En ökad effektivitet i de interna flödena är en viktig faktor för att bibehålla konkurrenskraft inom livsmedelsindustrin. Ny teknik som digitala tvillingar kan därför vara en möjlighet till att identifiera och åtgärda begränsande faktorer i produktflödet. Syftet med denna studie var att bidra till ökad förståelse för vilka möjligheter och utmaningar som kan uppstå vid tillämpningen av digital tvilling för att effektivisera flödesprocesser. För att samla in relevant empirisk data genomfördes två semistrukturerade intervjuer, en observation samt dokumentstudier.  Studiens resultat visar att den digitala tvillingen användes för datadrivna simuleringar med hjälp av realtidsdata som producerats av RFID-teknik. Simuleringarna gav möjligheten att förebygga fel som annars hade uppstått i flödet som därmed även sänkte både kostnader och tiden som krävdes vid flödesförändringen. Den digitala tvillingen i kombination med VR gav även möjlighet till visualisering av den digitala tvillingen och är en möjlighet till att engagera medarbetare i förändringar. Det fanns även potential att använda den digitala tvillingen tillsammans med VR för utbildning vilket kan leda till minskade kostnader och fel i det verkliga flödet. Utmaningar som identifierades i studien var att kostnaden för skapandet och underhållet av den digitala tvillingen och att den skapades i rätt tid i projektet för att kunna utnyttja dess potential maximalt. / Increased efficiency in internal flows is an important factor in maintaining competitiveness within the food industry. New technologies such as digital twins can therefore provide an opportunity to identify and address limiting factors in the product flow. The purpose of this study was to contribute to a better understanding of the opportunities and challenges that may arise form the application of digital twins to streamline flow processes. To collect relevant empirical data two semi-structured interviews, an observation and document studies were conducted. The results of the study show that the digital twin was used for data-driven simulations using real-time data produced by RFID technology. The simulations provided the opportunity to prevent errors that would otherwise have occurred in the flow, thus reducing both costs and the time required for flow changes. The digital twin, in combination with virtual reality (VR), also allowed for visualization of the digital twin and provided an opportunity to engage employees in the changes. There was also potential to use the digital twin together with VR for training, which could lead to reduced costs and errors in the actual flow. Challenges identified in the study included the cost of creating and maintaining the digital twin, as well as ensuring that it was created at the right time in the project to fully exploit its potential.

Companies are constantly seeking new ways to increase their efficiency and flexibility to be able to meet the market demand, industry 4.0 has provided companies with new tools that enables them to better track the performance of a process and more easily optimise it. In a high mix and low volume manufacturing process a lot of inefficiencies are prone to occur due to the high variety. A simulation can be a very beneficial tool to use in the optimisation of a manufacturing process. In a simulation a digital twin of the physical process is constructed to replicate the real-world results, the simulation can then be used to test how changes to the process affects the desired performance objectives. The purpose of this study was to use a simulation to optimise the process by increasing output and reduce lead time as well as increase the visual presentation of the process. The purpose was fulfilled by a review of literature on the subject, interviews, observations and a document study before a simulation model and value stream map was constructed. The bottleneck analysis and the value stream map highlighted a few inefficiencies in the process that was solved by implementing a few solutions that would improve the balance of the process and increase output and decrease lead time. A visual presentation tool was also developed to calculate the expected lead time for a new order and show how the flow of orders would develop in the near future.

<p>EfficientNet is designed to achieve top accuracy while utilizing fewer parameters, in addition to less computational resources compared to previous models. </p> <p><br></p> <p>In this paper, we are presenting compound scaling method that re-weight the network's width (w), depth (d), and resolution (r), which leads to better performance than traditional methods that scale only one or two of these dimensions by adjusting the hyperparameters of the model. Additionally, we are presenting an enhanced EfficientNet Backbone architecture. </p> <p><br></p> <p>We show that EfficientNet achieves top accuracy on the ImageNet dataset, while being up to 8.4x smaller and up to 6.1x faster than previous top performing models. The effectiveness demonstrated in EfficientNet on transfer learning and object detection tasks, where it achieves higher accuracy with fewer parameters and less computation. Henceforward, the proposed enhanced architecture will be discussed in detail and compared to the original architecture.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Our approach provides a scalable and efficient solution for both academic research and practical applications, where resource constraints are often a limiting factor.</p> <p><br></p>

Traffic shockwaves are a regularly occurring phe-nomenon in traffic that are a source of irritation and delaysfor the road users. One type of shockwave is the stop-and-gowave which forces entering drivers to stop and advance slowlyuntil the wave is passed. This project aims to design a controlalgorithm through the use of models and simulations to increasethe rate at which a stop-and-go wave dissipates. To design themodel and algorithm the Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO)simulator and the Traffic Control Interface (TraCI) were usedin conjunction with Python. The setup used for simulation wasthat of a one way, two lane highway with an artificially inducedstop-and-go wave.The designed algorithm manages to dissipate a stop-and-go wavecompletely without introducing new ones. / Trafikvågorär ett vanligt förekommandefenomen i trafiken vilketär en orsak till frustration ochförseningar. En typ av vågär startochstop vågen som tvingarförare att stanna och långsamt fortsätta genom vågen tills denpasserat. Målet med detta projektär att utveckla en kontrol-lalgoritm med hjälp av modeller och simuleringar för attökaavtagandet av en sådan våg. För att utveckla modellen ochalgoritmen används simulatorn Simulation of Urban MObility(SUMO) och Traffic Control Interface (TraCI) i kombinationmed programmeringsspråket Python. Simulering gjordes på ettnätverk bestående av en enkelriktad, tvåfilig motorväg med enkonstgjord startochstop våg.En algoritm utvecklades som kan skingra en startochstop vågutan att skapa nya. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2020, KTH, Stockholm

We provide a formal mathematical definition of the Shortest Paths for All Flows (SP-AF) problem and provide many efficient algorithms. The SP-AF problem combines the well known Shortest Paths (SP) and Bottleneck Paths (BP) problems, and can be solved by utilising matrix multiplication. Thus in our research of the SP-AF problem, we also make a series of contributions to the underlying topics of the SP problem, the BP problem, and matrix multiplication. For the topic of matrix multiplication we show that on an n-by-n two dimensional (2D) square mesh array, two n-by-n matrices can be multiplied in exactly 1.5n ‒ 1 communication steps. This halves the number of communication steps required by the well known Cannon’s algorithm that runs on the same sized mesh array. We provide two contributions for the SP problem. Firstly, we enhance the breakthrough algorithm by Alon, Galil and Margalit (AGM), which was the first algorithm to achieve a deeply sub-cubic time bound for solving the All Pairs Shortest Paths (APSP) problem on dense directed graphs. Our enhancement allows the algorithm by AGM to remain sub-cubic for larger upper bounds on integer edge costs. Secondly, we show that for graphs with n vertices, the APSP problem can be solved in exactly 3n ‒ 2 communication steps on an n-by-n 2D square mesh array. This improves on the previous result of 3.5n communication steps achieved by Takaoka and Umehara. For the BP problem, we show that we can compute the bottleneck of the entire graph without solving the All Pairs Bottleneck Paths (APBP) problem, resulting in a much more efficient time bound. Finally we define an algebraic structure called the distance/flow semi-ring to formally introduce the SP-AF problem, and we provide many algorithms for solving the Single Source SP-AF (SSSP-AF) problem and the All Pairs SP-AF (APSP-AF) problem. For the APSP-AF problem, algebraic algorithms are given that utilise faster matrix multiplication over a ring.

Cette thèse porte sur les modèles d'équilibre dynamique sur un réseau de transport et de leurs applications à l'affectation de trafic. Elle vise à proposer une formulation à la fois générale, mathématiquement rigoureuse et microéconomiquement cohérente de l'équilibre dynamique. Une attention toute particulière est accordée à la représentation de la demande de transport et plus spécifiquement à la modélisation des hétérogénéités dans les préférences des usagers du réseau, ainsi que de leurs stratégies de choix d'horaires dans leurs déplacements. Tout d'abord nous exprimons l'équilibre dynamique comme un jeu de Nash avec un continuum de joueurs. Cette formulation nous permet d'obtenir un résultat d'existence. Celui-ci s'applique notamment au plus simple des modèles d'équilibre dynamique, où les usagers sont identiques et ne choisissent pas leurs horaires de départ. Ensuite, nous présentons deux modèles d'équilibre pour lesquels une solution analytique peut être établie. Le premier est une généralisation du modèle de goulot de Vickrey. Alors que Vickrey considère une distribution des horaires préférés d'arrivée en forme de S, nous traitons de distributions quelconques. Le deuxième modèle proposé est un réseau à péage avec deux routes et des usagers dont la valeur du temps est distribuée. Ce modèle nous permet d'investiguer les efficacités relatives de différentes stratégies de tarification et de voir comment celles-ci sont affectés par le niveau d'hétérogénéité dans la valeur du temps. Pour finir, un modèle calculable est présenté et des méthodes de résolution sont proposées. Le modèle est testé sur le réseau routier national. Par ailleurs, il est exploité pour tester une tarification modulée en fonction du temps dont l'objectif est d'atténuer la congestion lors des grands départs de vacances / This thesis is focused on dynamic user equilibrium (DUE) models and theirapplications to traffic assignment. It aims at providing a mathematically rigorous and general formulation for the DUE. Particular attention is paid to the representation of transport demand and more specifically to trip scheduling and users with heterogeneous preferences.The DUE is first expressed as a Nash game with a continuum of players. It strongly relies on up-to-date results from mathematical economics. This formulation allows to prove an existence result for DUE. This results notably applies to one of the simplest dynamic user equilibrium model, where users are homogeneous and departure time choice is not allowed.Then, two simple DUE models for which the solutions can be derived analytically are presented. The first one is a generalization of the Vickrey's bottleneck model. Whereas Vickrey assumed that the distribution of preferred arrival time is S-shaped, we consider more general distributions. In the second model, we have a two-route tolled network where users are continuously heterogeneous with respect to their value of time. This allows us to conduct a study on the relative efficiencies of various pricing strategy and how it is affected by the level of heterogeneity in users' value of time.Finally, a computable model is designed and corresponding solution methods are proposed. A test on the french national road network is conducted. The model is used to assess an hypothetical time-varying pricing scheme intended to ease summer traffic congestion

Already in its Education Strategy, adopted by the Executive Board in 2007, UNICEF fully obligates to the international commitment to universal education and defines its contribution to national efforts to fulfil children’s right to education. In September 2010, UNICEF further published a special report on a study showing that an equity-focused approach to child survival and development is the most practical and cost-effective way of meeting the health MDGs for children. For the modelling process of the research a simulation was run employing the Marginal Budgeting for Bottlenecks (MBB) model, jointly developed by the World Bank and UNICEF. This model has been widely used in international public health research to design and test development strategies. In its consistency with the human-right based approach, the MBB model addresses bottlenecks in the capacity of duty-bearers to fulfil human-rights as well as barriers of the capacity of right-holders to claim their rights. Using the MBB model, policymakers and researchers can simulate varying configurations of service delivery modes to expand access of coverage and measures to encourage usage. For each strategy, the model generates the predicted impact on intervention coverage and outcomes, overall cost and cost-effectiveness. UNICEF’s global refocus on equity and the most disadvantaged children makes it necessary to introduce improved planning and monitoring instruments. In this context, the MBB model is used as a budgeting and simulation tool for UNICEF interventions in health and nutrition. UNICEF aims to use harmonized tools across different sectors to reduce transaction costs and to improve comparison and sharing of lessons learned between the different sectors. However, it is also important to adapt and develop instruments based on the diverse needs of different sectors to ensure best results. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to find an answer to following question: Can, and if so, how can the Marginal Budgeting for Bottlenecks model, developed for the health sector, be adapted for planning, costing and budgeting allocations in the education sector? An adapted Marginal Budgeting for Bottleneck model for education could be applied for a comprehensive sector analysis, comparing intervention alternatives and setting policy goals and strategies. It could further be used to monitor the implementation of major sector reforms with regard to the comparison of potential versus actual impact of interventions on learning achievements. Applying two production functions, the MBB model applies the basic principle of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, comparing the costs of education interventions with the corresponding expected impact on increased service coverage. However, detailed inputs, outputs, outcomes and impacts and the corresponding correlations would need to be defined for an Service Production Function (inputoutput) and an Education Production Function (output-outcome/impact). Further, a selection of globally proved remedial actions to overcome sector bottlenecks need to be specified. Education interventions largely depend on the country context and different countries and regions apply different remedial actions. Since the relationship of input and impact is not as linear as the illness-treatment relationship in health, international research and comparison of effective interventions would need to be conducted. The MBB model is applying service coverage determinants of both, supply and demand side. Therefore the approach could be a helpful instrument in the context of the Human Rights-based Approach as used within programming of the United Nations and UNICEF. However, applying further analysis on humanitarian aspects of programming always depends on the availability of disaggregated information. Based on the outline of the Service Coverage Concept and the Marginal Budgeting for Bottlenecks model and the conceptual adaptation of the MBB model for its use in education, following suggestions can be made for the Service Delivery Modes and Service Coverage Determinants: Overall, an MBB model in education could have added value for education planning, budgeting and impact simulation. However, it has to be considered that applying the model requires extensive data input for all six Service Coverage Determinants for each of the five Service Deliver Modes. Although, the MBB model could be adjusted to only cover a certain sub-sector within Quality Education for All. Five Service Delivery Modes Ten Sub-Packages 1. Pre-School Education 1.1 Public Early Childhood Education 1.2 Private Early Childhood Education 2. Formal Basic Education 2.1 Public Formal Basic Education 2.2 Private Basic Education 3. Non-Formal Basic Education 3.1 Public Non-Formal Basic Education 3.2 Private Non-Formal Basic Education 4. (Lower) Secondary Education 4.1 Public Secondary Education 4.2 Private Secondary Education 5. Adult Literacy, Continuing Education 5.1 Youth and Adult Literacy Interventions 5.2 Continuing Education Six Service Coverage Determinants Indicator Supply side 1. Availability of essential commodities Pupil-Classroom Ratio by grade Pupil-Textbook Ratio 2. Availability of human resources Pupil-Teacher Ratio (or Pupilqualified Teacher Ratio) by grade 3. Geographic and financial accessibility School-Distance School-Costs by grade Demand side 4. Initial Utilization Net-Enrolment Ratio (or Gross- Enrolment Ratio) by grade 5. Continuous Utilization Survival Rate by grade 6. Effective Utilization Graduation Ratio Graduation Test Scores Overall, an MBB model in education could have added value for education planning, budgeting and impact simulation. However, it has to be considered that applying the model requires extensive data input for all six Service Coverage Determinants for each of the five Service Deliver Modes. Although, the MBB model could be adjusted to only cover a certain sub-sector within Quality Education for All.

There are manufacturing systems all over the world and all of them present dif- ferent characteristics. To get close to those manufacturing systems and aid them to analyze data and improve their efficiency, it arises FACTS Analyzer®. The present project concerns the development of a bottleneck analysis using REVERSE- SCORE (Simulation based COnstraint REmoval), feature included in FACTS Ana- lyzer. It is used Simulation-based Multi-Objective Optimization (SMO) to ana- lyze the different variables of a production line and investigate how to best extend previous application of SMO for bottleneck detection to not only consider im- provements of system parameters but also degradations of them. Degrading some system parameters can have many hidden advantages such as reduce power con- sumption, increase material efficiency or lengthen the useful life of the machines or tools, advantages that can draw near sustainability.

As alterações que a ação antrópica vem causando nos ambientes costeiros tem provocado impactos sobre as espécies a eles associadas. Larus dominicanus é uma espécie de ave marinha amplamente distribuída ao longo do Hemisfério Sul. Por possuir um hábito alimentar generalista, os resíduos da ação antrópica tem beneficiado a espécie, que, assim como outras gaivotas, vem apresentando um crescimento demográfico acelerado. O presente estudo, através do uso de marcadores de microssatélites, mostra que, apesar disso, a espécie possui uma baixa variabilidade genética, com fraca estruturação populacional, que provavelmente são o reflexo da origem recente da espécie e de uma diferenciação recente entre as populações. Múltiplas forças atuam para determinar a estruturação populacional, sendo elas o isolamento por distância, as barreiras físicas e a filopatria. Os sinais de gargalo populacional encontrados em algumas das colônias levantam a possibilidade de efeitos fundadores por colonização recente nas colônias mais ao norte da costa brasileira e redução populacional nas colônias da Argentina e da Antártica como conseqüência da última glaciação. Estes dados chamam a atenção para a necessidade de considerar as informações genéticas para a implantação de planos de manejo. Uma vez que a diferenciação entre as populações é recente, a variabilidade dentro de cada uma delas deve ser mantida. O controle populacional da espécie através de métodos diretos deve ser também acompanhado por planos de manejo ambiental, visando reduzir ou eliminar as condições que propiciam o crescimento desequilibrado dos gaivotões. / The changes in the coast that has been caused by human action has led to impacts on species associated with this environment. Larus dominicanus is a seabird species widely distributed throughout the Southern Hemisphere. The generalist feeding habits allow this species take advantage from human action, leading to population growth, which is also observed in other species of gulls. This study, through the use of microsatellite markers, shows that, despite of the population growth, Larus dominicanus has a low genetic variability, with low population structure, which probably reflects the recent origin of species and a recent differentiation among populations. Multiple forces act to determine the population structure, among them the isolation by distance, physical barriers and philopatry. Some colonies presents a bottleneck sign, raising the hypothesis of recent founder effects in the colonies to the north of Brazil and population reduction of colonies of Argentine and Antarctic as consequence of the last glaciation. These data show the need to consider genetic information for the implementation of management plans. The variability within populations must be maintained, since the differentiation between them is recent. Furthermore, the species population control by direct methods must also be accompanied by environmental management plans, to reduce or eliminate the conditions that favor the unbalanced growth of the gulls

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T17:05:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 18 / Nenhuma / Frente às freqüentes mudanças no mercado consumidor, as empresas precisam se adequar aos novos cenários. As estratégias de produção e de capacidade podem auxiliar nesse processo, especialmente se for possível formular e testar alternativas em ambientes paralelos antes mesmo de serem aplicados na fábrica real. As dificuldades encontradas nas empresas estão associadas à adequação (ou não) dos modelos existentes na literatura sobre o tema, bem como, a base de informações sobre a qual são tomadas as decisões de capacidade. Os conceitos de gargalo de produção, de eficiência global dos recursos e a lógica de análise capacidade versus demanda e tomada de decisão são discutidos e avaliados no conjunto da análise da capacidade fabril. Um Modelo de Tomada de Decisão é proposto, englobando as estratégias de capacidade nos níveis: operacional – Método de Gestão de Rotinas; tático – Método de Gestão de Melhorias; e estratégico – Método de Gestão Estratégica de Longo Prazo. Através de estudo de caso foram avaliadas as dife / Considering the frequent changes in the consumer market, companies need to adapt to the new sceneries. Production strategies and capacity can assist in this process, especially if it is possible formulating and testing before applying it in the real plant. The difficulties found by the companies in this business are associated with adjusting (or not) the models found in the literature about the subject, and the information base on which capacity decisions are made. The concepts of production bottleneck and the overall efficiency of resources, and the logic CXD analysis and decision-making are discussed and evaluated throughout the analysis of manufacturing capacity. A Model of Decision-making is proposed, including strategies in different levels: operational – Method Management Routines; tactical - Method Management Improvements, and strategic - Method Management of Long-term Strategic. Through the study of case research methodology, the differences in use of the CXD Tool in different perspectives of decision