The objective of this study is to process and characterize the compatibilized blends of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polyamide-6 (PA6) using olefin based reactive copolymers and subsequently to utilize this blend as a matrix material in short glass fiber (SGF) reinforced composites and organoclay based nanocomposites by applying melt processing technique. In this context, commercially available epoxydized and maleated olefinic copolymers, ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (EMA-GMA) and ethylene-n butyl acrylate-carbon monoxide-maleic anhydride (EnBACO-MAH) were used as compatibilizers at different ratios. Compatibilizing performance of these two olefinic polymers was investigated through blend morphologies, thermal and mechanical properties as a function of blend composition and compatibilizer loading level. Incorporation of compatibilizer resulted in a fine morphology with reduced dispersed particle size. At 5 % EnBACO-MAH, the toughness was observed to be the highest among the blends produced. SGF reinforced ABS and ABS/PA6 blends were prepared with twin screw extrusion. The effects of SGF concentration and extrusion process conditions on the fiber length distribution, mechanical properties and morphologies of the composites were examined. The most compatible organosilane type was designated from interfacial tension and short beam flexural tests, to promote adhesion of SGF to both ABS and PA6. Increasing amount of PA6 in the polymer matrix improved the strength, stiffness and also toughness of the composites. Effects of compatibilizer content and ABS/PA6 ratio on the morphology and mechanical properties of 30% SGF reinforced ABS/PA6 blends were investigated. The most striking result of the study was the improvement in the impact strength of the SGF/ABS/PA6 composite with the additions of compatibilizer. Melt intercalation method was applied to produce ABS/PA6 blends based organoclay nanocomposites. The effects of process conditions and material parameters on the morphology of blends, dispersibility of nanoparticles and mechanical properties were investigated. To improve mixing, the screws of the extruder were modified. Processing with co-rotation yielded finer blend morphology than processing with counter-rotation. Clays were selectively exfoliated in PA6 phase and agglomerated at the interface of ABS/PA6. High level of exfoliation was obtained with increasing PA6 content and with screw speed in co-rotation mode. Screw modification improved the dispersion of clay platelets in the matrix.

<p>Different methods for quality assessment of separated andcommingled plastics from household and electronic waste havebeen developed. Especial attention has been given tospectroscopic methods since they are non-destructive andrequire little or no sample preparation at all.</p><p>A wide variety of low molecular weight compounds have beenidentified in recycled polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylenefrom hard packaging waste by gas chromatography- massspectroscopy (GC-MS) after microwave assisted extraction (MAE).Low molecular weight substances such as alcohols, esters,ketones and fragrance and flavour compounds were detected inthe recycled resins. The major category of compounds identifiedin the virgin resins is conformed by aliphatic hydrocarbonssuch as alkanes and alkenes. It was found that theconcentration of aromatic hydrocarbons without functionalgroups, e.g. ethylbenzene and xylenes in recycled HDPE wasapprox. 5 times higher and equal to 120 and 35 ppb,respectively.</p><p>The potential of near infrared (NIR) and Fourier transformRaman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy in combination with multivariateanalysis as a rapid, non-destructive and accurate analyticalmethod has been studied and the feasibility of these methodsfor at/in line characterisation of several properties ofrecyclates has also been explored.</p><p>NIR in diffuse reflectance mode has been successfully usedfor quantification of antioxidants in polyethylene, thestandard error of prediction is almost comparable to the errorof wet methods, i.e., extraction plus liquid chromatography.The error of prediction of this method is 35 ppm for Irganox1010 and 68 ppm for Irgafos 168. The inaccuracy in thequantification of Irgafos 168 is due to the fact that thisantioxidant degrades during polymer processing.</p><p>NIR and Mid-infrared (Mid-IR) worked well for fastdetermination of molecular weight and crystallinity of therecycled HDPE and acceptable errors of prediction, comparableto that of the reference methods, i.e. size exclusionchromatography (SEC) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) have been obtained.</p><p>The present thesis also shows that NIR and Raman are goodcandidates for in/on line compositional analysis of mixedpolymer fractions from recycled plastic waste. Diffusereflectance NIR allows a rapid and reliable measurement ofpellets and requires no previous sample preparation. Thecomposition of binary blends can be determined with highaccuracy. The PP content in the PP/HDPE blends was predictedwith a RMSEP equal to 0.46 %w in the 0-15 %wt region and theRMSEP for PP in the PP/ABS blends was 0.3 %wt.</p><p>The thermal and thermoxidative stability of recycled PP,HDPE and a 20/80 PP/HDPE blend subjected to multiple extrusionhave been studied by DSC, thermal analysis (TGA) andchemiluminiscence (CL). A decrease in T_oxand OIT was observed after each extrusion step.The drop in OIT was sharper after the first two extrusions. TheOIT values produced by DSC and CL were in good agreement.However, CL provided more information about the oxidationprocess taking place in the blends.</p><p>The moisture content in recycled polyamide 6,6 was readilydetermined by NIR in transmission mode and it could bepredicted with a RMSEP = 0.05 %wt. The accuracy of the methodappeared to be as good as that of the more time consumingthermal methods such as TGA, DSC and loss on dry (LOD), whichwere used as reference methods. The influence of differentamounts of water on the viscoelastic properties of nylon hasbeen investigated.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Recycling, HDPE, PP, blends, nylon 6,6, ABS,water content, MAE, GC-MS, NIR, FT-Raman, chemiluminiscence,low molecular weight compounds, antioxidant content,crystallinity, molecular weight, thermal stability,characterisation methods, analysis of polymers, blends.</p>

Polymers films and membranes with immobile and irreversible reactive sites can provide significant barrier properties for packaging materials. There is a need to develop mathematical models to understand the behavior of these reactive materials and to confidently extrapolate experimental data. Due to mechanical and optical requirements, barrier films may consist of composites, such as polymer blends and multilayer films with alternating reactive and inert layers. The reactive term that consumes the mobile species in the governing transport equations for such materials is a function of both the mobile species and the immobilized reactive sites, leading to non-linear partial differential equations that typically have to be solved numerically. Composite structures add to the complexity of the model. For the polymer blend, a multiscale model was developed, incorporating the reactive details within the particle into the bulk transport equation. For the multilayer film, initial conditions and diffusion coefficients were assigned independently for reactive or inert layers. The models developed for the three configurations were solved numerically over a wide parameter space. Three regimes were identified, namely early times characterized by an initial flux plateau, and intermediate regime, and long times, characterized by the time lag. Asymptotic analysis of the homogeneous model was used to develop analytical predictions for the three regimes, obviating the need to numerically solve the model’s non-linear equations. These predictions were generalized to polymer blends. For multilayer films, predictions for early and long times were developed. Results for polymer blends and multilayer composites were compared and discussions of the most suitable configuration for different scenarios were presented. The reactive barrier configurations studied require the knowledge of parameters such as reaction rates and coefficients of diffusion and solubility of the reactive polymer. Model and predictive equations have been developed to describe the transient mass uptake in reactive homogeneous films, enabling the extraction of these parameters from sorption experiments. / text

Iso-octane, n-heptane, ethanol and their blends were tested in a constant volume combustion chamber to measure laminar burning velocities. The experimental apparatus was modified from the previous version to an automatically-controlled system. Accuracy and speed of data acquisition were improved by this modification. The laminar burning velocity analysis code was also improved for minimized error and fast calculation. A large database of laminar burning velocities at elevated temperatures and pressures was established using this improved experimental apparatus and analysis code. From this large database of laminar burning velocities, laminar flame speeds were extracted. Laminar flame speeds of iso-octane, n-heptane and blends were investigated and analysed to derive new correlations to predict laminar flame speeds of any blending ratio. Ethanol and ethanol blends with iso-octane and/or n-heptane were also examined to see the role of ethanol in the blends. Generally, the results for iso-octane and n-heptane agree with published data. Additionally, blends of iso-octane and n-heptane exhibited flame speeds that followed linear blending relationships. A new flame speed model was successfully applied to these fuels. Ethanol and ethanol blends with iso-octane and/or n-heptane exhibited a strongly non-linear blending relationship and the new flame speed model was not applied to these fuels. It was shown that the addition of ethanol into iso-octane and/or n-heptane accelerated the flame speeds. / text

No description available.

In recent years,the recycling of plastic waste incerased worldwide.The basic impetus for this increase is the public awereness regarding polltuion of the environment.Many different types of recycling processes are being used to reduce the use of raw materials and to reduce energy consumption.PET recycling is one of the most important recycling processes.addition of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers has also become wide-spread in recent years to increase their mechanical properties and other selected properties.In this study,it is aimed to obtai a continous or discontinous fiber from the termotropic liquid crystalline copolyester and recycled PET blend.In this study X7G was used as a copolyester.In the polymer mixtures small amounts of liquid crystalline plymer phase resulted in significantr improvements in the mechanical properties of the fibers produced in the study.The blending method used gave an alost homogeneous poymer mixture which was unexpected tat needs further study to elaborate.The preliminary DSC,SEM, tensile testing and intrinsic viscosity measurements support this conclusion.The material obtained approached to fiber grade PET in terms of fiber forming properties which therefore can be used as a second grade fiber material.

This thesis deals with the mechanisms of microstructure development in polymer blends. Much work has been performed on the breakup process of immiscible systems where the dispersed phase is suspended inside another matrix. The fluids used were polymer melts or model viscoelastic fluids, and the processing flows were model shear flow or processing flows seen in industry. It is found that in industrial extruders or batch mixers, the morphology of the dispersed polymer evolves from pellets to films, and subsequently to fibers and particles. In this thesis, it is demonstrated based on force analysis that the in-situ graft reactive compatibilization facilitates breakup of the dispersed phase by suppressing slip at the interface of the dispersed phase and matrix phase. The morphology development of polymer blends in industrial mixers was simulated by performing experiments of model viscoelastic drop deformation and breakup under shear flow. Two distinct modes of drop deformation and breakup were observed. Namely, viscoelastic drops can elongate and breakup either in (1) the flow direction or (2) the vorticity direction. The first normal stress difference N1 plays a decisive role in the conditions and modes of drop breakup. Drop size is an important factor which determines to a great extent the mode of drop breakup and the critical point when the drop breakup mechanism changes. Small drops break along the vorticity direction, whereas large drops break in the flow direction. A dramatic change in the critical shear rate was found when going from one breakup mode to another. Polymer melts processed under shear flow present different morphology development mechanisms: films, fibers, vorticity elongation and surface instability. The mechanisms depend greatly on the rheological properties of both the dispersed and matrix phases, namely the viscosity ratio and elasticity ratio. High viscosity ratio and high elasticity ratio result elongation of the dispersed phase in the vorticity direction. Medium viscosity ratio and low elasticity ratio result in fiber morphology. Low viscosity ratio and high elasticity ratio result in film morphology. The surface instability is caused by the shear-thinning effect of the dispersed polymer. / Chemical Engineering

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-05T20:47:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MAÍRA FELINTO LOPES – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 2117734 bytes, checksum: c223546a83b5064794e300d40027f173 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T20:47:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MAÍRA FELINTO LOPES – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 2117734 bytes, checksum: c223546a83b5064794e300d40027f173 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11 / O suco em pó de frutas e hortaliças possui alto potencial biológico por se tratar de alimento natural, que atende às tendências atuais, pela facilidade de consumo e principalmente pelos seus efeitos antioxidantes. Por isso o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os compostos bioativos e a capacidade antioxidante em blends em pó de frutas e hortaliças em obtidos por atomização. As análises físico-químicas foram realizadas em duas formulaçãoes dos blends in natura (A e B): blend A (couve, brócolis, abacaxi, acerola verde e hortelã) e blend B (couve, maçã verde, limão e gengibre). O blend em pó foi obtido através da secagem por atomização, e as condições de operação do secador foram: temperatura do ar de 80ºC, vazão de suspensão de 5mL.min-1 e concentração de maltodextrina de 5%. Os pós obtidos (amostras AI e BI) foram analisados quanto as características físicas, físico-químicas, compostos bioativos e capacidade antioxidante (DPPH e ABTS). Para efeito de comparação utilizou-se um suco em pó comercial, amostra C. Os pós formulados foram ainda analisados a cada 30 dias durante um período de 180 dias quanto ao teor de água, coloração, resíduo mineral fixo, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, açúcares totais, ácido ascórbico, clorofila total, carotenoides totais, flavonoides, antocianinas, compostos fenólicos e capacidade antioxidante. As análises microbiológicas de coliformes a 45 ºC, bolores e leveduras, Salmonella e contagem de Staphylococcus, foram realizadas no tempo inicial e final do armazenamento. Foram realizados testes de aceitação sensorial, atitude de consumo e ordenação de preferência. Os resultados dos compostos bioativos nos blends in natura aponta o blend A como superior em todos os componentes, especialmente nos teores de ácido ascórbico que para o blend A foi de 360 mg.100g-1 e para o B 60 mg.100g-1, e nos compostos fenólicos sendo de 184,52 mg GAE.100g-1 e 97,91 mg GAE.100g-1, para os blends A e B respectivamente. A capacidade antioxidante também foi superior para o blend A de 192,73g polpa.DPPH-1. Foram encontrados na amostra AI maiores teores de ácido ascórbico e compostos fenólicos, sendo respectivamente de 2670mg.100g-1 e 2063,94 mg GAE.100g-1, enquanto a amostra BI obteve para os parâmetros mencionados, respectivamente, 570 mg.100g-1 e 1082 mg GAE.100g-1. Quando comparados com a amostra C quanto aos compostos bioativos, os blends formulados foram nitidamente superiores, sendo o teor de ácido ascórbico do blend em pó AI 1900% maior e o de compostos fenólicos aproximadamente 1000% superior aos obtidos para a amostra C. O potencial antioxidante das amostras AI e BI é expressivamente maior do que da amostra C, sendo este 6500% menor do que o da amostra A. A maior parte dos constituintes analisados sofreu variação durante o período de 180 dias de armazenamento, porém as amostras AI e BI ainda mantiveram bons resultados dos compostos bioativos e bom potencial antioxidante ao final do armazenamento. Portanto, é indicado como a melhor amostra fonte de bioativos e antioxidantes a amostra AI, que apresenta em sua constituição couve, brócolis, abacaxi, acerola verde e hortelã. / The juice powders of fruits and vegetables have high biological potential because they area natural food that meets the current trends, ease of use and mainly for theirs antioxidant effects. Therefore the aim of this research was to develop a powder of juices from fruits and blends of vegetables, obtained by spray drying, as well as evaluated in the prepared samples the presence of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity during the storage time. The physico-chemical analyses were performed in two formulations of blends in natura (A and B): A blend (cabbage, broccoli, pineapple, mint green and acerola) and blend B (cabbage, green apple, lemon and ginger). The blend powder was obtained by drying the spray forming, the dryer operating conditions are: air temperature 80°C, 5mL.min-1 suspension flow rate and the concentration of maltodextrin 5%. In powder samples (AI and BI) were analyzed the parameters: physical, physico-chemical, bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS). For comparison with the formulated powder samples in this study was purchased commercially from Great Meadow product labeled as powdered green juice, which was named sample C and were performed the same analysis. The formulated powders were analyzed in 30 days to 180 days of storage time, and in each samples were analyzed the water content, color, fixed mineral residue, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, total sugars, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. Microbiological analyzes were performed for coliforms at 45°C, molds and yeasts, Salmonella and Staphylococcus counts were realized at baseline and end of storage time. The sensory analysis of the powders samples were performed using the sensory acceptance testing, consumer attitude and ordering preferably with one hundred of untrained panelists. According to the results of bioactive compounds in natural powder blend of Sample A was higher in all components, especially in ascorbic acid content for which the blend A was 360.00 mg.100g-1 and B 60 mg.100g-1, and phenolic compounds being 184.,52 mg GAE.100g-1 97.91 mg GAE.100g-1 and for blends A and B respectively. The antioxidant capacity was also higher for the blend A of 192.73 g polpa.DPPH-1. The powder samples had the same behavior, higher contents of ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds for the sample AI, and respectively 2670.00 mg.100g -1 and 2063.94 mg GAE.100g-1, while the sample BI obtained for the mentioned parameters respectively 570.00 mg.100g-1 and 1082.00 mg GAE.100g-1. When compared to the commercial sample C as the bioactive compounds formulated blends were sharply higher, with the ascorbic acid content of the Sample AI nineteen times higher and the phenolics about ten times higher than those obtained for sample C. The antioxidant potential of samples AI and BI were significantly higher than sample C, which is sixty five times lower than the sample A. The majority of the analyzed constituent underwent variation during the 180 days of storage time, but the samples still exhibit good results and good bioactive compounds of antioxidant potential at the end of storage time. The sensory analysis of blends formulated powder and in the commercial sample C resulted in a greater acceptance by the judges for the sample C, probably due adding of sucralose, flavoring and essences. Therefore, the results of analysis indicated that the best sample source of bioactive antioxidants was the Sample AI.

Devido às crescentes exigências da sociedade, das legislações ambientais e do próprio meio ambiente pela sua preservação, é imprescindível a tomada de providências, especialmente no que tange ao projeto de produto (Design de Produto). Nesta fase, deve ser possível prever o desempenho do produto e de seus materiais em todo o ciclo de vida, desde a produção até os processos de reaproveitamento, reciclagem e descarte final. Para que essa previsão seja possível, são necessários dados de propriedades dos materiais, viabilizando a seleção destes conforme a finalidade a que se destinam. O presente trabalho se deteve, assim, aos estudos relacionados ao Ecodesign, especificamente ao Design para Reciclagem, de óculos oriundos de apreensão pela Receita Federal do Brasil. O objetivo foi propiciar subsídios técnicos para gerar soluções viáveis para um encaminhamento adequado desses resíduos provenientes de apreensão. Como possibilidade para reciclagem, foi sugerida a produção de blendas com os polímeros constituintes dos óculos, policarbonato (PC) e polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA). As blendas e os polímeros puros, tanto de material virgem quanto provenientes dos óculos, foram caracterizados via espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), ensaios de tração e de impacto, inspeção visual e testes de chama e de solubilidade. Os dados obtidos foram, então, comparados para o decorrer de quatro ciclos de processamento, entre as diferentes composições e para o material virgem e dos óculos, proporcionando noções a respeito das tendências no comportamento das propriedades dos materiais reciclados. As blendas consideradas total ou parcialmente miscíveis via calorimetria diferencial exploratória (DSC) foram 90PC10PMMA, 80PC20PMMA e 70PC30PMMA (composições mássicas). / Increasing demands from society, environmental legislation, and environment itself make it imperative that we take actions concerning product design. In this phase, one should be able to predict product and materials performance in all of the product's life cycle, from its production up to reuse, recycling and final disposal. In order to make this prediction possible, one needs data about materials properties. These data enable material selection in accordance to their usage. This work consists in a study related to Ecodesign and, more specifically, Design for Recycling, of counterfeit glasses apprehended by Brazilian internal revenue service (Receita Federal). Its goal is providing a technical basis and presenting viable solutions for an adequate disposal of these residues after apprehension. This dissertation suggests the production of blends with the polymers that constitute the glasses, namely PC and PMMA, as a possibility to carry out recycling. The blends, as well as the polymers in their pure state, either from virgin material or from the counterfeit glasses, were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tension and impact tests, and visual inspection, as well as with flame and solubility tests. The data thus obtained was compared along four processing cycles regarding the different compositions, yielding valuable information about trends in the behavior of the recycled materials' properties. The blends considered miscible or partially miscible by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were 90PC10PMMA, 80PC20PMMA e 70PC30PMMA (mass fractions).