Orientadores: Arlete Maria dos Santos Fernandes, Elizabeth João Pavin / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T14:21:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvadosSantos_Priscilla_M.pdf: 1821889 bytes, checksum: c110ddab19340961ac150d3b6f057876 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito (AMPD) é um contraceptivo de uso trimestral, considerado seguro e altamente eficaz, dispensado pelo setor público de vários países entre eles o Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS. Usuárias de contraceptivos hormonais frequentemente se preocupam com efeitos imediatos do uso, entre eles o ganho de peso corporal. Os estudos sobre variação de peso em usuárias de AMPD mostram resultados controversos e, entre os que mostram ganho de peso em gordura em parte das usuárias, não é clara a etiologia do ganho. Poucos estudos avaliaram a ingestão alimentar e gasto energético destas usuárias. Objetivos: Avaliar a ingestão alimentar, ganho de peso e a composição corporal em novas usuárias do contraceptivo acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito (AMPD). Desenho do estudo: Ensaio clínico com 20 usuárias de DPMA e 20 de dispositivo intrauterino de cobre (DIU TCu380A), pareadas por idade (±1) e IMC (±1), seguidas por 12 meses. Incluídas mulheres saudáveis, de 18-40 anos, sem antecedentes que pudessem interferir no peso corporal, não obesas e nunca usuárias de AMPD. Avaliou-se a ingestão alimentar (recordatório alimentar), composição corporal (DXA), medidas de cincunferência e dobras cutâneas. As variáveis foram: sociodemográficas, hábitos, valor energético total (VET), gasto energético, peso, IMC, percentagem e medidas de gordura em dobras, relação cintura-quadril e medidas de massa gorda, magra, massa total e razão androide-ginecóide. Resultados: A idade variou de 20-38 anos, mediana de 29 e 30,5 anos, e médias de IMC 24,8 e 24,5kg/m2, respectivamente nos grupos AMPD e DIU. Não houve diferenças no ganho de peso e composição corporal entre os grupos. Aos 12 meses foi observado, no grupo de usuárias de AMPD, aumento nas circunferências da cintura e quadril, aumento significativo do VET associado à maior ingestão de carboidratos, gorduras e proteínas, e do gasto energético associado ao grupo de AMPD. 8/20 usuárias de AMPD ganharam ?5% de peso (média 4,6kg), e apresentaram maiores variações nos depósitos e centralização da gordura em relação às demais usuárias. Conclusões: As usuárias de DPMA apresentaram aumento do apetite aos 12 meses. Estudos deverão comprovar estes resultados em outras populações de mulheres / Resumo: O acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito (AMPD) é um contraceptivo de uso trimestral, considerado seguro e altamente eficaz, dispensado pelo setor público de vários países entre eles o Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS. Usuárias de contraceptivos hormonais frequentemente se preocupam com efeitos imediatos do uso, entre eles o ganho de peso corporal. Os estudos sobre variação de peso em usuárias de AMPD mostram resultados controversos e, entre os que mostram ganho de peso em gordura em parte das usuárias, não é clara a etiologia do ganho. Poucos estudos avaliaram a ingestão alimentar e gasto energético destas usuárias. Objetivos: Avaliar a ingestão alimentar, ganho de peso e a composição corporal em novas usuárias do contraceptivo acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito (AMPD). Desenho do estudo: Ensaio clínico com 20 usuárias de DPMA e 20 de dispositivo intrauterino de cobre (DIU TCu380A), pareadas por idade (±1) e IMC (±1), seguidas por 12 meses. Incluídas mulheres saudáveis, de 18-40 anos, sem antecedentes que pudessem interferir no peso corporal, não obesas e nunca usuárias de AMPD. Avaliou-se a ingestão alimentar (recordatório alimentar), composição corporal (DXA), medidas de cincunferência e dobras cutâneas. As variáveis foram: sociodemográficas, hábitos, valor energético total (VET), gasto energético, peso, IMC, percentagem e medidas de gordura em dobras, relação cintura-quadril e medidas de massa gorda, magra, massa total e razão androide-ginecóide. Resultados: A idade variou de 20-38 anos, mediana de 29 e 30,5 anos, e médias de IMC 24,8 e 24,5kg/m2, respectivamente nos grupos AMPD e DIU. Não houve diferenças no ganho de peso e composição corporal entre os grupos. Aos 12 meses foi observado, no grupo de usuárias de AMPD, aumento nas circunferências da cintura e quadril, aumento significativo do VET associado à maior ingestão de carboidratos, gorduras e proteínas, e do gasto energético associado ao grupo de AMPD. 8/20 usuárias de AMPD ganharam ?5% de peso (média 4,6kg), e apresentaram maiores variações nos depósitos e centralização da gordura em relação às demais usuárias. Conclusões: As usuárias de DPMA apresentaram aumento do apetite aos 12 meses. Estudos deverão comprovar estes resultados em outras populações de mulheres / Abstract: The depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a contraceptive used quarterly, considered safe and highly effective, dispensed by the public sector in several countries, including the Health System of Brazil. Hormonal contraceptive users often care about the immediate effects of the use, such as the change in body weight. Studies about weight change in DMPA users show controversial results, and among which show weight gain in fat part of the users, it isn't clear the etiology this gain. Few studies have assessed food intake and energy expenditure of these users. Objectives: To evaluate food intake, weight gain and body composition in new users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) as a contraceptive. Study design: A clinical trial followed up 20 DMPA users and 20 copper intrauterine device (TCu380A IUD) users, paired for age (±1 year) and body mass index (BMI ± 1kg/m2), for a 12-month period. Healthy, non-obese women aged 18-40 years with no prior conditions that could affect their body weight and who had never used DMPA were enrolled. Food intake (food intake recording), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), circumferences and skinfold thickness were evaluated. Sociodemographic variables, habits, total energy intake, energy expenditure, weight, BMI, body fat percentage, skinfold thickness, waist-to-hip ratio, fat and lean body mass, total body mass and android-gynoid fat ratio were evaluated. Results: Median age was 29 and 30.5 years and mean BMI was 24.8 and 24.5kg/m2 in the DMPA and IUD groups, respectively. There were no differences in weight gain or body composition between the groups. At 12 months, an increase was found in waist and hip circumference in the DMPA users, as well as a significant increase in total energy intake associated with greater carbohydrate, fat and protein intake, and a significant increase in energy expenditure. In the DMPA group, 8/20 users gained ?5% in weight (mean 4.6kg), with more variations in fat deposits and centralization. Conclusions: Appetite was greater in DMPA users at 12 months. Studies should be conducted to confirm these results in other populations of women / Abstract: The depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a contraceptive used quarterly, considered safe and highly effective, dispensed by the public sector in several countries, including the Health System of Brazil. Hormonal contraceptive users often care about the immediate effects of the use, such as the change in body weight. Studies about weight change in DMPA users show controversial results, and among which show weight gain in fat part of the users, it isn't clear the etiology this gain. Few studies have assessed food intake and energy expenditure of these users. Objectives: To evaluate food intake, weight gain and body composition in new users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) as a contraceptive. Study design: A clinical trial followed up 20 DMPA users and 20 copper intrauterine device (TCu380A IUD) users, paired for age (±1 year) and body mass index (BMI ± 1kg/m2), for a 12-month period. Healthy, non-obese women aged 18-40 years with no prior conditions that could affect their body weight and who had never used DMPA were enrolled. Food intake (food intake recording), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), circumferences and skinfold thickness were evaluated. Sociodemographic variables, habits, total energy intake, energy expenditure, weight, BMI, body fat percentage, skinfold thickness, waist-to-hip ratio, fat and lean body mass, total body mass and android-gynoid fat ratio were evaluated. Results: Median age was 29 and 30.5 years and mean BMI was 24.8 and 24.5kg/m2 in the DMPA and IUD groups, respectively. There were no differences in weight gain or body composition between the groups. At 12 months, an increase was found in waist and hip circumference in the DMPA users, as well as a significant increase in total energy intake associated with greater carbohydrate, fat and protein intake, and a significant increase in energy expenditure. In the DMPA group, 8/20 users gained ?5% in weight (mean 4.6kg), with more variations in fat deposits and centralization. Conclusions: Appetite was greater in DMPA users at 12 months. Studies should be conducted to confirm these results in other populations of women / Mestrado / Fisiopatologia Ginecológica / Mestra em Ciências da Saúde

Orientador: Antônio de Azevedo Barros Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T22:31:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nobre_FabioCassioFerreira_M.pdf: 1634095 bytes, checksum: 342d755e3ccd0ed363201a9fdbf33471 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: OBJETIVO: Verificar o comportamento antropométrico em adolescentes durante o ano letivo e período de férias. MÉTODO: Desenvolveu-se estudo longitudinal. Foram aferidos: peso, altura, circunferência da cintura e percentual de gordura corporal (por bioimpedância elétrica vertical). O Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) foi calculado a partir destes dados. Pontos de corte da Organização Mundial de Saúde (2007) foram utilizados para determinar o estado nutricional. ZEscores de altura, peso e IMC também foram calculados. A circunferência da cintura foi avaliada segundo pontos de corte propostos por McCarthy et al, 2006; Índice de conicidade (IC) e a relação da circunferência da cintura pela altura (CC/ALT), também foram utilizados para verificar a distribuição da gordura corporal. RESULTADOS: A eutrofia foi o estado nutricional prevalente (?60%). Durante as férias escolares de inverno ocorreu um aumento estatisticamente significante do peso da população estudada (p=0,006; de 0,34 ZE em julho para 0,38 ZE em agosto), verificados pelo Z-Escore de peso e Z-Escore de IMC (p<0,001; 0,51 ZE em julho para 0,57 ZE em agosto). Já o comportamento ponderal foi diferente entre eutróficos e adolescentes com excesso de peso. No primeiro grupo ocorreu ganho de peso estatisticamente significante durante as férias de julho (p<0,001; de -0,16 ZE em julho para -0,11 ZE em agosto), e redução ponderal no período letivo do segundo semestre de 2009 (p=0.043; -0,14 ZE em agosto para -0,17 ZE em dezembro, para o peso). Já para aqueles com excesso de peso (sobrepeso e obesidade), a redução do IMC foi estatisticamente significante nos dois períodos letivos (p<0,001; 1,80 ZE em fevereiro para 1,72 ZE em junho. p<0,001; 1,80 ZE em agosto para 1,71 ZE em dezembro). Quanto ao percentual de gordura corporal (%GC) foi estatisticamente maior no sexo feminino, independente do estado nutricional (eutrófico: p<0,001; masculino: 17,25%, feminino: 20,61%. Excesso de peso: p<0,001; masculino: 28,62%; feminino: 34,08%). Dentre os índices estudados, somente CC/idade e CC/ALT indicaram maior concentração de gordura na região central, principalmente nos meninos. CONCLUSÕES: O período de férias é colaborador importante no ganho ponderal nos adolescentes estudados, principalmente aqueles entre 10 e 12,99 anos. O período letivo apresenta função importante na redução do ganho de peso, principalmente entre os adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade. Os adolescentes do sexo masculino apresentaram maior quantidade de gordura corporal na região central, enquanto as adolescentes femininas demonstraram gordura corporal distribuída proporcionalmente pela massa corporal total. E por sua praticidade, a CC deve ser utilizada em conjunto com o IMC para diagnóstico da localização da gordura corporal / Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Check adolescents' anthropometric behavior during school period and vacations period. METHOD: We developed a longitudinal study. Weight, height, waist circumference and body fat percentage (by vertical electrical bio-impedance) were checked. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated based on these data. World Health Organization (2007) cut-off points were used to determine nutritional state. Height, weight and BMI Z-Scores were calculated, as well as conicity index (CI) and relationship between waist circumference and height (WC/HEIGHT). RESULTS: Eutrophy was the most prevailing state (?60%). During the winter school holidays there was a statistically significant increase in weight of the study population (p = 0.006, 0.34ZE in July to 0.38ZE in August), verified by the Z-score of weight and BMI Z-score (p <0.001; 0.51ZE in July to 0.57 ZE in August). The attitude was different weight between normal and overweight adolescents.In the first group was statistically significant weight gain during the July holidays (p <0.001; of -0.16 ZE to -0.11 ZE in July in August), and weight reduction during the second semester of school in 2009 (p = 0043; -0.14 ZE to -0.17ZE in August to December, for the weight). As for those with excess weight (overweight and obesity), the reduction in BMI was statistically significant in the two academic periods (p <0.001; 1.80ZE to in February to 1.72 ZE in June. P <0.001; 1.80ZE in August to 1.71 ZE in December). As the percentage of body fat (% BF) was statistically higher in females, regardless of nutritional status (normal weight: p <0.001, male: 17.25%, female: 20.61%. Overweight: p <0.001; Male: 28.62%, female: 34.08%). Among the indices studied, only CC/age and CC/ALT showed greater concentration of fat in the central region, especially in boys. CONCLUSIONS: Vacations period is a major collaborator for adolescents weight gain, especially for those between 10 and 12.99 years old. School period plays an important role in weight gain reduction, mainly among adolescents presenting overweight and obesity. Male adolescents presented a higher body fat amount on central region, while female adolescents showed body fat proportionally distributed within total body mass. And due to its convenience, WC shall be used, together with BMI, for body fat location diagnosis / Mestrado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Mestre em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

Orientador: José Irineu Gorla / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T21:41:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bertapelli_Fabio_M.pdf: 1796527 bytes, checksum: f8c8506268ba3996afe6db5e8313a108 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a composição corporal e o somatotipo de pessoas com idade entre 6 e 19 anos de idade de ambos os sexos com síndrome de Down, institucionalizados do município de Campinas - SP. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura sobre a composição corporal de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down. Os capítulos subseqüentes foram constituídos através da análise da prevalência de obesidade, topografia da gordura subcutânea e perfil somatotipológico, por meio da realização de treze medidas antropométricas, incluindo peso, estatura, diâmetros biepicondilar do fêmur e úmero, perímetros da perna medial e braço, dobras cutâneas tricipital, bicipital, subescapular, supra-ilíaca, abdominal, coxa e perna. Para determinação do percentual de gordura foram utilizadas as equações de Slaughter, Lohman e Boileau et al. (1988). Em relação à técnica do somatotipo, recorreu-se ao método de Heath e Carter (1967). O tratamento estatístico dos dados foi realizado através do pacote computadorizado R Commander 1.6-3 (Rcmdr) no software R plus, versão 2.12.1. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade e utilizada estatística descritiva (mediana e percentis 25 e 75), teste de Mann-Whitney e teste t para amostras independentes para comparação entre grupos etários, adotando-se como nível de significância (p _ 0,05). A concordância entre os valores de gordura e o componente de endomorfia, e os valores de massa magra e o componente de mesomorfia foram analisados através do teste de correlação momentoproduto de Pearson e Spearman para dados paramétricos e não paramétricos, respectivamente. De acordo com a revisão de literatura, meninos e meninas apresentaram quadros elevados de obesidade na maioria dos estudos. Em relação ao aspecto genético, a análise do gene RE Xbal foi fundamental para a compreensão dos genótipos envolvidos com o sobrepeso. Além disso, os aspectos ambientais indicaram baixos níveis no consumo de calorias e práticas de atividades físicas em crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down comparados aos indivíduos sem a síndrome. Por fim, através da observação das variáveis fisiológicas, verificou-se a ocorrência de alterações no hormônio leptina e insulina, micronutriente zinco, colesterol, triglicérides e taxa metabólica basal. Com base nessas descobertas, foi possível concluir que os aspectos genéticos, ambientais e fisiológicos exerceram influências relativamente negativas sobre a composição corporal nos indivíduos com síndrome de Down. Em relação aos dados obtidos no presente estudo, a maioria dos indivíduos apresentou excesso de gordura, sendo encontrados valores superiores no sexo feminino em relação ao masculino, verificadas tanto na análise do percentual de gordura quanto nos valores somatotipológicos. Quanto à topografia da gordura subcutânea, a maioria apresentou maior concentração de gordura na coxa e menor depósito na região do bíceps. Diante dessas informações, considera-se que a avaliação da composição corporal e do somatotipo são recursos importantes para subsidiar pesquisadores e profissionais que atuam diretamente na melhora da qualidade de vida de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the body composition and somatotype of persons of both sexes aged between 6 and 19 years old with Down syndrome, institutionalized in the city of Campinas - SP. Initially, we performed a review of the literature regarding body composition of children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Subsequent chapters were established by analyzing the prevalence of obesity and measure and profile of subcutaneous fat somatotype, by performing thirteen anthropometric measurements including weight, height, biepicondylar diameter of femur and humerus, medial perimeters of the leg and arm folds, triceps, biceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abdomen, thigh and leg. To measure the fat percentage, the equations of Slaughter, Boileau and Lohman et al. (1988) were used. The method of Heath and Carter (1967) was used in relation to the somatotype technique. The statistical treatment of data was performed using the computer package R Commander 1.6-3 (Rcmdr) in the software R, version 2.12.1. Data was tested for normality and used descriptive statistics (median and percentiles 25 and 75), Mann-Whitney and t test for independent samples to compare age groups, adopting the significance level (p _ 0,05). The relationship between the values of fat and endomorphic component, and the values of lean body mass and mesomorphy component were analyzed using the correlation test of Pearson product-moment and Spearman for parametric and nonparametric data, respectively. According to the literature review, boys and girls showed high incidence of obesity in most studies. Regarding the genetic aspect, the analysis of gene RE Xbal was essential to the understanding of the genotypes related to being overweight. In addition, environmental aspects indicated low levels of calorie intake and physical activity in children and adolescents with Down syndrome compared to individuals without the syndrome. Finally, by examining physiological variables, changes occurred in the levels of leptin, insulin, micronutrient zinc, cholesterol, triglycerides and basal metabolic rate. Grounded by these findings, it is possible to conclude that genetics, physiology and the environment exerted relatively negative influences on the body composition of individuals with Down syndrome. Regarding the data obtained in this study, most individuals had excess fat, with higher values seen in both the analysis of the percentage of fat and the somatotype values in females compared to males. In the measure of subcutaneous fat, the majority presented a higher concentration of fat in the thigh and lower deposits in the area of the biceps. With this information known, it is considered that the value of body composition and somatotype are important resources to support researchers and professionals who work directly towards improving the quality of life of children and adolescents with Down syndrome / Mestrado / Atividade Fisica Adaptada / Mestre em Educação Física

Orientador: Arlete Maria Valente Coimbra / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T14:30:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_ManuelaNassimJorge_M.pdf: 1081090 bytes, checksum: d6279da8c10f7dff3b8a9cc272922fdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a relação entre composição corporal, mais especificamente a massa muscular apendicular e massa gorda total, segundo medidas de funcionalidade em idosas não institucionalizadas. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal analítico em uma amostra de 99 idosas acima de 60 anos que foram submetidas ao exame de Densitometria de Corpo Total com Dupla Emissão de Raio- X para avaliação da composição corporal e aplicados testes para medir a funcionalidade como teste TUG, força de preensão, velocidade de marcha foram considerados ainda a e perda de peso não intencional autorrelato de fadiga Resultados: A amostra deste estudo apresentou média da massa muscular apendicular de 16,91kg (± 3,28), média encontrada para massa gorda total de 25,47Kg (± 11,03); observou-se alteração estatisticamente significativa na composição dos tecidos corporais entre as faixas etária, sendo que foi encontrada uma menor massa muscular apendicular na faixa etária acima de 80 anos e menor massa gorda total também nesta faixa de idade. A medida de funcionalidade força de preensão está relacionada com massa muscular apendicular, sendo que, as idosas com menor FPM têm maior risco de menor massa muscular (OR 0,829; 95% - 0,732- 0,939; p< 0,003). O teste TUG apresentou associação estatísticamente significativa com massa gorda total, as idosas que realizaram o teste no intervalo entre 10 e 19 segundos têm 19.4 vezes mais chances de serem obesas, quando comparadas àquelas que realizaram o teste em menos de 10 segundos; as idosas que fizeram em tempo maior ou igual a 20 tiveram chance 23.3 vezes maior de serem obesas . Quando dividas em sub grupos, o sub grupo B, caracterizado por massa gorda total alta e massa magra baixa, apresentou maior comprometimento no teste TUG do que grupo A, massa magra e massa gorda diminuída com média do grupo A de 13.1 (±6.64) e a do grupo B de 16.60 (± 4.54) com p = 0.008..Conclusões: Os achados deste estudo mostraram que existe associação entre o aumento de massa gorda total e piora no desempenho no teste TUG; e menor massa muscular apendicular e menor força de preensão palmar. Mesmo quando divididos em sub grupos a massa gorda deve ser considerada como componente de risco para limitação funcional. Deste modo a avaliação da composição corporal se faz necessária para determinar os fatores associados ao declínio funcional e fragilidade / Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between body composition, specifically appendicular muscle mass and total fat mass, according to measures of functionality in non-institutionalized elderly. Method: It is a crosssectional analytical sample of 99 elderly over age 60, who underwent examination Densitometry Total Body Dual X-Ray Emission for assessing body composition. In addition, tests were used to measure the functionality, like the TUG test, grip strength and gait speed. We considered also the unintentional weight loss of selfreport of fatigue. Results: The sample had a mean of appendicular muscle mass of 16.91 kg (± 3.28), mean found for total fat mass of 25.47 kg (± 11.03), we observed statistically significant differences in tissue composition body between the age groups, and found a lower appendicular muscle mass in subjects older than 80 years old and less total fat mass also in this age group. The extent of functionality in grip strength is related to muscle mass appendicular, and elderly women with less FPM have higher risk of lower muscle mass (OR 0.829, 95% - from 0.732 to 0.939, p <0.003). The TUG test were significantly associated with total fat mass; elderly women who underwent testing in the range between 10 and 19 seconds are 19.4 times more likely to be obese, compared to those who took the test in less than 10 seconds; elderly women made in time greater than or equal to 20 were 3.23 times greater chance of being obese. When divided into subgroups, the subgroup B, characterized by high total fat mass and lean mass low, showed more commitment in TUG test than group A; lean mass and fat mass decreased in group A with an average of 13.1 (± 6.64) and the group B of 16.60 (± 4.54) with p = 0.008. Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that there is an association between increased total fat mass and deterioration in TUG test performance, and lower appendicular muscle mass and lower grip strength. Even when divided into subgroups, fat mass should be considered as a component of risk for functional limitation. Thus the assessment of body composition is needed to determine the factors associated with functional decline and frailty / Mestrado / Gerontologia / Mestra em Gerontologia

Orientador: Admar Costa de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T15:40:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Botelho_AdrianaPrais_M.pdf: 512202 bytes, checksum: bcf5ef975b16eb94dafdbac80cdd5ce6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA), um conjunto de isômeros de posição e geométricos do ácido linoléico com duplas ligações conjugadas, ocorre em pequenas quantidades em uma grande variedade de alimentos. O CLA pode ser originado no rúmen por meio da biohidrogenação incompleta de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados provenientes da dieta e também, pela dessaturação do ácido graxo C18:1 trans-11. Dessa maneira, concentrações significativas de CLA podem ser encontradas nas carnes, no leite e seus produtos derivados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da suplementação com ácido linoléico conjugadosobre o perfil lipídico e a composição corporal de ratos Wistar saudáveis em crescimento. Foram realizados dois ensaios biológicos: um em que variou a quantidade de CLA suplementada, e outro em que variaram as misturas comerciais de CLA utilizadas. Para o primeiro ensaio biológico, foram utilizados 40 ratos albinos, machos, recém-desmamados, distribuídos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos com 10 animais cada, de acordo com a quantidade de suplemento administrada. Os animais foram suplementados diariamente durante 21 dias com AdvantEdge® CLA (EASTM) nas concentrações 1, 2 e 4 % sobre o consumo diário de dieta, constituindo respectivamente os grupos AE1, AE2 e AE4, e com ácido linoléico na concentração de 2 % sobre o consumo diário de dieta, constituindo o grupo controle ©. Com este ensaio procurava-se identificar qual a quantidade de suplemento mais adequada para reduzir a gordura corporal dos ratos. Para o segundo ensaio biológico, foram utilizados 30 ratos albinos, machos, recém-desmamados, da linhagem Wistar, divididos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos com 10 animais cada, de acordo com a marca de suplemento administrada. Utilizando-se a quantidade de suplemento identificada no primeiro ensaio, os animais receberam diariamente, durante 42 dias, as misturas comerciais AdvantEdge® CLA (EASTM) e CLA One® (Pharmanutrients), constituindo os grupos AE e CO, respectivamente, e ácido linoléico, constituindo o grupo controle ©, na concentração de 2 % sobre o consumo diário de dieta. Durante os dois períodos experimentais os animais tiveram o peso e consumo de dieta monitorados a cada dois dias. Ao final de cada experimento, os animais foram mortos por deslocamento cervical sob anestesia (pentobarbital sódico . 46 mg/kg), sendo o sangue utilizado para as determinações séricas de triacilgliceróis, colesterol total e leptina e a carcaça empregada para a determinação da composição corporal centesimal. Para esta avaliação, foi removido todo o conteúdo intestinal para obtenção da carcaça vazia. Em seguida a carcaça foi congelada em nitrogênio líquido, fatiada, liofilizada, moída e armazenada a - 80 °C até o momento das determinações de umidade, cinzas, proteína bruta e gordura. A eficiência alimentar dos ratos não foi alterada com a suplementação de CLA em ambos os ensaios biológicos. Com relação aos valores séricos de triacilgliceróis, estes não apresentaram diferença significativa (p > 0,05) após a suplementação com CLA. Quanto aos teores de colesterol total no primeiro ensaio, estes demonstraram uma redução dose dependente após 21 dias de tratamento, tomando-se em conta as suplementações. No entanto, no segundo ensaio biológico, aos 42 dias de tratamento, a administração de CLA aumentou os teores de colesterol total dos animais. No tocante à composição corporal, constatou-se uma redução média de 18,0 % dos teores de gordura corporal dos grupos AE2 (11,2 %) e AE4 (11,6 %), quando comparados ao teor do grupo controle (13,9 %). A mesma redução foi observada no segundo ensaio biológico nos grupos AE e CO, em relação ao controle (18,1 %, 16,7 % e 21,2 %, respectivamente). Após 42 dias de suplementação com CLA, os animais dos grupos AE e CO, no segundo ensaio biológico, obtiveram aumento de 7,5 % nos teores de cinzas e diminuição de 22,4 % da concentração sérica de leptina. Tendo em vista os resultados encontrados, pôde-se concluir que a suplementação com ácido linoléico conjugado na concentração de 2 % sobre o consumo médio diário de dieta reduziu a gordura corporal e aumentou os teores de cinzas em ratos / Abstract: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid with conjugated double bonds, occurs in small quantities in a wide variety of foods. CLA can originate in the rumen by biohydrogenation of fatty acids from ingested food, and by the desaturation of the trans-11 C18:1 fatty acid. Thus, significant concentrations of CLA are found in beef, milk and dairy products. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on lipid profile and body composition of healthy growing Wistar rats. Two biological assays were performed: one varying CLA supplement concentration in the diet, and another varying the commercial brands of CLA used. For the first assay, 40 albino male, weaning rats were distributed at random in 4 groups of 10 animals each, according to the amount of supplement to be administered. Animals in groups AE1, AE2 and AE4 were supplemented daily for 21 days with the commercial product AdvantEdge® CLA (EASTM) at 1, 2 and 4 % of food intake respectively, and those in group C (control) with linoleic acid at 2% of food intake. The aim of this first assay was to find the optimum amount of supplement for the purpose of body fat reduction. In the second assay, 30 albino male, weaning Wistar rats were distributed at random in 3 groups of 10 animals each, according to the brand of supplement. Animals were supplemented daily for 42 days at a concentration of 2 %, chosen on the basis of results in the previous assay. Group AE received AdvantEdge® CLA (EASTM); group CO was fed CLA One® (Pharmanutrients); and group C (control) was given linoleic acid at 2 % of food intake. Throughout the experimental period animals had their weight and food intake controlled every 2 days. At the end of each experiment, the animals were killed by cervical displacement under anesthesia (sodium pentobarbital . 46 mg/kg). The blood was used for the determinations of serum triacylglycerols, total cholesterol and leptin; and the carcass was used for determining body composition. Gut contents were removed to obtain empty carcass weight. The carcass was then frozen in liquid nitrogen, chopped, dried, ground and stored at - 80 °C until determinations of water, ash, protein and fat were performed. Feeding efficiency of the rats was not altered by CLA supplementation in either of the assays. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in the serum levels of triacylglycerols after supplementation with CLA. Total cholesterol values, as measured in the first essay after 21 days of treatment, presented a dose-dependent reduction. In the second assay, however, CLA supplementation was found to increase total cholesterol after 42 days. An average reduction of 18.0 % on body fat percentage was found in groups AE2 (11.2 %) and AE4 (11.6 %), compared to the control (13.9 %). Body fat percentage was also reduced by 18.0 % in the second assay in groups AE and CO, compared to the control (18.1 %, 16.7 % e 21.2 %, respectively). After 42 days of CLA supplementation, animals in groups AE and CO, in the second assay, displayed an increase of 7.5 % in ash content and a decrease of 22.4 % in the serum leptin concentration. Considering the results obtained it can be concluded that the conjugated linoleic acid supplementation at a concentration of 2 % of food intake reduced the body fat and increased the ash content of rats / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

Menopause transition is a natural process in a woman’s life associated with altered body fat distribution, increased cardiometabolic risk, and the presentation of vasomotor symptoms including hot flashes and night sweats. A 5-year observational, longitudinal study (MONET: Montreal Ottawa New Emerging Team), was performed to document the effect of menopause transition on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors. Initially, the study included 102 healthy non-obese premenopausal women between the age of 47 and 55 years. By the end of year 5, 91 women completed the study, 4% were still premenopausal, 29% were perimenopausal and 67% became postmenopausal. The major finding of the first study was that the increases in body fat mass and visceral fat in our cohort of non-obese women followed through the menopause transition were independent of the increase in body weight. Furthermore, these changes in body composition and body fat distribution were not associated with cardiometabolic deteriorations. We further examined whether specific factors such as reporting vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes and/or night sweats), exaggerated exercise systolic blood pressure, physical activity levels and cardiorespiratory fitness, may be associated with adiposity, body fat distribution and cardiometabolic profile. Overall, women that experienced vasomotor symptoms (paper 2) or presented an exaggerated exercise systolic blood pressure (paper 3), did not present any alterations in their body composition, body fat distribution and cardiometabolic profile compared to asymptomatic women and participants with normal blood pressure response to exercise, respectively. Furthermore, exaggerated exercise systolic blood pressure was not predictive of future hypertension after a 5-year follow-up throughout menopause transition. On the other hand, total volume of physical activity was not linked with measures of a cardiometabolic profile, cardiorespiratory fitness appeared to have the greatest cardioprotective effect (paper 4). Therefore, in generally healthy physically active non-obese premenopausal women, the menopause transition does not generally alter cardiometabolic risk factors, and suggests that cardiorespiratory fitness may have greater cardiometabolic protective effects in this cohort.

La composition corporelle est importante pour évaluer l'état de santé et le statut nutritionnel d'individus. Le surpoids et l'obésité deviennent des problèmes de santé à l'échelle mondiale. L'accroissement de la masse grasse, notamment celle du tronc, a été associée à une augmentation du risque de maladies métaboliques, telles que le diabète de type 2 et les maladies cardiovasculaires. La masse musculaire, en particulier appendiculaire, est également un indice de santé, et est liée au taux de mortalité. En outre, le vieillissement s'accompagne de changements importants dans la composition corporelle. La masse maigre diminue (Kyle et al., 2001) et la masse grasse augmente, liée à une accumulation de tissus adipeux, en particulier dans la région abdominale (Kuk et al., 2009). Il est donc important d'étudier ces changements en fonction de l'âge pour tenter d'établir un pré-diagnostic et aider à la prévention de la morbidité et de mortalité. La composition corporelle se mesure par différentes méthodes, telles que le pesage sous l'eau ou l'absorption bi-photonique à rayons X (DXA). Cependant, ces méthodes de mesure ne sont pas adaptées pour des populations de taille très grande, car elles nécessitent un équipement fixe, demandent des manipulations longues et sont coûteuses. En revanche, le potentiel de méthodes de prédiction statistique a été mis en évidence pour estimer la composition corporelle (Snijder et al., 2006), et plusieurs modèles ont été proposés pour prédire la composition corporelle, notamment le pourcentage de la masse grasse (BF%) (Gallagher et al.,2000a; Jackson et al., 2002; Mioche et al., 2011b). Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de développer un modèle multivarié à partir de covariables anthropométriques pour prédire simultanément les masses grasse et maigre de différents segments du corps. Pour cela, nous avons proposé une régression linéaire multivariable publiée dans le British Journal of Nutrition. Notre proposition multivariée présente deux avantages principaux. Le premier avantage consiste à utiliser les covariables très simples que sont l'âge, le poids et la taille dont la mesure est facile et peu coûteuse. L'utilité d'ajouter comme covariable le tour de taille a été évaluée. Le deuxième avantage est que l'approche multivariée prend en compte la structure de corrélation entre les variables, ce qui est utile pour certaines études d'inférence où on s'intéresse à des fonctions des variables prédites. La qualité de la précision multivariée a été évaluée par comparaison avec celle des modèles univariés déjà publiés. Nous avons montré que la prédiction multivariée est bonne et que notre approche peut donc être utilisée pour des études de risques métaboliques en grandes populations. Le second objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier l'évolution de la composition corporelle au cours du vieillissement, en tenant compte des covariables anthropométriques. Deux modélisations bayésiennes ont été retenues et développées. Un des avantages principaux de nos propositions est, grâce à une modélisation, de réaliser une analyse longitudinale à partir de données transversales. En outre, la modélisation bayésienne permet de fournir une distribution prédictive, et non pas une simple valeur prédite, ce qui permet d'explorer l'incertitude de la prédiction. Également, des résultats antérieurs ou publiés peuvent être incorporés dans la distribution priore, ce qui conduit à des conclusions plus précises. Les prédictions précédentes sont fondées sur des modèles où la structure de corrélation entre les variables est laissée libre, le troisième objectif de notre travail a été d'imposer une structure de corrélation particulière adaptée au problème. L'avantage est l'utilisation d'un sous-modèle parcimonieux du modèle multivarié précédent. Cette structure est décrite au moyen d'un réseau bayésien gaussien (GBN). [...] Suite et fin du résumé dans la thèse. / The assessment of human body composition is important for evaluating health and nutritional status. Among health issues, overweight and obesity are worldwide problems. Increased fat mass, especially in the trunk location, has been associated with an increased risk of metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The lean body mass, especially appendicular muscle mass, is also directly related to health and particularly with the mortality rate. Also, aging is associated with substantial changes in body composition. Reduction in body lean or body fat-free mass occurs during aging (Kyle et al., 2001) together with an increase of body fat related to accumulation of adipose tissues, particularly in abdominal region (Kuk et al., 2009); therefore assessing these changes in segmental body composition may be important because the study will lead to a pre-diagnosis for the prevention of morbidity and mortality risk. Accurate measurements of body composition can be obtained from different methods, such as underwater weighing and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). However, their applications are not always convenient, because they require fixed equipment and they are also time consuming and expensive. As a result, they are not convenient for use as a part of routine clinical examinations or population studies. The potential uses of statistical methods for body composition assessment have been highlighted (Snijder et al., 2006), and several attempts to predict body composition, particularly body fat percentage (BF%), have been made (Gallagher et al., 2000a; Jackson et al., 2002; Mioche et al., 2011b).The first aim in this thesis was to develop a multivariate model for predicting simultaneously body, trunk and appendicular fat and lean masses from easily measured anthropometric covariables. We proposed a linear solution published in the British Journal of Nutrition. There are two main advantages in our proposed multivariate approach. The first consists in using very simple covariables, such as body weight and height, because these measurements are easy and not expensive. The usefulness of waist circumference is also investigated and combined with age, height and weight as predictor variables. The second advantage is that the multivariate approach enables to take into account the correlation structure between the responses into account, which is useful for a number of inference tasks, e.g., to give simultaneous confidence regions for all the responses together. Then the prediction accuracy of the multivariate approach is justified by comparing with that of the available univariate models that predict body fat percentage (BF%). With a good accuracy, the multivariate outcomes might then be used in studies necessitating the assessment of metabolic risk factors in large populations.The second aim in this thesis was to study age-related changes in segmental body compositions, associated with anthropometric covariables. Two Bayesian modeling methods are proposed for the exploration of age-related changes. The main advantage of these methods is to propose a surrogate for a longitudinal analysis from the cross-sectional datasets. Moreover, the Bayesian modeling enables to provide a prediction distribution, rather than a simple estimate, this is more relevant for exploring the uncertainty or accuracy problems. Also we can incorporate the previous findings in the prior distribution, by combining it with the datasets, we could obtain more suitable conclusions.The previous predictions were based on models supposing any correlation structure within the variables, the third aim in this thesis was to propose a parsimonious sub-model of the multivariable model described by a Gaussian Bayesian network (GBN), more precisely Crossed Gaussian Bayesian Networks (CGBN). Last and final summary in the thesis.

Background: Overweight and obesity constitutes a threat to public health all around the world, and more individual’s dies from obesity than from hunger. This condition is increasing worldwide and obesity also occurs in children. According to WHO, there are 42 million overweight children in the world. Obesity and overweight in childhood leads to insulin resistance, elevated blood lipids and cardiovascular effects. Obesity is caused by positive energy intake, poor exercise habits, environmental factors, food habits and stress etc. It is also known that hormones influence the incidence of obesity. It has been found that individuals with overweight and obesity has elevated glucagon levels in the bloodstream Purpose: This work aims to investigate whether there is a difference in glucagon concentration between the sexes at ages 10-18 years with obesity, and if there is an association between glucagon concentration and weight, FM and FFM. Materials and Methods: In this study, obesity is determined by BIA and the caliper in combination as three compartment model. Blood samples were taken by venipuncture and glucagon were analyzed in fasting plasma. Results: BIA and the caliper together had a significant correlation with body composition. Blood glucagon was found to be high in obese children. Conclusion: Glucagon concentration in obese children correlates with weight and FM. However, further investigation is needed regard to how glucagon interact with weight, FM and FFM

The main aim of the study is to determine a body composition in participants of weight reduction program STOB, based on group cognitive behavioral therapy of obesity. The program lasted 12 weeks and participants underwent a cognitive behavioral therapy and followed a diet and physical activity plan. The body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance InBody 230 at the initial and final lesson. We examined a participant's body weight, skeletal muscle, fat mass, abdominal fat mass and BMI. At the end of the weight reduction program participants lost 5% (-4,6kg) of their initial weight, achieved significant decrease in fat mass (average -4,3kg and -3%), lost 14,4cm2 of abdominal fat mass and mean BMI value decreased by 1,7. A muscle component hasn't significantly changed within the weight reduction program. The effect of 12 week weight reduction program STOB resulted in significant changes in body composition, which are associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular and metabolic complications of obesity. Using cognitive behavioral therapy as an obesity management strategy is positively evaluated especially for its effect on long term weight reduction and effective relapse prevention. Therefore a future study should be focused on a long term re-evaluation of changes in body composition in...

M.Tech. (Homoeopathy) / In South Africa, approximately 61% of the population is believed to be overweight, obese or morbidly obese (Smith, 2010). Risk factors to developing obesity include a sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet and poor eating habits, smoking, age, medications such as corticosteroids and other illnesses such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, hypothyroidism and Cushing’s syndrome (Polsdorfer, 2011). Obesity is fast becoming a major problem in all communities in South Africa, not only in regard to the health of individuals but as it continues to increase the costs of health care in the country (Goedecke et al., 2005). The aim of this study is to determine the effect of a herbal formulation consisting of Caffeine, Coffea canephora bean, Coleus forskholii, Camellia sinensis, Evodiamine, Ilex paraguariensis and Phaseolus vulgaris on Body Mass Index and abdominal girth measurements in overweight and obese individuals. Previous studies conducted on the herbal formulation have shown positive results with regard to weight loss, however, the need for a longer trial period was indicated in order to establish long term results as in this study (Baillie, 2011a). The study was a twelve week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The participants were males and females between the ages of 18 and 45 years with a BMI between 25 and 35kg/m2. Sixty participants were recruited from the University of Johannesburg, as well as from the public sector, in response to posters posted at the university, local gymnasiums and fitness clubs and given to other Homoeopathic practitioners. Of the sample of sixty participants, thirty participants were placed in the experimental group and thirty in the placebo group according to matched pairing of gender and BMI. The groups received either two capsules of the herbal formulation consisting of Caffeine, Coffea canephora bean, Coleus forskholii, Camellia sinensis, Evodiamine, Ilex paraguariensis and Phaseolus vulgaris or two capsules of a placebo composed of pharmaceutical starch, from Monday to Friday. At the initial consultation, a detailed case history and the vital signs (including blood pressure, respiratory rate, heart rate and temperature) of the participants were taken. Their height and weight was determined and from these measurements, their BMI was calculated. Their abdominal girth was measured three times during each consultation, each time using a standardized method and the average measurement was obtained. The participants then returned for follow-up evaluations in the second, sixth and twelfth week of the study. At each follow-up consultation, the participants’ vital signs and abdominal girth measurements were taken again and their BMI calculated by measuring their weight. The data collected during the study was analysed using statistical techniques including the Shapiro-Wilk test, Friedman Analysis of Variance test, Mann-Whitney test and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test.