Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:54:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mendes_drp_me_jabo.pdf: 752950 bytes, checksum: da4434743daf49841f285c3909094a1c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Proteínas inseticidas derivadas de Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) são os inseticidas biológicos mais amplamente utilizados. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliação da toxicidade das proteínas de Bt, Cry1Ia e Vip3Aa, expressas em Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), a fim de verificar a eficiência destas toxinas na mortalidade de Spodoptera frugiperda. Para tanto, empregou-se um par de iniciadores específicos para amplificar o fragmento correspondente ao gene vip3Aa completo contendo 2370 pb. O fragmento obtido foi clonado no vetor pET SUMO e transformado em células de E. coli BL21 (DE3) por choque térmico. A expressão das proteínas Vip3Aa e Cry1Ia previamente clonado, foi induzida por tiogalactopiranosídeo de isopropila (IPTG), e as proteínas recombinantes com peso molecular de, aproximadamente, 100 e 81 KDa respectivamente, foram detectadas por SDS-PAGE e Western Blot. Para avaliação da toxicidade os bioensaios foram realizados com as lagartas de primeiro instar que foram alimentadas com dietas artificiais contendo, na superfície, cinco diferentes concentrações da toxina Cry1Ia e cinco diferentes concentrações da toxina Vip3Aa recombinante. Os bioensaios foram estabelecidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 16 lagartas por repetição, totalizando 4 repetições por tratamento. A quantificação de lagartas mortas pela ação do B. thuringiensis, foi determinada pela CL50. Os resultados demonstraram a eficiência do sistema bacteriano na expressão das proteínas Vip3Aa e Cry1Ia de B. thuringiensis, resultando em toxinas recombinantes com elevada toxicidade frente às lagartas de S. frugiperda, o que sugere o uso destes genes na obtenção de plantas transgênicas, únicas ou piramidada, resistentes a esta praga / Insecticidal proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are the most widely used biological insecticides. The study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of Bt proteins, Cry1Ia Vip3Aa and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) to verify the efficiency of these toxins on the mortality of Spodoptera frugiperda. For this we used a pair of specific primers to amplify the fragment corresponding to the gene vip3Aa complete containing 2370 bp. The fragment was cloned into pET SUMO vector and transformed into cells of E. coli BL21 (DE3) by heat shock. The expression of proteins Vip3Aa and Cry1Ia previously cloned, was induced by isopropyl tiogalactopiranosídeo (IPTG), and the recombinant proteins with a molecular weight of approximately 100 and 81 kDa respectively, were detected by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. To evaluate the toxicity bioassays were performed with first instar caterpillars that were fed diets containing artificial, in surface, whit five different toxin concentrations of Cry1Ia and five different concentrations of recombinant toxin Vip3Aa. Bioassays were established in a randomized design, with 16 larvae per repetition, totaling four replicates per treatment. The quantification caterpillar dead by the action of B. thuringiensis, was determined by LC50. The results demonstrated the efficiency of the bacterial system in protein expression Vip3Aa Cry1Ia of B. thuringiensis toxins, resulting in recombinants with high toxicity against the larvae of S. frugiperda, suggesting the use of these genes in the production of transgenic plants, single or pyramided resistant to this pest

Resumo: Proteínas inseticidas derivadas de Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) são os inseticidas biológicos mais amplamente utilizados. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliação da toxicidade das proteínas de Bt, Cry1Ia e Vip3Aa, expressas em Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), a fim de verificar a eficiência destas toxinas na mortalidade de Spodoptera frugiperda. Para tanto, empregou-se um par de iniciadores específicos para amplificar o fragmento correspondente ao gene vip3Aa completo contendo 2370 pb. O fragmento obtido foi clonado no vetor pET SUMO e transformado em células de E. coli BL21 (DE3) por choque térmico. A expressão das proteínas Vip3Aa e Cry1Ia previamente clonado, foi induzida por tiogalactopiranosídeo de isopropila (IPTG), e as proteínas recombinantes com peso molecular de, aproximadamente, 100 e 81 KDa respectivamente, foram detectadas por SDS-PAGE e Western Blot. Para avaliação da toxicidade os bioensaios foram realizados com as lagartas de primeiro instar que foram alimentadas com dietas artificiais contendo, na superfície, cinco diferentes concentrações da toxina Cry1Ia e cinco diferentes concentrações da toxina Vip3Aa recombinante. Os bioensaios foram estabelecidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 16 lagartas por repetição, totalizando 4 repetições por tratamento. A quantificação de lagartas mortas pela ação do B. thuringiensis, foi determinada pela CL50. Os resultados demonstraram a eficiência do sistema bacteriano na expressão das proteínas Vip3Aa e Cry1Ia de B. thuringiensis, resultando em toxinas recombinantes com elevada toxicidade frente às lagartas de S. frugiperda, o que sugere o uso destes genes na obtenção de plantas transgênicas, únicas ou piramidada, resistentes a esta praga / Abstract: Insecticidal proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are the most widely used biological insecticides. The study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of Bt proteins, Cry1Ia Vip3Aa and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) to verify the efficiency of these toxins on the mortality of Spodoptera frugiperda. For this we used a pair of specific primers to amplify the fragment corresponding to the gene vip3Aa complete containing 2370 bp. The fragment was cloned into pET SUMO vector and transformed into cells of E. coli BL21 (DE3) by heat shock. The expression of proteins Vip3Aa and Cry1Ia previously cloned, was induced by isopropyl tiogalactopiranosídeo (IPTG), and the recombinant proteins with a molecular weight of approximately 100 and 81 kDa respectively, were detected by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. To evaluate the toxicity bioassays were performed with first instar caterpillars that were fed diets containing artificial, in surface, whit five different toxin concentrations of Cry1Ia and five different concentrations of recombinant toxin Vip3Aa. Bioassays were established in a randomized design, with 16 larvae per repetition, totaling four replicates per treatment. The quantification caterpillar dead by the action of B. thuringiensis, was determined by LC50. The results demonstrated the efficiency of the bacterial system in protein expression Vip3Aa Cry1Ia of B. thuringiensis toxins, resulting in recombinants with high toxicity against the larvae of S. frugiperda, suggesting the use of these genes in the production of transgenic plants, single or pyramided resistant to this pest / Orientador: Janete Apparecida Desidério / Coorientador: Odair Aparecido Fernandes / Banca: Cristina Lacerda Soares Petrarolha Silva / Banca: Manoel Victor Franco Lemos / Mestre

<p>The western corn rootworm (WCR) <i>Diabrotica virgifera virgifera</i> Leconte is a major pest of maize in the United States. Currently, it is principally managed using Bt maize hybrids and neonicotinoid seed treatments (NSTs), which were concurrently introduced in the early 2000s. This simultaneous release, and subsequent rapid adoption, created a situation in which Bt maize hybrids were never assessed in the absence of NSTs, and vice versa. Consequently, neonicotinoids’ influence on refuge function, primarily whether these insecticides aid or hinder the production of a sufficient population of susceptible beetles to delay resistance, has not been assessed. Moreover, a mounting suite of detrimental environmental effects of NSTs have been documented, lending some urgency to questions about their necessity.</p><p>To determine the influence of NSTs on refuge function, untreated and treated Bt maize fields were planted with 5% untreated refuge marked with ¹⁵N. Throughout the field seasons of 2019 and 2020, adults were collected from these fields and analyzed to determine their natal host plant. Results documented that the numbers of refuge beetles produced by the 5% seed blend are likely insufficient to result in rates of mating to delay resistance development.</p><p>To determine if the effect of using NSTs in combination with Bt maize hybrids is additive, synergistic, or neutral at managing secondary soil pests in the Midwest, four 16 block fields were planted in 2018, 2019 and 2020 comparing four treatments (1. Untreated, Bt seed; 2. NST, Bt seed; 3. Untreated, non-Bt seed; 4. NST, non-Bt seed). Compact method sampling, root rating, and yield were used to document the presence of secondary soil pests. All three sampling years documented low abundance of white grubs and wireworms. There was minimal influence of NSTs on maize yield (2018: p = 0.07; 2019: p = 0.62; 2020: p = 0.056) and root damage (0-3 scale) (2018: M = 0.0092; 2019: M = 0.0091; 2020: M = 0.0361). These same fields were used to document the presence of NSTs in soil, as well as residues in nearby waterways. Results documented greatest soil and water clothianidin levels earlier in the season and declined as the season progressed.</p><p><br></p>

The purpose of ths report is to shed light on the problems surrounding error detection in returncables, specifically in connection with tunnels. In Sweden, among other things, has chosen to usea BT system with a suction transformer and a dedicated return conductor to reduce interferencesuch as occurs on telecommunications and signal cables along the track. A fault that occurs in thereturn conductor does not necessarily need to be noticed in other parts of the system or gives anyoperational impact. What happens is that the local error may be undetected underneath a lowertime which can cause cable fires or other disruptions to train traffic.This thesis has a model over a tunnel system simulated to study how currents in the circuit areaffected by various faults in the conductor. Saturation of the transformer has examined in the wrongtime as it is important for the possibilities around detection in the local windows that are simulated.The result based on the simulation can clearly show that a local measurement of currents in thecurrent BT window, near the exposed tunnel best results. Measurement of the current derivativein the rail could also demonstrate a measurement possibility, provided that the earth lines can bedistinguished for each current line.

This diploma project is about designing a concept of an anti-theft tracking device for a bicycle. The device is equipped with a GNSS module for tracking of current location, GSM module for sending the location data in case of a theft and a BT module for user settings via mobile phone. The bike theft detection is detected by an accelerometer. The final goal of this project is a concept of such a device for evaluation and improvement purposes.

No description available.

Field corn, Zea mays L., has been introduced to the market with pyramided Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn technologies. These technologies reduce kernel damage from ear feeding caterpillar pests, including corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). The first generation Bt traits in field corn demonstrated limited activity on corn earworm feeding on grain in ears. The pyramided corn technologies have greater cumulative protein concentrations and improved expression throughout the plant, so these corn traits should provide an effective management tool against these pests. In addition, reduced kernel injury may also have a direct effect on physical grain quality. The results for this trial showed no relationship between number of damaged kernels and yield was observed for corn hybrid expressing the Herculex®, YieldGard®, or Genuity VT Triple Pro® technologies. A significant relationship between both damaged kernels and test weight and damaged kernels and aflatoxin concentrations was observed in two technologies.

The focus of this thesis is the critical review of Additive Printing (AP) or 3D-printing, and optimization strategies for the introduction of new materials. During the course of tenure, four classes of solids were investigated to determine the hurdles presented from each system. Specifically, the investigation developed techniques for optimization of ink production, green-film deposition, and laser sintering parameters surrounding the Optomec AJP system (AJP). In the assessment, statistical experimental design, analysis and material characterization techniques have been utilized. Final recommendations disseminate current best practices for new ink and material development, along with factor analysis of input variables for phase and material properties, along with insights for future research of these systems. The first chapter provides a general introduction to the field of AP. The second chapter focuses specifically on Optomec aerosol-jet process (AJP) techniques, and expands the discussion to process parameters, information concerning the fabrication/characterization procedure followed for each system, and includes: a detailed description of the materials investigated. This is important because printing parameters, optimization, and approach may be divergent for optimization within each strain; and is meant as an aid to resolve some technical issues for future investigators. The third chapter is fully dedicated to the results concerning the fabrication and the characterization of amorphous boron powder to film. Chapter four discusses future research options, ideas and directions. Appendices are provided for any which wish to investigate the orthogonal arrays used, or the combinatorial effects resulting in the attributes of the material system final products. / Master of Science

Research and development of Bt rice in Southeast Asia has been overshadowed by the contentious debate over the potential release of transgenic food crops into the region. The study provides empirical evidence on the potential size and distribution of economic benefits of adopting Bt Indica rice in the Philippines and Vietnam through the years 2000 to 2020. Total welfare gains from Bt rice are projected at 618.8 million USD (discounted at 5 percent) and aggregate benefits by region are projected at 269.6 million USD for the Philippines, 329.1 million USD for Vietnam, and 20.1 million USD for the rest of the world. Simulation results indicate that producers in both countries will capture 66.5 percent of the total welfare effect from Bt rice adoption, 25.9 percent will accrue to consumers, 3 percent to the rest of the world, and the loss in Philippine government revenue accounts for 4.6 percent of the total welfare effect. The study also reports how other factors will determine the size and distribution of economic benefits of Bt rice. <i>Vita removed, Sept. 13, 2012, Gmc</i> / Master of Science

區段徵收為目前政府大規模進行土地整體開發，促進都市發展，以及無償取得公共設施用地的重要舉措之一，為一種具有高度自償性之土地開發事業。由於區段徵收需要投入大量的資金與人力，在政府財政困窘及國內不動產市場自民國81 年以來，長期處於不景氣之故，其非但無法達成原先設定之有效減低公共支出之目的，反而需要額外編列預算以支應財務缺口。爰此，造成縣市政府往往視區段徵收為畏途，但礙於相關政策規範及都市發展須盡速取得必要之公共設施用地，而不得不予執行，從而導致惡性循環，因此，如何解決區段徵收財務問題，乃成為政府必須面對的最大困境與挑戰。 在政府財政狀態日益惡化，短期內又無法籌措區段徵收開發過程中龐大的資金需求，再加上地方專業人力不足之困境下，使得區段徵收之辦理型態有所演變，部分地方縣（市）政府遂逐步引進民間資源與活力（即BT模式），朝向由民間機構自行籌措資金並由該機構專業人員負責規劃與執行開發工作，政府從旁提供必要之行政協助。此外，開發所需總費用均先由民間機構墊付，而政府再以剩餘可建築土地來償付費用，藉此創新開發模式，以有效解決區段徵收有關資金籌措及開發後土地去化等至為關鍵之癥結問題。 然而BT模式在實務執行過程時，仍存在著法令、政策制定及實施方式等相關爭議，以致於無法有效大量推廣實施，本文藉由研究相關法令、文獻記載、分析目前實施案例、並透過訪談專家學者及整理相關問題等，說明區段徵收業務在走向政府委託民間機構、引進民間資源辦理區段徵收BT開發模式時，所需面對與管理之委託-代理關係，藉由代理理論，探討區段徵收實務執行層面中，可行的解決措施（包括誘因與監督機制），並建議區段徵收應與時俱進地檢討與修正相關配套措施，以利此項善用民間資源與活力，並具有突破性的土地開發委外機制能夠更臻完備，並可作為後續土地整體開發學術研究之重要參考。 綜合本研究之結論與建議，謹分述如次： 一、結論 （一）區段徵收機制基於政策、民意與制度之可行性，可以作階段性創新改革。 （二）現行區段徵收委外機制相關法制，尚欠完備。 （三）區段徵收委外辦理機制，應同時配套建構監控制度。 （四）區段徵收委外過程，應運用誘因機制，以避免代理問題產生。 （五）區段徵收BT開發模式，應可進一步強化學術研究與應用探討。 二、建議 （一）限期檢討修正區段徵收BT開發模式法制化工作。 （二）由中央與地方成立專案小組，全力協助BT得標廠商。 （三）加強BT開發模式之宣導，建構良好的溝通協調機制。 （四）根據現有兩案例開發結果，審慎評估策訂推廣實施計畫。 / Zone expropriation is presently the large-scale integrated land development carried out by the government to promote urban development. Acquiring land for public facilities without compensation is also an important measure to have high self-liquidation of land development enterprise. Because zone expropriation needs to invest in a great deal of funds and manpower, the government finance and the domestic real estate market were in a long-term depression from 1981 until 1992. Not only unable to reach the targeted profit margin to reduce the public expenses, additional budget is needed to deal with financial gap. Therefore, it makes the county and city government often look at zone expropriation as a dangerous choice to take. But hindrance related to policy standardization and urban development must acquire the necessary land for public facilities as soon as possible because there's no choice but to implement it. As a result, it leads to a vicious circle. Therefore, the government needs to face the greatest dilemma and challenge on how to settle the zone expropriation financial problems. The financial status of the government is worsening day by day. Within a short time the government was unable to raise funds for the huge financial requirement of the zone expropriation. In addition, professional manpower is also a dilemma, causing the handling pattern of zone expropriation to evolve to some extent. Partially the local county and city government gradually brings in non-government resources and vitality (private participation-BT mode). Non-government organizations voluntarily raise funds and professionals in private sectors manage the plans and implementation, while the government provides necessary administrative assistance. In addition, the development necessary for the total costs is paid first by the non-government organization, and the government excess land will be liquidated, thereby creating modes in effect of settling the zone expropriation's fund raising and developed land key problems. However in the implementation of the BT mode process, the decrees, policymaking and implementation methodology related to disputes are still kept. Because of the incapability to take effect the large number of widespread implementation, this writing discuss about the laws, research about decrees, document records, analysis of present case studies, and interviews of professional scholars and arrangements related to the problems. Zone expropriation business is illustrated in moving towards the government's entrusting of non-government organizations. The introduction of non-government resources to handle the zone expropriation BT development method is necessary for facing with the management of principal-agent relationship. By means of principal-agent theory, probing into the implementation dimension, feasible resolutions (including incentive and monitoring mechanism), and recommending the steady advancement of zone expropriation to review and amend about the formation of a complete set of measures, these are all for making good use of non-government resources and vitality, as well as to have a break through in the land development outsourcing mechanism to make them more perfect, and may make a follow-up for the land integrated development academic study of important references. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation: 1. Conclusions: (1)Gradual improvements can be made on the zone expropriation mechanism based on policy, public opinion and system feasibility. (2)The legal system regarding the current zone expropriation mechanism is still incomplete. The external committee handling zone expropriation should simultaneously form a complete construction monitoring system. (3)The external committee handling zone expropriation should utilize a financial incentive mechanism to avoid any problems. (4)A zone expropriation based on the BT model should go further in strengthening academic research and application 2. Recommendations: (1)Establish a deadline for reviewing the legal work for zone expropriation in the BT development model. (2)Allow the national and local relevant groups to fully assist the winning bidder for the BT project. (3)Strengthen guidance for the BT development model; construct a good communication mechanism. (4)Based on the development results of the above case studies, carefully appraise the presented implementation plan . Keywords: Zone Expropriation、Private Participation(BT Mode)、Principal-Agent Theory、Incentive Mechanism