. A redução de impurezas no BiI3, para cada purificação, foi analisada por Análise por Ativação Neutrônica Instrumental (AANI), para a verificação da eficiência do técnica de purificação estabelecida neste trabalho, para impurezas de metais traço, presente na matéria prima do cristal Foi demonstrado que a técnica de Bridgman Repetido é eficiente para a redução da concentração de diversas impurezas, como Ag, As, Br, Cr, K, Mo, Na, e Sb. As estruturas cristalinas nos cristais purificados duas e três vezes apresentou similaridade com o padrão do BiI3. No entanto, para o sal de partida e cristal purificado somente uma vez foi observado a contribuição de intensidade BiOI (Oxido de Iodeto de Bismuto) similar ao padrão observada no seu difratograma. É conhecido que detectores semicondutores fabricados a partir de cristais com alta pureza exibem uma melhora significativa no seu desempenho, comparado com os cristais produzidos com cristais de baixa pureza. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Face à la raréfaction des énergies fossiles, l’industrie automobile se trouve dans l’obligation de réduire la consommation des véhicules. L’une des idées est de récupérer l’énergie perdue sous forme d’échauffements grâce à la thermoélectricité. L’objectif de ces travaux est l’implantation d’un module thermoélectrique au niveau du radiateur afin d’en récupérer la chaleur dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche financé par Valéo Systèmes Thermiques et l’ADEME. La conception des radiateurs nécessite des épaisseurs supérieures à la centaine de micromètres de matériaux thermoélectriques afin d’en optimiser l’espace disponible. L’électrodéposition est apparue comme la technologie la plus adaptée car elle permet de déposer les matériaux directement sur l’ailette. Cette étude est consacrée aux dépôts électrochimiques de chalcogénures de bismuth (Bi2Te3 et Bi0,5Sb1,5Te3), matériaux les plus performants aux températures de fonctionnement de l’échangeur thermique. La première partie de ces travaux concerne la faisabilité de l’obtention de films d’épaisseurs supérieures à 100 µm et leurs caractérisations : stœchiométrie, structures et propriétés thermoélectriques. L’utilisation originale d’une anode soluble permet l’obtention de films de Bi2Te3 de près de 400 µm. Pour le composé ternaire, la synthèse consiste en une succession de couches de composés différents (Bi0,25Sb0,75-Te0), avant de procéder à leur interdiffusion via un traitement thermique. La dernière partie concerne la réalisation d’un module thermoélectrique. Les multiples étapes de lithographie et de synthèses électrochimiques ont été étudiées afin d’obtenir un module adapté aux échangeurs thermiques. Les caractérisations préliminaires de leurs propriétés montrent des résistances élevées et plusieurs voies d’améliorations sont proposées / In order to face the rarefaction of fossil fuels, the automotive industry has to find new ways to reduce their vehicle consumption. One of the possible ideas is to recover the energy that is lost as heating by using thermoelectricity. The aim of this work is to set-up thermoelectric generators into the radiator in order to recover this lost heat in a frame of research project financially supported by Valéo Systèmes Thermiques and ADEME. The radiator design requires thermoelectric materials thicknesses up to hundred micrometers in order to optimize the available space. Electroplating seems to be the best way to synthesize those materials directly onto the radiator fins. This study focuses on the electroplating of the best thermoelectric materials adapted to the operating temperatures of the heat exchanger: bismuth chalcogenides (Bi2Te3 and Bi0,5Sb1,5Te3). Firstly, a study has been carried out in order to synthesize thick layers above 100 µm of those two materials. Stoichiometry and thermoelectric properties were also determined. The original use of a soluble anode permitted to obtain 400 µm thick Bi2Te3 films. For the ternary compound, the synthesis consisting in a succession of thin layers of Bi0,25Sb0,75 and Te0, before their interdiffusion by annealing, is also presented. Finally, the last part covers the study carried out on the realization of the thermoelectric generators. The multiple stages of lithography and electrochemical syntheses were studied in order to obtain a module adapted to the heat exchanger. The first characterizations evidence high internal resistances and different ways to improve them are also presented

The thesis entitled “Variants of Complex Bismuth and Zirconium Oxides: Structure-Property Correlation Studies” consists of five chapters. A short introductory note outlines the synthetic procedures, characterization techniques and evaluated properties such as photocatalysis, second harmonic generation, ionic conductivity and thermal expansion in these materials. Chapter 1 deals with a new solid solution Pb3-xBi2x/3V2O8 (0.20 ≤ x ≤ 0.50), stabilizing the high temperature γ form of Pb3V2O8 in the system Pb3V2O8−BiVO4. Single-crystals of the composition x = 0.50 were grown and the structure is a new variant in palmierite structural type as determined by both single crystal X-ray and powder neutron diffraction. Several refinement strategies backed up by difference Fourier methods were used to arrive at the final crystal structure. ac impedance studies indicate conductivity of the order of 10-4 Ω-1 cm-1 for Pb2.5Bi1/3V2O8. Chapter 2 has two sections and describes the structure property correlation in bismuth based vanadate and phosphate eulytites. Section 2.1 discusses the crystal structure of Pb3Bi(VO4)3, the first eulytite compound containing [VO4]3- moieties. The compound displays incongruent melting behavior. Single-crystals were grown by melt-cool technique adding excess amount of BiVO4. The crystal structure has been characterized by both X-ray and neutron diffraction studies. Section 2.2 describes the crystal structures of four phosphate eulytites A3Bi(PO4)3 ( A = Ca, Cd, Sr, Pb). The crystals were grown from melt-cool technique with considerable difficulty as the compounds melt incongruently. While Pb3Bi(VO4)3 and Pb3Bi(PO4)3 have an unique position for one of the oxygen atoms, Sr3Bi(PO4)3, Ca3Bi(PO4)3, Cd3Bi(PO4)3 display split oxygen atomic sites. The SHG efficiencies measured on polycrystalline samples were 5.3, 3.8, 2.85, 1.21 and 0.64 times that of KDP (KH2PO4) for Pb3Bi(VO4)3, Cd3Bi(PO4)3, Sr3Bi(PO4)3, Pb3Bi(PO4)3 and Ca3Bi(PO4)3 respectively. Chapter 3 describes the isolation of the compound Sr2Bi2/3V2O8, a variant palmierite, in the phase diagram of SrO-Bi2O3-V2O5. The compound was synthesized by ceramic method and it is of interest to note that the Sr(1) site also accommodates Bi as found by single crystal X-ray studies unlike that found in the case described in chapter 1. Chapter 4 has two sections, dealing with synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic properties of trigonal and monoclinic polymorphs of ZrMo2O8, a negative thermal expansion material in its cubic form. Section 4.1 describes the synthesis of trigonal polymorph of ZrMo2O8 by both ceramic and combustion synthesis methods. SEM images show a particle size of 40-50 nm for combustion synthesized samples and 8-10 μm for solid state synthesized ZrMo2O8. The band gap obtained by UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra for the combustion synthesized and solid state synthesized samples were 2.70 and 2.74 eV and the BET surface area were 1.0 m2/g and 10.0 m2/g. DFT electronic structure calculations reveal the indirect band gap nature of this polymorph. Photo-degradation studies performed on pollutant water show specific affinity to degrade dyes which do not possess anthraquinonic moieties. Section 4.2 describes the single-crystal structure determination and catalytic properties of monoclinic polymorph of ZrMo2O8. The band gap measured for the monoclinic form by UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra was 2.57 eV. This polymorph was found to be specific towards the degradation of cationic dyes. Chapter 5 discusses a new solid solution ZrV2-xMo5x/6O7 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) identified in the phase diagram of ZrO2−V2O5−MoO3. These compounds were synthesized via the solution combustion method. The resulting products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, solid-state UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The photo-catalytic activity shows specificity towards the degradation of non-azo dyes. Single-crystals were grown by melt-cool technique from the starting materials with twice the MoO3 quantity. Since, these crystals belong to a cubic system, space group Pa 3, they were tested for negative thermal expansion using variable temperature single-crystal XRD and indeed they exhibit this property above 370 K.

La surface de Fermi du bismuth est composée d'une poche de trous parabolique et de trois vallées d'électrons de Dirac équivalentes à une rotation près. Leur masse effective est faible (m* ~ 10-3 me) et très anisotrope (m1 ~ 200 m2). Ces propriétés électroniques remarquables, combinées à une densité de porteurs très faible (n=3.10-17 cm-3) et une très grande mobilité (µ ~ 108 cm2/V/s), impliquent que la magnétorésistance du bismuth est très grande et très sensible à l'orientation du champ magnétique. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons réalisé la cartographie en température et champ magnétique de la dépendance angulaire de la magnétorésistance transverse dans les trois plans de haute symétrie. Nous avons ensuite confronté nos données aux attentes du modèle semi classique. Cela a permis de vérifier la pertinence du modèle semi-classique d'une part et d'extraire les composantes du tenseur de mobilité d'autre part. Nous trouvons que toutes les composantes du tenseur de mobilité suivent une dépendance en température qui est proche de T-2, suggérant la prédominance de l'interaction électron-électron. Une transition de phase au cours de laquelle la dépendance angulaire de la magnétorésistance perd la symétrie rotationnelle du réseau cristallin a été mise en évidence. L'étude de la dépendance angulaire de l'effet magnéto-Seebeck a révélé des oscillations similaires à celles de la résistivité. Leur explication nécessite d'aller au-delà du modèle semi-classique. Finalement, l'anisotropie et l'évolution avec le champ magnétique du pouvoir thermoélectrique et de la figure de mérite du bismuth pur et d'un alliage d'antimoine sont étudiées. / Bismuth Fermi surface is composed of one parabolic hole pocket and three equivalent Dirac electrons valleys. The electrons effective mass is low (m* ~ 10-3 me) and very anisotropic (m1 ~ 200 m2). These exceptional electronic properties, combined with a very low carrier density (n=3.10-17 cm-3) and a very large mobility (µ ~ 108 cm2/V/s) imply that bismuth magnetoresistance is very large and very sensitive to the orientation of the magnetic field. During this thesis, we mapped in temperature and magnetic field the angular dependence of transverse magnetoresistance in the three high symmetry planes. Our datas are then fitted by a semi-classical model. This permits to examine the relevance of the semi-classical theory and to extract the mobility tensors components. We find that all mobility tensor components have a temperature dependence close to a T-2, which suggests that the electron-electron interaction is the main diffusion mechanism. At low temperature and high magnetic field, a phase transition induces the loss of the lattice rotational symmetry in angular dependence magnetoresistance measurement. The angular dependence of magneto-Seebeck effect shows the same oscillations as magnetoresistance. Their explanation requires to go beyond the semi-classical model. Finally, magnetic field dependence and anisotropy of thermoelectric power and thermoelectric figure of merit of pure bismuth and a bismuth-antimony alloy are studied.

Ce travail de thèse traite de la synthèse de porphyrines à une ou deux anses (6, 11, 8i and 14i) greffées sur les positions méso adjacentes 5,10 et 15,20 et portant une fonction acide carboxylique suspendue avec ou sans un autre groupement fonctionnel (cyano, pyridine) en position alpha. Cette conformation génère une flexibilité de l'anse avec deux positions clairement identifiées de l'acide carboxylique (intérieure/extérieure). Ainsi la synthèse et la caractérisation des composés sont discutées en détails puis la coordination des ligands 6, 11, et 8i avec les métaux Zn(II), Hg(II), Pb(II) et Bi(III) est décrite. Dans le cas du zinc, cation penta-coordiné en géométrie pyramidale à base carrée, ce dernier est stabilisé soit par le groupement acide carboxylique intramoléculaire soit par une molécule de solvant exogène (DMSO ou H2O). Dans le cas du mercure, des complexes des deux types, monométalliques et bimétalliques, sont obtenus alors que pour le plomb, deux espèces monométalliques sont formées dans lesquelles le cation est soit du même côté, soit du côté opposé à l'anse, mais dans des proportions différentes. Enfin, le cation Bi(III) induit une seconde sphère de coordination inédite, responsable de l'insertion stéréosélective du métal. Qui plus est, un processus de transmétallation augmente la cinétique d'insertion du bismuth. Également, la présence d'un groupement cyano en position alpha de l'acide carboxylique génère une gêne stérique en coordination dans le cas du plomb, l'obligeant à coordiner la porphyrine sur sa face nue. / This thesis work concerns the synthesis of 5,10 single and bis-strapped porphyrin ligands (6, 11, 8i and 14i) bearing an overhung carboxylic acid group with/without an additional functional group (cyano and pyridine). The 5,10 meso linkage promotes a flexibility of the strap which allows the carboxylic acid group to be in two identified positions (in/out). The synthesis and characterization of the compounds are discussed in details, and the coordination of the ligands (6, 11, and 8i) with metals Zn(II), Hg(II), Pb(II) and Bi(III) have been investigated. In the case of Zn(II), five-coordinated metal in a square pyramidal geometry, the metal was stabilized by either an intramolecular carboxylic acid group or an exogenous molecule (DMSO or H2O). In the case of Hg(II), both monometallic and bimetallic species were obtained where for lead, two monometallic species were formed in which Pb(II) is coordinated from the same / opposite side of the strap with different ratios. Finally, Bi(III) promotes a new second sphere of coordination which is responsible for the side selective insertion of the metal. Beside, a transmetalation process speeds up the kinetic insertion of bismuth. In addition, the presence of a cyano group in the α position of the carboxylic acid group creates a steric effect on coordination (in case of Pb(II)) which forces the metal to coordinate from the opposite side of the strap.

The thermoelectric properties of bismuth telluride based thermoelectric (TE) materials are well-characterized, but comparatively little has been published on the thermomechanical properties. In this paper, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry data for bismuth telluride based TE materials is presented. The TE materials' tan delta values, indicative of viscoelastic energy dissipation modes, approached that of glassy or crystalline polymers, were greater than ten times the tan delta of structural metals, and reflected the anisotropic nature of TE materials. DMA thermal scans showed changes in mechanical properties versus temperature with clear hysteresis effects. These results showed that the application of DMA techniques are useful for evaluation of thermophysical and thermomechanical properties of these TE materials.