台灣糧食自給率偏低，近年來，政府以提升糧食自給率為目標，以維護國家的糧食安全。若要提升糧食自給率，應重視農地農用，惟現行農地卻出現了許多非農業使用的情形，影響糧食生產和農業生產環境。現行農地利用誘因制度尚有不足之處，故政府無法透過經濟誘因的提供，以引導農地所有權人進行農地農用。因此，本研究欲探討有助於促進農地農用之誘因策略，並檢視現行農地利用誘因制度之執行成效，以政府的角度提供適當的經濟誘因策略，改善或補強現行制度的不足，建立農地利用誘因機制，搭配配套措施，以促進農地農用。 本研究回顧國內外促進農地農用之相關文獻，以誘因理論為基礎，探討促進農地農用之正向及負向誘因策略，並整理現行制度具有的制度誘因，以及檢討現行農地利用誘因制度之執行成效。期望以促進農地農用之誘因策略，補強現行農地利用誘因制度之不足，並以該誘因策略作為問卷調查內容之基礎。本研究以從事農地資源規劃、農地利用法規、農地政策及農業政策等相關領域研究或實務之專家學者為問卷調查之對象，並以次數分配法進行問卷分析，以問卷分析的結果納入建立誘因機制之考量。 依據國內外文獻回顧及問卷調查之結果，本研究研擬「農地利用誘因機制」，透過政府提供「正向誘因」及「負向誘因」，並配合相關配套措施，來達到「促進農地農用」之目標。正向誘因分為「農地農用免徵地價稅」、「農業補貼」及「農業獎勵」。農業補貼除了延續現行「有機及友善耕作補貼」、「農業生產成本之補貼」及「小地主大專業農企業化經營補助」之外，也將現行「休耕補貼」及「轉（契）作補貼」經調整後，納入機制之中。農業獎勵包含「農地農用獎勵金」、「委託代耕獎勵金」及「長期出租或承租農地農用獎勵金」，為本研究研擬之措施。負向誘因分為「農地非農用課徵地價稅」、「閒置不用之農地課徵荒地稅」及「違規使用處以罰鍰」，違規使用處以罰鍰係針對國土計畫法之罰鍰進行調整。此外，本研究也研擬多元的相關配套措施，以利誘因機制之執行，包含「農業用地作農業使用認定證明」、「將非農業的容許使用項目自都市土地農業區及非都市土地農牧用地上移除」、「加強非農業使用稽查並獎勵民眾檢舉」、「違規使用禁止買賣移轉」、「違規使用之刑責」、「違規使用之處理方式」、「照價收買」、「有助於促進農地農用之農業補貼或獎勵提高其預算」及「修正相關法規」等。期望透過建立上述誘因機制，讓政府能夠透過提供適當的經濟誘因，來引導農地農用，也讓農地所有權人基於政府所提供的誘因，積極利用農地，達到政府促進農地農用的目標。

市場失靈往往是政府介入干預的主要理由，一般常見的干預方法為正向的誘因激勵與負向的懲罰手段。就農地而言，因其所能提供的生態或環境的功能係屬公共財性質，具有無排他性、無敵對性、聯合消費的性質，市場上缺乏私人主動提供農地環境效益的經濟誘因，使得政府基於全民福祉之理由而介入農地保護，以提升外部效益。又為防患於未然，乃訂定管制規則予以規範違規使用行為，以降低外部成本。台灣的農地管理兼採補貼給付、賦稅減免與使用管制之政策措施，其實施經年究竟有無缺失？如何加以改進？適逢台灣主管當局刻正研擬國土計畫法（草案）且需要檢視之際，益發突顯本文研究此課題之重要性。 新古典經濟學者主張以課稅的方式消弭外部成本、以給予補貼的方式鼓勵外部效益的產生；新制度經濟學者主張透過界定財產權，經由利害關係人協商，最後達到社會整體最適生產水準，兩者各有所長，於實際適用時尚須截長補短綜合考量。本文從上述理論基礎切入，採用文獻分析法與焦點人物訪談法來檢討現行農地管理機制不足之處。基於損益均衡的補貼理念，我們意圖將正向誘因、使用市場機制引進農地管理機制中，並改進以往偏重於農地違規使用負向處罰的管理方式，以期健全農地管理，落實農業永續發展目標。 關鍵字：農地管理、誘因機制、公共財、外部性 / Market failure is often the main reason of government intervention. Generally, intervention methods always include positive incentive measures and passive punishment means. From viewpoint of farmland, it serves as biological and environmental functions with the character of public goods, which possesses features of non-exclusion, non-rival and jointly-consume. However, there is lack of economic incentives to provide environmental benefits of farmland by private market, government intervene shall be needed in farmland protection on basis of entire people welfare. Besides, the land use control regulations shall be stipulated to reduce external cost. In Taiwan, incentive programs include incentive payments, tax exemption or reduction and land use control mechanism. Do these programs manipulate efficiently? If not, how to improve them in the future? Discussion of these issues shall play an important role while the draft of National Territory Planning Act is drawn up by the Planning Authority and more examinations are necessary in Taiwan. Neoclassical economists suggest that external costs can be prevented by taxation, and external benefits shall be encouraged by offering subsidy. Neo-institutional economists argue that the problem can be solved through defining property rights, and stakeholders shall negotiate with one another to achieve optimum of social production. This article bases on exploring those theories and takes positive and negative factors into account in practice. The main research methods are literature review and focal person interview to investigate insufficiency of current incentive mechanism in farmland management. Based on concept of benefit-cost equilibrium, we intend to provide positive incentives, and include market approach into incentive mechanism of farmland management and improve passive way of punishing illegal farmland use. Through formulation of these incentive tools, farmland management mechanism shall be established soundly so as to achieve the goals of agricultural sustainable development. Keywords：Farmland Management, Incentive Mechanism, Public Goods, Externality

在傳統的企業思維中，價值乃是由企業創造的，由企業單獨決定其產品和服務提供什麼價值，消費者僅僅代表對公司產品的需求；但隨著產業環境的發展，尤其是網路經濟時代的來臨，生產者與消費者之間的界限開始模糊。在過去資訊單向流通的網路世界中，人們在網路上代表的僅僅是一個創造流量的虛擬人物，然而隨著資訊科技的進步，網路技術的發展，人們在網際網路中開始彼此協作，發揮集體智慧向全世界發聲，即「價值共創」的概念。從Linux開放原始碼成功以來，許多企業已經逐漸了解到使用者參與創新、使用者虛擬社群參與企業產品開發的重要性，企業不再能獨自生產和管理知識，而是需要與它們的使用者共同創造知識；同時，人們也了解到透過結合價值共創的概念，虛擬社群平台可以發揮多大的效用，並且在其他領域也有許多類似概念的應用。 科技的協助讓使用者可依據其個別的興趣、需求等動機組成或進入不同的興趣型虛擬社群平台，此類平台除了結合對某一特定議題或事物有共同喜好的人們、高度人際之間的互動與溝通、經由網站所提供之平台分享交流彼此的心得與看法之外，尚有組織設計正式化程度低與集權化低之特色，以及此類社群對於參與者無特殊專業知識與技能之進入門檻之特色。因上述之特色，興趣型虛擬社群平台需要集眾多使用者之分享，才能在無特殊專業門檻的情況下，以內容累積出具有價值之資料庫。 本研究針對興趣型虛擬社群平台進行探討，透過文獻中得知之社群經營成功關鍵要素：「價值共創的環境」、「誘因機制」、「知識管理」檢視個案興趣型虛擬社群平台，並發現三者之間有順序性之關係。首先透過良好設計的「價值共創」社群平台環境，吸引使用者參與，其結果可以加強社群平台自身之競爭優勢。第二階段興趣型社群平台應該透過明顯且簡易得到之金錢誘因吸引使用者，使其有動機參與進入興趣型社群平台，而在使用者數量提升之後，透過管理機制之設計，產生心理誘因，加強使用者之重複拜訪與投入的行為，即透過正確而有效的「誘因機制」提升興趣型社群平台運作之人流量與忠誠度。於累積足夠的使用者及高度黏著度之後，興趣型社群平台應該透過「知識管理」建立機制，將社群平台上累積之知識形成資料庫，以吸引更多的使用者加入，串聯具互補性質的合作夥伴，同時促進更高的社群平台黏著度，並且進而利用資料庫，創造可能的多樣化獲利來源。 / The research aims to focus on the communities of interest, which is now the mainstream of communities on the Internet. With respect to the lack of related research on the operation of communities of interest, this research will examine three factors that are key to the operation of this kind of communities and research how these three factors work and how business managers plan a strategy for the operation of communities of interest. The research will take iPeen and Fandora, both of which are rising stars communities in Taiwan, as case study communities. The study reveals that there are some factors that are key to the success of communities. By examining the factors, we can see how they work and how they would lead to the victory in the heated online communities war. According to the research, a value co-creation environment, the incentives and knowledge management would be the key to the success of operation of communities of interest. The management team of communities of interest can use these three key factors step by step through strategic planning. In the final conclusion and suggestion, the research aims at the future participants in the industry and provides solutions to the strategic planning regarding previously found key factors and referred cases.

區段徵收為目前政府大規模進行土地整體開發，促進都市發展，以及無償取得公共設施用地的重要舉措之一，為一種具有高度自償性之土地開發事業。由於區段徵收需要投入大量的資金與人力，在政府財政困窘及國內不動產市場自民國81 年以來，長期處於不景氣之故，其非但無法達成原先設定之有效減低公共支出之目的，反而需要額外編列預算以支應財務缺口。爰此，造成縣市政府往往視區段徵收為畏途，但礙於相關政策規範及都市發展須盡速取得必要之公共設施用地，而不得不予執行，從而導致惡性循環，因此，如何解決區段徵收財務問題，乃成為政府必須面對的最大困境與挑戰。 在政府財政狀態日益惡化，短期內又無法籌措區段徵收開發過程中龐大的資金需求，再加上地方專業人力不足之困境下，使得區段徵收之辦理型態有所演變，部分地方縣（市）政府遂逐步引進民間資源與活力（即BT模式），朝向由民間機構自行籌措資金並由該機構專業人員負責規劃與執行開發工作，政府從旁提供必要之行政協助。此外，開發所需總費用均先由民間機構墊付，而政府再以剩餘可建築土地來償付費用，藉此創新開發模式，以有效解決區段徵收有關資金籌措及開發後土地去化等至為關鍵之癥結問題。 然而BT模式在實務執行過程時，仍存在著法令、政策制定及實施方式等相關爭議，以致於無法有效大量推廣實施，本文藉由研究相關法令、文獻記載、分析目前實施案例、並透過訪談專家學者及整理相關問題等，說明區段徵收業務在走向政府委託民間機構、引進民間資源辦理區段徵收BT開發模式時，所需面對與管理之委託-代理關係，藉由代理理論，探討區段徵收實務執行層面中，可行的解決措施（包括誘因與監督機制），並建議區段徵收應與時俱進地檢討與修正相關配套措施，以利此項善用民間資源與活力，並具有突破性的土地開發委外機制能夠更臻完備，並可作為後續土地整體開發學術研究之重要參考。 綜合本研究之結論與建議，謹分述如次： 一、結論 （一）區段徵收機制基於政策、民意與制度之可行性，可以作階段性創新改革。 （二）現行區段徵收委外機制相關法制，尚欠完備。 （三）區段徵收委外辦理機制，應同時配套建構監控制度。 （四）區段徵收委外過程，應運用誘因機制，以避免代理問題產生。 （五）區段徵收BT開發模式，應可進一步強化學術研究與應用探討。 二、建議 （一）限期檢討修正區段徵收BT開發模式法制化工作。 （二）由中央與地方成立專案小組，全力協助BT得標廠商。 （三）加強BT開發模式之宣導，建構良好的溝通協調機制。 （四）根據現有兩案例開發結果，審慎評估策訂推廣實施計畫。 / Zone expropriation is presently the large-scale integrated land development carried out by the government to promote urban development. Acquiring land for public facilities without compensation is also an important measure to have high self-liquidation of land development enterprise. Because zone expropriation needs to invest in a great deal of funds and manpower, the government finance and the domestic real estate market were in a long-term depression from 1981 until 1992. Not only unable to reach the targeted profit margin to reduce the public expenses, additional budget is needed to deal with financial gap. Therefore, it makes the county and city government often look at zone expropriation as a dangerous choice to take. But hindrance related to policy standardization and urban development must acquire the necessary land for public facilities as soon as possible because there's no choice but to implement it. As a result, it leads to a vicious circle. Therefore, the government needs to face the greatest dilemma and challenge on how to settle the zone expropriation financial problems. The financial status of the government is worsening day by day. Within a short time the government was unable to raise funds for the huge financial requirement of the zone expropriation. In addition, professional manpower is also a dilemma, causing the handling pattern of zone expropriation to evolve to some extent. Partially the local county and city government gradually brings in non-government resources and vitality (private participation-BT mode). Non-government organizations voluntarily raise funds and professionals in private sectors manage the plans and implementation, while the government provides necessary administrative assistance. In addition, the development necessary for the total costs is paid first by the non-government organization, and the government excess land will be liquidated, thereby creating modes in effect of settling the zone expropriation's fund raising and developed land key problems. However in the implementation of the BT mode process, the decrees, policymaking and implementation methodology related to disputes are still kept. Because of the incapability to take effect the large number of widespread implementation, this writing discuss about the laws, research about decrees, document records, analysis of present case studies, and interviews of professional scholars and arrangements related to the problems. Zone expropriation business is illustrated in moving towards the government's entrusting of non-government organizations. The introduction of non-government resources to handle the zone expropriation BT development method is necessary for facing with the management of principal-agent relationship. By means of principal-agent theory, probing into the implementation dimension, feasible resolutions (including incentive and monitoring mechanism), and recommending the steady advancement of zone expropriation to review and amend about the formation of a complete set of measures, these are all for making good use of non-government resources and vitality, as well as to have a break through in the land development outsourcing mechanism to make them more perfect, and may make a follow-up for the land integrated development academic study of important references. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation: 1. Conclusions: (1)Gradual improvements can be made on the zone expropriation mechanism based on policy, public opinion and system feasibility. (2)The legal system regarding the current zone expropriation mechanism is still incomplete. The external committee handling zone expropriation should simultaneously form a complete construction monitoring system. (3)The external committee handling zone expropriation should utilize a financial incentive mechanism to avoid any problems. (4)A zone expropriation based on the BT model should go further in strengthening academic research and application 2. Recommendations: (1)Establish a deadline for reviewing the legal work for zone expropriation in the BT development model. (2)Allow the national and local relevant groups to fully assist the winning bidder for the BT project. (3)Strengthen guidance for the BT development model; construct a good communication mechanism. (4)Based on the development results of the above case studies, carefully appraise the presented implementation plan . Keywords: Zone Expropriation、Private Participation(BT Mode)、Principal-Agent Theory、Incentive Mechanism