Orientador: Maria Isabel Felisberti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T06:00:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Taba_EduardodosSantos_D.pdf: 4256071 bytes, checksum: ec0a3acba638d80495c8dfba90548e34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Blendas do polímero biodegradável poli(hidroxibutirato) foram preparadas com os seguintes copolímeros aleatórios: poli(estireno-co-acrilonitrila)-SAN; poli(estireno-co-metacrilato de 2-hidróxietila)-S-Hema; poli(metacrilato de metila-co-vinil fenol-P(MMA-co-VPh). Os copolímeros SAN foram sintetizados via copolimerização em massa, enquanto os copolímeros S-Hema foram sintetizados pela copolimerização em solução utilizando DMF como solvente. Os copolímeros foram caracterizados por ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) de H e C, cromatografia de permeação em gel (GPC), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA). As blendas foram preparadas dissolvendo-se os polímeros em um bom solvente e adicionando-se à solução resultante um mau solvente para a coagulação dessas blendas. As análises das blendas por DSC, DMA e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) mostraram que todas elas são imiscíveis. A cinética de cristalização do PHB em blendas P(MMA-co-VPh)/PHB e SAN/PHB foi estudada por DSC. Esses estudos mostraram que a presença do copolímero P(MMA-co-VPh) causa a diminuição da taxa de cristalização do PHB e aumenta a energia de ativação do processo de cristalização do PHB. Para as blendas PHB/SAN, o efeito do copolímero em diminuir a taxa de cristalização do PHB é menor que nas blendas PHB/P(MMAco- VPh). Além disso, o teor de acrilonitrila no copolímero pouco afeta a taxa de cristalização do PHB. Os expoentes de Avrami ¿n¿ determinados para a cristalização do PHB nas blendas P(MMA-co-VPh)/PHB e SAN/PHB são aproximadamente iguais ao expoente ¿n¿ para o PHB puro indicando que o mecanismo de cristalização do PHB não se altera nas blendas. Sendo assim, este trabalho possibilitou o entendimento de aspectos importantes referentes ao comportamento de fases e à cinética de cristalização de blendas contendo PHB associado a copolímeros aleatórios.Os estudos cinéticos podem colaborar para a compreensão do comportamento de cristalização de copolímeros/PHB em equipamentos de processamento. Além disso, esse estudo pode ajudar na escolha do copolímero e de sua composição para um melhor controle da cristalização do PHB nessas blendas / Abstract: Blends of biodegradable poly(hydroxybutyrate) were prepared with the following random copolymers: poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)-SAN; poly(styrene-co-2-hydroxyethylmethacrilate)-S-Hema; poly(methylmethacrylateco- vinylphenol)-P(MMA-co-VPh).SAN copolymers were synthesized by bulk copolymerization; while S-Hema copolymers were synthesized by solution copolymerization using DMF as solvent. The resulting copolymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (RMN) of H and C, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMA). Blends were prepared using coprecipitation method where a binary homogeneous soilution was added to a large volume of non solvent. DSC, DMA and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that all the blends are immiscible in the entire composition range. Despite the immiscible blends, DSC analysis show that the copolymers interferes in the PHB crystallization, being capable of suppress this process in some blends. Crystallization kinetics of the PHB in PHB/P(MMA-co-VPh) and PHB/SAN blends was studied by DSC and the results revealed that the presence of P(MMA-co-VPh) copolymer decreases the PHB crystallization rate and increases the activation energy for the overall crystallization process. In respect to PHB/SAN blends, the influence of the copolymer in decrease the PHB crystallization rate is lower than the observed in PHB/P(MMA-co-VPh) blends. Moreover, the acrylonitrile concentration in the copolymer causes little effect in the PHB crystallization rate. The Avrami exponent ¿n¿ determined for the crystallization process in PHB/P(MMA-co-VPh) and SAN/PHB blends are approximately equal to the ¿n¿ exponent for pure PHB indicating that the crystallization mechanisms for pure PHB do not change in the blends. This work made possible the understanding of important aspects of the phase behavior and crystallization kinetics of random copolymers/PHB blends. The crystallization kinetics studies can collaborate for the understanding of the behavior of crystallization of these blends in processing equipments. Moreover, this study can help in the choice of the copolymer and its composition for better control of the crystallization of PHB in these blends / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências

A utilização da tecnologia de produção de blendas poliméricas sempre está relacionada com a soma das características individuais de cada um dos componentes da blenda. No caso específico da blenda polipropileno - PP e poliestireno de alto impacto - HIPS esta relação está mais especificamente relacionada com a melhoria na propriedade de resistência ao impacto do PP. Contudo, outras propriedades também devem ser avaliadas. Um outro fator bastante importante é como esta blenda se comportará diante situações reais de uso, por exemplo, exposição à radiação UV. Este trabalho apresenta as propriedades mecânicas e morfológicas da blenda PP/HIPS na composição 90/10, 80/20 e 70/30, sendo que na obtenção dessa blenda utilizou-se dois tipos de polipropileno, um previamente termodegradado (PPreprocessado) e outro virgem (PPv). Foram testados na blenda três tipos de compatibilizantes (SBS, SEBS e PP-g-PS) com o intuito de melhorar a adesão entre as fases. Além disso esse trabalho apresenta os efeitos da radiação UV nas blendas e nos componentes que a formam. Os materiais foram expostos a radiação artificial e foram caracterizados quanto as suas modificações químicas, físicas e mecânicas. As superfícies de fratura dos corpos de prova de impacto foram também analisadas. Por meio dos resultados obtidos pode-se perceber que a mistura PP/HIPS apresenta imiscibilidade entre seus componentes e que a diferença entre os dois tipos de PP resulta em diferentes valores para as propriedades das misturas. Entre os compatibilizantes adicionados o SBS foi o que proporcionou melhores resultados. Ao se analisar a influência da radiação UV nos componentes que formam as blendas PP/HIPS observou se que o PPrep e o PPvir se mostraram sensíveis ao processo degradativo. As propriedades dos materiais diminuíram drasticamente sob efeito da radiação UV. Entretanto quando foram estudados os efeitos da radiação UV nas propriedades das blendas PP/HIPS e o PPrep/HIPS foi observado que as blendas com maiores proporções de HIPS foram mais fotoestáveis, ou seja, as blendas tiveram menores perdas nas propriedades com o tempo de exposição. / Polymer blend technology is always related with a synergism between the individual properties of the components of the blend components. In the specific case of the polypropylene (PP) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) blend, this relation is based on the impact strength improvement of PP. However, other properties should also be evaluated. Another important factor is the blend behavior upon real use conditions, such as UV radiation exposure. The mechanical and morphological properties of PP/HIPS blends are presented in this work. Two types of polypropylene were used during the blend preparation: one previously thermodegraded (reprocessed PP) and another virgin (PPv). In addition, UV radiation effects on the blends and on their components are shown. The materials were exposed to artificial radiation, and this exposure was characterized by means of chemical, physical and mechanical modification, as well as by fracture surface analysis. The results showed that the PP/HIPS blend presents immiscibility between its components. The difference between the two polypropylenes used resulted in differences in the blends properties. Besides that, the blends with higher HIPS content showed greater photostability when exposed to UV radiation.

Polímeros naturais são muito interessantes para obtenção de eletrólitos sólidos (ESPs). A grande vantagem é devida as suas propriedades de biodegradação por causa de sua procedência como também baixo custo de obtenção e boas propriedades físico-químicas. Estes polímeros contem na suas estrutura heteroatomos e por esta razão podem complexar prótons ou íons de lítio levando a condução iônica. Dentre diversos polímeros naturais os ESPs a base de Quitosana mostram boas características opto-eletroquímicas e podem ser aplicados em dispositivos eletrocrômicos. Nesta dissertação estão apresentados os resultados de preparação e caracterização de novos eletrólitos sólidos poliméricos (ESPs) obtidos através da plastificação da Quitosana com Glicerol, Sorbitol e Etileno Glicol, onde o próprio solvente, Ácido Clorídrico (HCl), é o doador de prótons responsáveis pala condução iônica dos ESPs. Alem disso foram estudadas também as amostras contendo LiCF3SO3. A caracterização dos materiais na forma de filmes foi realizada utilizando-se as técnicas básicas de caracterização de materiais tais como: análises térmicas (DSC), análises estruturais (raios-X), medidas óticas (UV-Vis), visualização da superfície das amostras através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia (FTIR), Titulação Potenciométrica e como a mais importante: medidas de condutividade iônica por espectroscopia de impedância complexa (EIE). Os filmes de ESPs contendo Glicerol apresentaram-se flexíveis, transparentes (acima de 80% de transmitância na região do visível de espectro eletromagnético )e visualmente com boa aderência ao vidro e ao aço inox. A plastificação com diferentes quantidades de Glicerol, mas mantendo a mesma concentração de HCl, revelou que a amostra contendo 59% de Glicerol apresentou os melhores valores de condutividade iônica. Para esta quantidade de plastificante foi feito o estudo da influência de concentração do Ácido Clorídrico (HCl) nos valores de condutividade iônica. Este ensaio demonstrou que a amostra com 0,048 mol.L-1 apresentou maior valor de condutividade, sendo 9,54.10-4Scm-1 a temperatura ambiente. Ainda com adição de 48% do Glicerol e a inserção de 13% em massa do LiCF3SO3 foi obtida a condutividade de 2,19x10-5Scm-1. Os filmes plastificados com Etileno Glicol apresentaram melhor valor de condutividade iônica de 2,4.10-4Scm-1 a temperatura ambiente, para amostra contendo 68% de plastificante e concentração de 0,048 molL-1 de HCl. Também são transparentes, flexíveis e aderentes. Os filmes de Quitosana plastificada com Sorbitol não apresentaram boas condutividades, i.e. de ordem de 10-6 Scm-1 a temperatura ambiente para amostra contendo 59% de Sorbitol e 0,048 mol.L-1, contudo são transparentes, mas não são aderentes ao vidro e ainda são quebradiços. Os resultados demonstraram que os novos ESPs obtidos a base de filmes de Quitosana plastificada com EG e Glicerol são ótimos candidatos a serem utilizados em dispositivos eletrocrômicos. / Natural polymers are very interesting matrix to obtain solid polymeric electrolytes (SPE). The principal advantage comes from its particularly interesting biodegradation properties due to the natural precedence and also very low cost and good physical and chemical properties. These polymers contain heteroatoms in its structure and for this reason can complex protons or lithium ions leading to the ionic conduction. Among different natural polymers, chitosan-based SPEs show good opto-electrochemical characteristics and can be applied in electrochemical devices. This work presents the results of chitosan-based electrolytes, which were characterized by impedance spectroscopy (EIE), thermal analysis (DSC) and scanning microscopy (SEM). The SPEs samples were obtained from chitosan plasticized with glycerol, ethylene glycol and sorbitol and containing HCl and lithium salt LiClO4. Different compositions of SPEs i.e. salt and plasticizer quantities were investigated, where it was observed that the ionic conductivity results obtained for these SPEs varied from 10-6 S/cm to 10-4 S/cm at room temperature depending on the sample and increased following Arrhenius ionic conductivity models. The best results of ionic conductivity values of 9,54.10-4Scm-1 were obtained for SPEs of chitosan plasticized with 48% of glycerol and containing 0,048 molL-1 of HCl. The samples containing 68% of ethylene glycol showed ionic conductivity of 2,4.10-4Scm-1 at room temperature and the samples with 59% of sorbitol showed the ionic conductivity values of 10-6 Scm-1. Thermal analysis using calorimetry (DSC) was performed in order to observe the change in glass transition temperature caused by the changes performed on the samples. Good conductivity results combined with transparency and good adhesion to the electrodes have shown that chitosan-based SPEs are very promising materials to be used as solid electrolytes in electrochromic devices.

Orientador: Maria Isabel Felisberti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química. / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T11:49:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cocco_DanielRotella_M.pdf: 5124890 bytes, checksum: 11103bdc5dccd20252a90d83a5a6ba95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram preparadas e caracterizadas blendas de poli(metacrilato de metila), PMMA, e poli[acrilonitrila-co-acrilato de butila], ASA. O ASA é um polímero amorfo e constituído de uma mistura de poli(acrilato de butila) (PBA) e poli(estireno-co-acrilonitrila) (SAN). As blendas PMMA-ASA foram obtidas por polimerização in situ, tendo sido estudada a influência do agente de transferência de cadeia, da agitação e da atmosfera inerte sobre as propriedades estruturais e morfológicas das blendas. As blendas foram caracterizadas por cromatografia de permeação em gel (GPC), espectroscopia infravermelho (IV), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), ressonância magnética nuclear de C (RMN de C), análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM), e resistência ao impacto e tração. Os resultados mostraram que as blendas são imiscíveis apresentando uma morfologia complexa de domínios elastoméricos dispersos em uma matriz vítrea, dependente das condições de polimerização. Em algumas blendas, uma fração de PMMA encontra-se possivelmente inclusa na fase elastómerica, sugerindo uma morfologia tipo core shell ou tipo salame. Porém, essa morfologia complexa é afetada após o processo de injeção para algumas blendas, devido ao efeito de temperatura e de cisalhamento. Extração seletiva e análise por espectroscopia infravermelho dos componentes das blendas mostraram que ocorre enxertia e/ou reticulação durante a polimerização. A sindiotaticidade do PMMA obtido em presença de ASA aumenta com a quantidade de ASA na blenda, devido às possíveis interações entre os grupos carbonilas do PMMA e os grupos nitrilas e fenilas da fase SAN. As blendas PMMA-ASA apresentam propriedades mecânicas dependentes do teor de ASA e das condições de preparo, sendo a resistência ao impacto das blendas superiores à do PMMA puro / Abstract: In this work, blends of the poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, and the poly[acrylonitrile-co-styrene-co-butyl acrylate], ASA, were prepared. ASA is a complex mixture of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile), SAN, and poly(butyl acrylate), PBA. Blends PMMA-ASA were obtained by polymerization in situ, and the influence of a chain transfer agent, stirring and the inert atmosphere on the morphological and structural properties of the blends was studied. The blends were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), C nuclear magnetic resonance ( C NMR), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), lzod impact resistance test and tensile tests. The results showed that the PMMA-ASA blends are immiscible and present a complex morphology. The morphology of some PMMA-ASA blends is made up of an elastomeric dispersed phase in the glassy matrix, with a possible inclusion of the matrix in the elastomeric domains, suggesting core shell or salami morphology. However, this morphology is affected by the moulding injection process, for some blend compositions, due the temperature and shear effects. The selective extraction of the blends components and the infrared spectroscopy showed that crosslinked and/or grafting reactions occur on ASA chains during MMA polymerization. The syndiotacticity of PMMA obtained in the presence of ASA increases with the amount of ASA, due to the possible interaction among the carbonyl groups of PMMA and the nitrile or phenyl groups of SAN copolymer. The mechanical properties of the blends were influenced by the composition of the blend and conditions of polymerization, and the impact strength of the blends is superior to neat PMMA / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

Titel: New Blends in the English Language Författare: Anna Enarsson Antal sidor: 29 Abstract: The aim of this essay was to identify new blends that have entered the English language. Firstly six different word-formation processes, including blending, was described. Those were compounding, clipping, backformation, acronyming, derivation and blending. The investigation was done by using a list of blends from Wikipedia. The words were looked up in the Longman dictionary of 2005 and in a dictionary online. A google search and a corpus investigation were also conducted. The investigation suggested that most of the blends were made by clipping and the second most common form was clipping and overlapping. Blends with only overlapping was unusual and accounted for only three percent. The investigation also suggested that the most common way to create blends by clipping was to use the first part of the first word and the last part of the second word. The blends were not only investigated according to their structure but also according to the domains they occur in. This part of the investigation suggested that the blends were most frequent in the technical domain, but also in the domain of society

In 2015, 96.7 million tonnes of textile fibres were produced world-wide. Our high consumption of textiles leads to an increased amount of textile waste. In Sweden, the majority of used clothing and textiles are incinerated due to the lack of recycling techniques. A large amount of post-consumer textile waste is made from blended materials. One of the most common blends, used in as near as all workwear and service textiles, is cotton/polyester. To enable chemical recycling of such textiles, cotton and polyester must first be separated. The aim of this thesis was to separate the materials by depolymerizing the polyester using alkaline hydrolysis. The focus of the work was on how such a process should be performed without a catalyst, in order to result in both a high yield and a high purity of the cotton residue. In order to recycle the residue as a raw material for manufacturing of man-made cellulosic fibres, the cellulose chains in the cotton must also be maintained as unaffected as possible. The polyester in new sheets was completely depolymerized after 390 min at a temperature of 90ºC using a 10% sodium hydroxide concentration and a 1% material-to-liquor concentration. The separation using these conditions gave high yields (above 96%) of the cotton residue regardless of the material fineness used in the process. Furthermore, the separation performed on old sheets show that a pure cotton residue could be produced using higher material concentrations. It was shown that the cotton residue from old sheets, laundered around 50 times, had an intrinsic viscosity comparable to dissolving pulps used for viscose fibre spinning. This study concludes that alkaline hydrolysis without the use of a catalyst could be used to separate cotton and polyester in blended textiles. Furthermore, the findings show that cotton percentage in old sheets only decreased slightly after 50 launderings. Characterization of the materials using ATR FTIR spectroscopy indicate that an integrated textile recycling of hospital bed sheets could be performed since the sheets only contain cotton and polyester in all parts of the sheets.

This thesis describes the synthesis of soluble Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIM-1), fluoro-endcapped PIM-1 (F-PIM-1) and copolymers of F-PIM-1 with poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (MeOPEG). The main aim of the project was to alter the porosity of microporous PIM-1 in three ways: (a) synthesis of copolymers of F-PIM-1 with MeOPEG (b) blending of PIM-1 with MeOPEG in various proportions; and (c) adsorption of MeOPEG from aqueous solution byPIM-1. PIM-1 and F-PIM-1 were synthesized by step growth polymerization of tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile (TFTPN) with 5,5',6,6'-tetrahydroxy-3,3,3',3'-tetramethyl-1,1'-spirobisindane (THSB), using the conventional method and a newly reported high shear mixing method. F-PIM-1 oligomers were then coupled to poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (MeOPEG). The products were analyzed by NMR, IR, MALDI ToF MSS, TGA and polystyrene based GPC as well as multidetector GPC techniques. The high shear technique generally produced high molar mass products and yields. This method was also more successful for copolymerization.Blending of PIM-1 and MeOPEG in different proportions resulted in macrophase separation. Copolymer products were used to facilitate mixing of blends (as compatibilizers), however only 5% of MeOPEG could be solubilised into a PIM-1 phase. The effect of compatibilizer was found to be affected by interaction between PIM-1 and copolymer. However, N2 adsorption studies showed that after thermal removal of MeOPEG, PIM-1 regained stable porosity with significant BET surface area.Fluorescence studies were aimed at applications of PIM-1 and copolymers in sensors. PIM-1 and copolymers, spin-coated on the polyester-based substrate Melinex, were studied with and without methanol treatment in an environment of different solvent vapours. The effect of time and volume on wavelength shift and change in intensity was studied. Polar solvents tended to cause a red shift with decrease in intensity while less polar solvents behaved otherwise. Based on fluorescence experiments, solvent profiles for PIM-1 and copolymers were established.

Starch is a natural polymer occurring in the seeds, tubers and stems of many plants, including maize. It is a mixture of two polymers: linear amylose and highly branched amylopectin. The ratio and the molar masses of the two polymers depend on the starch source, giving rise to different starch properties. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) was obtained by gelatinising a dry-blend mixture of maize starch, water, plasticisers and additives in a single-screw laboratory extruder. The TPS formed is a translucent amorphous material that could be shaped into pellets and injection-moulded into a variety of articles, just like conventional plastics [Shogren et al., 1994]. The advantages of TPS are that it is cheap and fully biodegradable. However, because of its hydrophilic nature, its properties and dimensional stability are influenced by moisture (humidity). It is also not easily processed like conventional plastics and the freshly moulded material ages, i.e. its properties change over time. The latter is caused by retrogradational structural changes which include helix formation and the crystallisation that occurs above the glass transition temperature [Myllärinen et al., 2002]. The unacceptable physical and processing properties of TPS were improved by blending with other polymers. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of water and glycerol content and the starch source or type on the mechanical properties of maize-based TPS. In addition, the effect of gypsum filler and polyamides or polyvinyl butyral (PVB) as modifying agent was also investigated. The PVB was based on material recycled from automotive windscreens. As with the thermoplastic starch, the thermoplastic/polymer blends, e.g. polyvinyl butyral, were also prepared using a single-screw extruder. After pelletisation, the materials were conditioned at 30 °C and a relative humidity of 60%. Tensile test specimens were prepared by injection moulding. Samples were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and tensile testing. The effect of environmental conditions (temperature and humidity or water submersion) on the ageing of the samples was investigated using tensile properties as a measure. Initial extrusion and moulding trials revealed that the TPS compounds were very difficult to process. Difficulties were encountered with feeding the dry blends into the compounding extruder. The moulded samples adhered strongly to the mould walls, especially the sprue part. These problems were overcome by adding 2,5% precipitated silica to improve the flowability of the dry blends and stearyl alcohol at ca. 1,5% as a processing aid. The latter performed as an external lubricant and mould-release agent. Nevertheless, for some compositions it was also necessary to use ‘Spray-and-Cook’ as mould-release agent during injection moulding. The results show that HiMaizeTM, a high-amylose maize starch, provided the best properties in TPS and its blends. Further improvements in properties were obtained by blending with low-molecular-weight hot-melt adhesive-grade polyamides (Euremelt 2138 and 2140), engineering polyamide (EMS Grilon CF 62 BSE) or low amounts of PVB. The properties of all the compounds investigated were affected by moisture content and also by ageing. The TPS-PVB blends showed highly non-linear composition-dependence. SEM and DMA revealed a phase separation for all the TPS-PVB blend compositions investigated. The tensile properties were negatively affected by ageing in a high-humidity environment and they deteriorated rapidly when the samples were soaked in water. Synergistic property enhancement was observed for a compound containing 22% thermoplastic starch. It featured a higher tensile strength, showed better water resistance and was significantly less affected by ageing. At higher PVB levels, the property dropped to values that were lower than expected from the linear blending rule. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

Orientador: Fernando Galembeck / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T14:09:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Linares_ElisangelaMoura_M.pdf: 5164980 bytes, checksum: d9e4505544f0a48a985e78fccc9e1832 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho mostra o efeito da distribuição de espécies iônicas na morfologia e nas propriedades mecânicas de filmes de blendas de látices, e também demonstra o uso da técnica de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão por energia filtrada (EFTEM) para caracterização morfológica das blendas e de seus nanocompósitos com argila, explorando a região de baixa perda de energia de elétrons. Blendas de látex de borracha natural (NR)/poli(estireno-acrilato de butila) [P(S-BA] e NR/poli(cloreto de vinila) [PVC] foram investigadas, utilizando-se microscopia de varredura de potencial elétrico (SEPM). Através dos mapas de potencial elétrico, foi verificada a ocorrência de migração de espécies iônicas da blenda de uma fase polimérica para a outra, durante a preparação da blenda. Esta migração é espontânea, porque permite a redução da energia do sistema através da diminuição da repulsão eletrostática entre íons, distribuindo-os entre as fases, e é direcionada para o polímero que inicialmente tem menor concentração de cargas e apresenta maior constante dielétrica. Os domínios formados pelos dois componentes da blenda apresentam sinais de carga opostos, o que contribui para o aumento na compatibilidade, através da adesão eletrostática. Os espectros de baixa perda de energia mostram diferenças nas estruturas moleculares dos polímeros das blendas. Essas diferenças se expressam através de mudanças de contraste em imagens de perda de energia (mapas moleculares) adquiridas entre 20 e 90 eV. Blendas de NR/P(S-BA), P(S-BA)/PVC, P(S-BA)/poli(estirenometacrilato de 2-hidroxietila) e seus respectivos nanocompósitos foram analisados por EFTEM que revelou domínios em escala nanométrica, mesmo tendo pequenas diferenças na composição química, sem a necessidade de corar a amostra. Nos nanocompósitos, a disposição das lamelas de argila foi revelada graças ao cancelamento do contraste entre os polímeros. / Abstract: This work shows the effect of ionic specie distribution on the morphology and on the mechanical properties of latex blend films, as well as it demonstrates the use of energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) technique to morphological characterization of these blends and its clay nanocomposites, by exploring the low-loss electron energy region. Natural rubber (NR)/poly(styrenebutyl acrylate) [P(S-BA)] and NR/poly(vinyl chloride) [PVC] blends were investigated by scanning electric potential microscopy (SEPM). Using the electric potential maps, it has been observed ionic specie migration from one polymer phase towards the other, during blend preparation. The migration is spontaneous because it allows the reduction of system energy thanks to the decreasing of ionion electrostatic repulsion given by ion distribution throughout the phases. The migration is directed towards the polymer that has initially the lower charge concentration and that presents the higher dielectric constant. The domains formed by the two blend component present opposite charge signals, which contribute to compatibility enhancement through electrostatic adhesion. Low-energy-loss electron spectra show differences on molecular structure of polymers that form the blends. Such differences are expressed through contrast changing in low-energyloss images (molecular maps) acquired between 20 and 90 eV. NR/P(S-BA), P(SBA)/ PVC, P(S-BA)/poly(styrene-2-hydroxyethyl metacrylate) and their respective clay nanocomposites have been analyzed by EFTEM without staining and it revealed nano-sized domains, even when chemical composition was slightly different. Clay platelet distribution within nanocomposites was revealed due to contrast canceling of polymer domains on EFTEM images. / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

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