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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
191

Millenniebubblan : Vilka faktorer hade betydelse för dess utveckling? / Bubble Trouble : Which factors caused the rise of the millennium bubble?

Stany, Linda, Söderberg, Anna January 2006 (has links)
Every tenth year a financial crisis tend to interfere with an economy. Price bubbles with an accompanying market plunge are therefore not a new phenomenon. Such market disruptions have been causing problems for centuries, as history has a tendency to repeat itself. The intention with this study is to learn more about the bubble phenomenon and increase the knowledge in this area in order to, if possible, prevent such a thing from happening again. The purpose of the essay is to identify factors that significantly affected the development of the so called IT-bubble in Sweden and Finland during the years of 1995-2000. The previous purpose can be divided into two sub-purposes, namely; to point out which financial theory/theories that succeeds the best to explain the development of the IT-bubble, and additionally; to detect factors that can help us foreseeing similar scenarios in the future. The study concentrates on Sweden and Finland. Furthermore, only stock market bubbles are studied. As a consequence, other types of financial crises, for example bank crises, are excluded from this study. The method used to answer the first sub-purpose is an analysis of financial theories which enables us to find factors that according to theory could have caused the rise of the price bubble. In order to answer the second sub-purpose we take use of a statistical method. We have designed a statistical model based on the results of previous mentioned analysis. In this model we try the relevance of the detected factors from the theoretical analysis in order to investigate if theory manages to explain the birth of a stock market bubble. The result of our study has generated four different factors; macro economic; institutional; psychological and asymmetric information. These four categories showed importance for the development of the IT-bubble in Sweden and Finland. Out of the four factors, the psychological factor is said to be the most important, but in the mean time the hardest one to predict. The statistical model indicates that the number of bankruptcies, the total amount of household’s borrowing and results from attitude surveys in the case of Sweden, and the number of bankruptcies, new registrations of cars and finally consumers attitude towards making a big purchase at present, in the case of Finland are variables to be aware of when looking out for a stock market bubble. The statistical model, as pointed out in the study, is not perfect. Additional studies are necessary to confirm the results presented in this report. / Finansiella kriser tenderar att drabba ekonomin med ungefär tio års intervaller. Prisbubblor med tillhörande djupdykning på marknaden är således inget nytt fenomen. Denna störning i marknadsharmonin har funnits under flertalet sekler och historien har en benägenhet att upprepa sig. Bakgrunden till studien är således att öka förståelsen för bubbelfenomenet och att, om det är möjligt, förhindra att det händer igen. Syftet med studien är att påvisa faktorer som har haft signifikant betydelse för den så kallade IT-bubblans utveckling i Sverige och Finland under åren 1995-2000. Det övergripande syftet kan vidare indelas i två delsyften, vars mål dels är att påvisa vilken eller vilka finansiella teorier som bäst förklarar IT-bubblans utveckling, dels hitta faktorer som kan hjälpa oss att förutse likartade scenarier i framtiden. Studien fokuserar på länderna Sverige och Finland, och avgränsar sig därmed från övriga länder. Vidare studeras enbart börsbubblor och fall, varför övriga typer av finansiella kriser, så som exempelvis bankkriser utesluts. Metoden för att besvara det första delsyftet är att göra en analys av finansiella teorier för att lyfta fram faktorer som enligt dem kan ha haft avgörande betydelse för bubblans uppbyggnad. Metoden för det andra delsyftet är att bygga en statistisk modell med hjälp av de faktorer som resulterat av ovan nämnda analys, för att pröva deras relevans. Resultatet av vår studie har genererat en grupp bestående av fyra olika faktorer; makroekonomiska, institutionella, psykologiska faktorer och asymmetrisk information som bäst förklarar IT-bubblans uppkomst. Av dessa är den psykologiska faktorn den viktigaste, och samtidigt också den svåraste att förutsäga. Det är framförallt teorierna inom ”behavioural finance” som fokuserar på psykologiska effekter, varför de bäst förklarar händelseförloppet under IT-bubblan. Den statistiska modellen indikerar att antalet konkurser, hushållens totala utlåning och resultatet av samhällsekonomiska attitydundersökningar i fallet Sverige, samt antalet konkurser, nyregistrering av bilar, och slutligen konsumenternas attityd till stora köp och till att ta lån för tillfället, i fallet Finland, är variabler som vi kan vara uppmärksamma på för att försöka förutse börsbubblor. Den statistiska modellen är, som poängteras i arbetet, inte fulländad utan ytterligare studier fordras för att belägga detta ytterligare.
192

Millenniebubblan : Vilka faktorer hade betydelse för dess utveckling / Bubble Trouble : Which factors caused the rise of the millennium bubble?

Stany, Linda, Söderberg, Anna January 2006 (has links)
Finansiella kriser tenderar att drabba ekonomin med ungefär tio års intervaller. Prisbubblor med tillhörande djupdykning på marknaden är således inget nytt fenomen. Denna störning i marknadsharmonin har funnits under flertalet sekler och historien har en benägenhet att upprepa sig. Bakgrunden till studien är således att öka förståelsen för bubbelfenomenet och att, om det är möjligt, förhindra att det händer igen. Syftet med studien är att påvisa faktorer som har haft signifikant betydelse för den så kallade IT-bubblans utveckling i Sverige och Finland under åren 1995-2000. Det övergripande syftet kan vidare indelas i två delsyften, vars mål dels är att påvisa vilken eller vilka finansiella teorier som bäst förklarar IT-bubblans utveckling, dels hitta faktorer som kan hjälpa oss att förutse likartade scenarier i framtiden. Studien fokuserar på länderna Sverige och Finland, och avgränsar sig därmed från övriga länder. Vidare studeras enbart börsbubblor och fall, varför övriga typer av finansiella kriser, så som exempelvis bankkriser utesluts. Metoden för att besvara det första delsyftet är att göra en analys av finansiella teorier för att lyfta fram faktorer som enligt dem kan ha haft avgörande betydelse för bubblans uppbyggnad. Metoden för det andra delsyftet är att bygga en statistisk modell med hjälp av de faktorer som resulterat av ovan nämnda analys, för att pröva deras relevans. Resultatet av vår studie har genererat en grupp bestående av fyra olika faktorer; makroekonomiska, institutionella, psykologiska faktorer och asymmetrisk information som bäst förklarar IT-bubblans uppkomst. Av dessa är den psykologiska faktorn den viktigaste, och samtidigt också den svåraste att förutsäga. Det är framförallt teorierna inom ”behavioural finance” som fokuserar på psykologiska effekter, varför de bäst förklarar händelseförloppet under IT-bubblan. Den statistiska modellen indikerar att antalet konkurser, hushållens totala utlåning och resultatet av samhällsekonomiska attitydundersökningar i fallet Sverige, samt antalet konkurser, nyregistrering av bilar, och slutligen konsumenternas attityd till stora köp och till att ta lån för tillfället, i fallet Finland, är variabler som vi kan vara uppmärksamma på för att försöka förutse börsbubblor. Den statistiska modellen är, som poängteras i arbetet, inte fulländad utan ytterligare studier fordras för att belägga detta ytterligare. / Every tenth year a financial crisis tend to interfere with an economy. Price bubbles with an accompanying market plunge are therefore not a new phenomenon. Such market disruptions have been causing problems for centuries, as history has a tendency to repeat itself. The intention with this study is to learn more about the bubble phenomenon and increase the knowledge in this area in order to, if possible, prevent such a thing from happening again. The purpose of the essay is to identify factors that significantly affected the development of the so called IT-bubble in Sweden and Finland during the years of 1995-2000. The previous purpose can be divided into two sub-purposes, namely; to point out which financial theory/theories that succeeds the best to explain the development of the IT-bubble, and additionally; to detect factors that can help us foreseeing similar scenarios in the future. The study concentrates on Sweden and Finland. Furthermore, only stock market bubbles are studied. As a consequence, other types of financial crises, for example bank crises, are excluded from this study. The method used to answer the first sub-purpose is an analysis of financial theories which enables us to find factors that according to theory could have caused the rise of the price bubble. In order to answer the second sub-purpose we take use of a statistical method. We have designed a statistical model based on the results of previous mentioned analysis. In this model we try the relevance of the detected factors from the theoretical analysis in order to investigate if theory manages to explain the birth of a stock market bubble. The result of our study has generated four different factors; macro economic; institutional; psychological and asymmetric information. These four categories showed importance for the development of the IT-bubble in Sweden and Finland. Out of the four factors, the psychological factor is said to be the most important, but in the mean time the hardest one to predict. The statistical model indicates that the number of bankruptcies, the total amount of household’s borrowing and results from attitude surveys in the case of Sweden, and the number of bankruptcies, new registrations of cars and finally consumers attitude towards making a big purchase at present, in the case of Finland are variables to be aware of when looking out for a stock market bubble. The statistical model, as pointed out in the study, is not perfect. Additional studies are necessary to confirm the results presented in this report.
193

Synthesis of Carbon Dioxide Hydrates in a Slurry Bubble Column

Myre, Denis 18 February 2011 (has links)
Carbon dioxide hydrates were synthesized in a 0.10m I.D. and 1.22m tall bubble column equipped with a cooling jacket for heat removal. Visual observations at different driving forces (pressures between 2.75 and 3.60 MPa and temperatures between 0 and 8ºC) were recorded with a digital camera through a sight glass of 118.8 by 15.6 mm. The superficial gas velocity was varied from 20 to 50 mm/s to attain different levels of turbulence in the liquid. The growth rate was found to be dependent on the sequence/method used to reach the operating temperature and pressure. A greater supersaturation was obtained when the system temperature and pressure were reached with very low or no bubble-induced mixing. As a result, hydrates nucleated and grew immediately when starting the gas flow with the reactor volume being quickly filled with hydrates. Moreover, the hydrate growth rate and solution final density were higher when operating conditions partially condensed CO2 resulting in greater interphase mass transfer rates. In parallel, since hydrate formation is an exothermic process and the reaction is often limited by the rate of heat removal, heat transfer measurements were achieved in a simulated hydrate environment. The instantaneous heat transfer coefficient and related statistics gave insight on the role of bubbles on heat transfer and hydrodynamics.
194

Estudo experimental do funcionamento de um sistema gas-lif

Mendes, Fernando Augusto Alves [UNESP] 27 December 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-12-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:50:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mendes_faa_me_ilha.pdf: 2673818 bytes, checksum: 120558e9283b734ad04dda5b07ec06d0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O princípio de funcionamento de um sistema gas-lift é bastante simples, baseando-se na injeção de um gás inerte próximo à extremidade submersa de um tubo utilizado para ascensão do líquido (riser). Esse sistema tem sido utilizado em diversos setores da indústria, dentre os quais se destaca o setor petroquímico. Apesar de ter sido concebido há mais de um século, e a despeito do considerável número de artigos publicados sobre o assunto, vários aspectos relativos às características do escoamento bifásico dentro do riser e ao funcionamento do sistema são, ainda, pouco conhecidos. No presente trabalho, um sistema air-lift de pequeno porte foi inteiramente desenvolvido e testado, permitindo observar o comportamento do sistema quando submetido a variações na vazão de ar, na razão de submersão e na geometria do injetor – contendo três (3F) ou quinze furos (15F). Ensaios de visualização foram conduzidos, possibilitando a caracterização do escoamento bifásico no interior do riser. Medições experimentais foram, também, realizadas para a obtenção da eficiência e das curvas características do sistema. Os resultados quantitativos foram interpretados em associação com imagens estáticas do escoamento, capturadas com uma câmera fotográfica digital, e com imagens dinâmicas, tomadas com o auxílio de uma filmadora de alta velocidade. A partir destas imagens, foi possível, ainda, a estimativa de alguns importantes parâmetros característicos do escoamento pistonado, associados ao deslocamento da chamada bolha de Taylor. Os dados assim obtidos foram comparados com valores oriundos de correlações empíricas propostas por outros autores, apresentando boa concordância. Com relação aos resultados quantitativos, observou-se que, sob determinadas condições de operação, o injetor 3F é capaz de atribuir ao sistema um rendimento significativamente maior... / The operation principle of a gas-lift system is very simple: it is based on the injection of an inert gas close to the immersed edge of a tube, which is used for the rising of the liquid (riser). This system has been used in several industrial areas and more often in the petrochemical industry. Despite the fact that it was conceived over a century ago and that there have been a considerable amount of articles published on the subject, several aspects concerning the two-phase flow characteristics inside the riser as well as its operational system are still not very well known. In the present work, a small size air-lift system was thoroughly developed and tested, which facilitated the visualization of the system behavior when submitted to variations in the air flow, the immersion ratio and the injector geometry – containing three (3H) or fifteen holes (15H). Observation experiments were carried out making it possible to characterize the two-phase flow inside the riser. Experimental measurements were also taken in order to obtain the system characteristic efficiency and slopes. The quantitative results were analyzed together with the statistic images of the flow - taken by a digital photo camera, and with the dynamic images – taken by a high-speed filming camera. Through these images, it was also possible to estimate some important characteristic parameters of the slug flow associated to the displacement of the so-called Taylor bubble. The data obtained this way were compared to the figures originated from experimental correlations proposed by other authors, and they showed a fine agreement. Regarding the quantitative results, it was observed that under certain operation conditions the 3F injector is able to give the system a significantly greater efficiency than when the 15F injector is used
195

Estudo experimental do funcionamento de um sistema gas-lif /

Mendes, Fernando Augusto Alves. January 2007 (has links)
Resumo: O princípio de funcionamento de um sistema gas-lift é bastante simples, baseando-se na injeção de um gás inerte próximo à extremidade submersa de um tubo utilizado para ascensão do líquido (riser). Esse sistema tem sido utilizado em diversos setores da indústria, dentre os quais se destaca o setor petroquímico. Apesar de ter sido concebido há mais de um século, e a despeito do considerável número de artigos publicados sobre o assunto, vários aspectos relativos às características do escoamento bifásico dentro do riser e ao funcionamento do sistema são, ainda, pouco conhecidos. No presente trabalho, um sistema air-lift de pequeno porte foi inteiramente desenvolvido e testado, permitindo observar o comportamento do sistema quando submetido a variações na vazão de ar, na razão de submersão e na geometria do injetor - contendo três (3F) ou quinze furos (15F). Ensaios de visualização foram conduzidos, possibilitando a caracterização do escoamento bifásico no interior do riser. Medições experimentais foram, também, realizadas para a obtenção da eficiência e das curvas características do sistema. Os resultados quantitativos foram interpretados em associação com imagens estáticas do escoamento, capturadas com uma câmera fotográfica digital, e com imagens dinâmicas, tomadas com o auxílio de uma filmadora de alta velocidade. A partir destas imagens, foi possível, ainda, a estimativa de alguns importantes parâmetros característicos do escoamento pistonado, associados ao deslocamento da chamada bolha de Taylor. Os dados assim obtidos foram comparados com valores oriundos de correlações empíricas propostas por outros autores, apresentando boa concordância. Com relação aos resultados quantitativos, observou-se que, sob determinadas condições de operação, o injetor 3F é capaz de atribuir ao sistema um rendimento significativamente maior... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The operation principle of a gas-lift system is very simple: it is based on the injection of an inert gas close to the immersed edge of a tube, which is used for the rising of the liquid (riser). This system has been used in several industrial areas and more often in the petrochemical industry. Despite the fact that it was conceived over a century ago and that there have been a considerable amount of articles published on the subject, several aspects concerning the two-phase flow characteristics inside the riser as well as its operational system are still not very well known. In the present work, a small size air-lift system was thoroughly developed and tested, which facilitated the visualization of the system behavior when submitted to variations in the air flow, the immersion ratio and the injector geometry - containing three (3H) or fifteen holes (15H). Observation experiments were carried out making it possible to characterize the two-phase flow inside the riser. Experimental measurements were also taken in order to obtain the system characteristic efficiency and slopes. The quantitative results were analyzed together with the statistic images of the flow - taken by a digital photo camera, and with the dynamic images - taken by a high-speed filming camera. Through these images, it was also possible to estimate some important characteristic parameters of the slug flow associated to the displacement of the so-called Taylor bubble. The data obtained this way were compared to the figures originated from experimental correlations proposed by other authors, and they showed a fine agreement. Regarding the quantitative results, it was observed that under certain operation conditions the 3F injector is able to give the system a significantly greater efficiency than when the 15F injector is used / Orientador: Sérgio Said Mansur / Coorientador: Edson Del Rio Vieira / Banca: André Luiz Seixlack / Banca: Ricardo Augusto Mazza / Mestre
196

Experimentação numérica de bolhas em ascensão

Barbi, Franco 29 July 2016 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Petrobrás / Em estudos de escoamentos do tipo colunas de bolhas o uso de ferramentas computacionais desempenham um importante papel por permitir que, através de experimentos virtuais, a comunidade científica agregue mais conhecimento sobre as forças que atuam nesse tipo de escoamento. Considerando a confiabilidade dos resultados, torna-se possível o aperfeiçoamento de modelos constitutivos de forças fluidodinâmicas como de arrasto, sustentação e massa virtual. O código AMR3D trabalha com malhas de refinamento localizado bloco-estruturadas que se adaptam dinamicamente às características de um dado escoamento. Utiliza-se um método de projeção para o acoplamento pressão-velocidade e o método do Volume de Fluido (VOF) para a representação das fases e interfaces do escoamento bifásico. As equações do balanço da quantidade de movimento linear são discretizadas no tempo por um esquema semi-implícito de segunda ordem (IMEX). A presente tese contribuiu com o código com a implementação de um novo critério de refinamento que captura as estruturas turbilhonares do escoamento e com um algoritmo para identificação de bolhas para que seja possível a realização de operações sobre uma mesma bolha em meio à uma população. O código é verificado e validado com problemas da literatura. Resultados de simulações de bolhas ascendentes isoladas em meio quiescente são apresentados e comparados com o diagrama de Grace indicando boa concordância. Análises de forças de resistência fluidodinâmicas atuantes nas bolhas foram apresentadas e coeficientes de arrasto, sustentação e massa virtual calculados. Através de comparações com correlações da literatura, foi possível observar concordância dos resultados. Simulações da interação entre duas bolhas de volumes conhecidos são realizadas e comparações são realizadas com resultados da literatura. Em um dos casos, o algorítimo de identificação é verificado ao rastrear consistentemente os volumes e centroides das bolhas. Simulações com população de bolhas foram apresentadas e, através do algoritmo de identificação, estima-se a força de resistência fluidodinâmica total que age em uma bolha em meio à população. Conclui-se que, com base nos resultados, que o código AMR3D, com as implementações realizadas neste trabalho, possui potencial para a investigação de escoamentos borbulhantes. / In bubble dynamics studies computational tools plays an important role as it allows, through virtual experimentations, the increase of knowledge about forces that act in this kind of flow. Considering results reliability, it is common to observe constitutive force models improvement, as in drag, lift and virtual mass correlations. The AMR3D code, developed in the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory - MFlab, uses locally block-structured meshes that dynamically adapts itself to characteristics of a given flow. A projection method is used for the pressure-velocity coupling, and the Volume of Fluid - VOF method for the phases representation, including interface dynamics. The equations of linear momentum balance are discretized with a second order semi-implicit scheme (IMEX). The present thesis contributes to the code with the implementation of a new refinement criteria that captures the main structures of the flow, and an identification algorithm that allows users to perform operations on a single bubble between a swarm of bubbles. The present code is verified and validated against well known literature problems. Results of isolated ascending bubbles in a quiescent media are presented and compared with Grace’s diagram, showing good agreement. Fluid-dynamic forces are computed and analyzed, as well as fluid-dynamics forces coefficients for drag, lift and virtual mass, showing good agreement with literature. Simulations of a pair of bubbles interacting were presented and comparisons were realized against results of literature, showing good proximity. In one of the cases, the bubble identification algorithm was tested as it calculates bubbles known volumes and centroid positions consistently. Bubble swarm simulations were presented, and the identification algorithm were also applied to track a bubble as it ascend though the domain to expose the fluid-dynamics forces acting on it. With the presented results, one can conclude that the AMR3D code has a potential for investigative approaches in bubbly flows. / Tese (Doutorado)
197

Estudo do fenômeno de formação e colapso de macro cavidades em líquidos / Study of the phenomenon of formation and collapse of macro cavities in liquids

Pedro Augusto Fernandes Pereira 02 April 2014 (has links)
A cavitação e a dinâmica de bolhas são tópicos bastante recorrentes na literatura, devido sobretudo a seus efeitos em diversos tipos de fenômenos, como transferência de calor e escoamento em tubos. Considerando fases líquidas, sabe-se que estas estruturas de cavidade estão normalmente associadas ao equilíbrio metaestável, alcançado devido a quedas locais de pressão ou ao superaquecimento de uma substância pura (ou quase). Nestes casos é necessária a inicialização da mudança de fase através de algum mecanismo adequado, o qual gera uma sequência rápida de fenômenos. Apesar de comumente associado a danos, recentemente vários estudos vêm mostrando aplicações práticas deste tema, além de um campo ainda pouco explorado, que é o das macro cavidades. Essas cavidades podem ser geradas através do aquecimento de água a baixa pressão, sob condições específicas, criando sequências explosivas e formando movimentos como pistão para a água no interior de um invólucro convenientemente dimensionado. Este fenômeno mostra-se semelhante em diversos aspectos às micro cavidades, mais especificamente às cavidades próximas a superfícies livres, embora, sem dúvida, em escala muito maior. Os aspectos mencionados foram filmados com câmeras de alta velocidade e as características observadas foram comparadas com aquelas observadas em micro escala. Vários testes foram desenvolvidos de forma a melhor entender a dinâmica da formação e colapso dessas estruturas, sobretudo levando em conta um comportamento mais unidimensional para a evolução da bolha. Através de várias aproximações e análise de diferentes hipóteses para a variação de pressão e para a força de resistência, soluções analíticas e numéricas foram obtidas para a força exercida no fundo do contêiner e para a expansão e colapso das bolhas ao longo do tempo. As soluções propostas, em comparação com os dados experimentais, mostraram boa concordância entre si, sugerindo que os aspectos fundamentais da dinâmica da cavidade foram devidamente considerados e quantificados. / Cavitation and bubble dynamics are fairly recurring topics in literature, mostly due to their effects in various types of phenomena such as heat transfer and flow in pipes. Considering liquid phases, it is known that these cavity structures are normally associated with the metastable equilibrium, reached due to local pressure drop or overheating of a pure substance (or nearly so). In these cases, the phase change require a startup via some appropriate mechanism, which generates a fast sequence of phenomena. Although commonly associated with damage, recently several studies shown practical applications of these topics, and a still little explored field emerged, which is the field of macro cavities. These cavities can be generated by heating water at a low pressure, under specific conditions, creating an explosive sequences and forming piston like movements for the water inside a properly scaled casing. This phenomenon appears to be similar in many aspects to micro cavities, more specifically for cavities near free surfaces, although, without doubt, on a much larger scale. The mentioned aspects were filmed with high-speed cameras and the main features were compared with those observed in micro scale. Several tests have been developed to better understand the dynamics of the formation and collapse of these structures, especially taking into account a more one-dimensional behavior to the evolution of the bubble. Through various approximations, and analysis of different assumptions for the variation of pressure and the resistance force, analytical and numerical solutions were obtained for the force exerted on the bottom of the container and the expansion and collapse of bubbles over time. The proposed solutions in comparison with experimental data showed good agreement between each other suggesting that the fundamental aspects of the dynamics of the cavity were properly considered and quantified.
198

Medidas de dispersão de gás em células mecânicas industriais e seus condicionantes. / Gas dispersiom measurement in industrial mechanical cells and their conditions.

André Soares Braga 30 November 2015 (has links)
A qualidade da dispersão de gás em células de flotação é comumente caracterizada através de parâmetros como velocidade superficial do gás (Jg), hold-up do gás (?g), distribuição de tamanho de bolha (db ou D3,2) e fluxo de superfície de bolha (Sb). Sendo um processo de separação de minerais que é dependente da interação (colisão + adesão) entre partículas hidrofóbicas e bolhas de ar, a flotação tem seu desempenho dependente de uma dispersão de gás apropriada na polpa de minério. Desta forma, este trabalho objetivou caracterizar o estado da dispersão de gás de duas células em um banco composto por quatro células Wemco de 42,5 m³ (subaeradas), operando em série na usina da Vale Fertilizantes (Cajati-SP). Realizaram-se três campanhas de medidas que foram conduzidas sob diferentes condições operacionais: a) Diâmetro do rotor (D) de 1,09 m e rotação (N) entre 145 RPM e 175 RPM; b) D = 0,99 m e N entre 110 RPM e 190 RPM; c) D = 0,99 m e N de 120 RPM e de 130 RPM. Observaram-se os seguintes valores de dispersão de gás: 0,7 <= Jg <= 5,4 cm/s, 7 <= ?g <= 15%, 1,6 <= D3,2 <= 2,4 mm e Sb na faixa de 24 a 162 s-1. A magnitude de Jg medida na 1ª e 2ª campanhas mostrou-se acima dos valores reportados pela literatura, indicando necessidade de modificação de condições operacionais dos equipamentos, assim como cuidadosa manutenção. Posteriormente, a 3ª campanha indicou maior conformidade dos parâmetros de dispersão de gás em relação à literatura, constatando-se uma considerável melhora de desempenho do processo de flotação. / The quality of gas dispersion within flotation cells is usually characterized by superficial gas velocity (Jg), gas hold-up (?g), bubble size distribution (db or D3,2) and bubble surface area flux (Sb). Because flotation is a separation process which depends largely on the interaction (collision + adhesion) of hydrophobic particles and air bubbles, process performance is dependent on appropriate gas dispersion within the slurry. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the gas dispersion of two flotation cells on a flotation bank composed of four 42.5 m³ Wemco cells (sub aerated), operating in series at the plant of Vale Fertilizantes (Cajati-SP). There were three measurement campaigns conducted under different operating conditions: a) Impeller diameter (D) of 1.09 m and impeller rotation speed (N) between 145 and 175 min-1; b) D = 0.99 m and 110 <= N <= 190 min-1; c) D = 0.99 m and N = 120 and 130 min-1. The following gas dispersion values were determined: 0.7 <= Jg <= 5.4 cm/s, 7 <= ?g <= 15%, 1.6 <= D3,2 <= 2.4 mm and Sb in the range of 24 to 162 s-1. The magnitude of Jg at 1st and 2nd campaigns showed to be higher than the values reported in literature, calling for modification of operational conditions of the equipments, as well as carefully maintenance. In addition, results from the 3rd campaign indicated values of gas dispersion parameters that matched those reported by current literature, accompanied by considerable mprovement in process performance.
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Estudo de parâmetros envolvidos na transferência de oxigênio em meio hídrico aerado por bolhas / Study of parameters involved in oxygen transfer in hydric medium aerated by bubbles

Guilherme Araujo Vuitik 07 June 2013 (has links)
Embora seja uma técnica tradicional, empregada largamente em processos industriais, a operação unitária de aeração pode ser otimizada ao se utilizar modelos matemáticos que descrevam seu comportamento hidrodinâmico. Diversas equações se prestam a esse fim, no entanto, avanços tecnológicos, tanto no campo instrumental como computacional, permitiram a obtenção de equações mais realísticas e abrangentes. Neste trabalho foram ajustadas e avaliadas equações para descrever três importantes parâmetros envolvidos na transferência de oxigênio em meio hídrico: coeficiente volumétrico de transferência de massa, fração de vazios e velocidade ascensional de bolhas. Para tanto, ademais da utilização de conceitos teóricos amplamente difundidos no meio acadêmico, empregou-se um conjunto de dados já existente. Essa combinação permitiu a avaliação e aproximação das equações teóricas à realidade experimental através de coeficientes de ajuste empíricos. Foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: a) revisão bibliográfica e sugestão da correlação que melhor descreve o coeficiente volumétrico de transferência de massa; b) correlação que descreve a fração de vazios, a partir da analise da concentração de bolhas segundo distribuições gaussianas; c) correlação que descreve a velocidade ascensional de bolhas em plumas. A complexidade de cada parâmetro obtido deixou clara a importância da análise isolada, precedendo a convolução dos mesmos em um único modelo, pois embora as resposta e recomendações apresentadas não forneçam conclusões definitivas sobre todos os aspectos envolvidos na transferência de oxigênio em meio hídrico, suas considerações pontuais contribuem sobremaneira ao domínio do fenômeno global, beneficiando modelagens matemáticas futuras. / Although it is a traditional technique, widely employed in industrial processes, the unit operation of aeration can be optimized when resorting to mathematical models which describe their hydrodynamic behavior. A range of equations lends itself to this purpose, however, technological advances both in the instrumental as computational field, allowed the achievement of equations more realistic and comprehensives. In this study were adjusted and evaluated equations to describe three important parameters involved in the oxygen transfer in the hydric medium: volumetric mass transfer coefficient, void fraction and upflow bubble velocity. To this end, besides the use of theoretical concepts widely disseminated in the academic literature, it was employed a set of already existing data. This combination allowed the evaluation and approximation of theoretical equations to experimental reality by means of empirical adjustment coefficients. Were obtained the following results: a) literature review and suggestion of the best correlation which describes the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, b) correlation which describes the fraction of voids, from the analysis of the concentration of bubbles by Gaussian distributions, c) correlation which describes the upflow velocity of swarms of bubbles. The complexity of each parameter obtained made clear the importance of the isolated analysis, preceding the convolution of them in a single model because although the answers and recommendations given fail to supply definitive conclusions on all aspects involved in the transfer of oxygen in hydric medium, their specific considerations contribute to the knowledge of the global phenomenon, benefiting deeply future mathematical models.
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Experimental Investigation Of The Air-Water Flow Properties In The Cavity Zone Downstream A Chute Aerator

Wargsjö, Ebba, Hedehag Damberg, Albin January 2017 (has links)
Chute aerators are widely used in spillways to avoid cavitation damage. When the water flow passes the aerator, two jets form – upper and lower jet. The purpose of this thesis has been to study the effects from the aerator by conducting experiments in a model with a flow depth large enough to ensure that the upper and lower jet remain separated. This means that the effects from the self-aeration at the upper surface has no effect on the process in the lower jet, thus making it possible to quantify the effects from the aerator. This thesis has also provided information of the bubble formation in the lower jet to aid in the ongoing research at Sichuan University. The following questions were set up for this thesis: • What is cavitation and how is it harmful? • What is the working principle of an aerator? • How is air concentration and bubble frequency distributed in the flow? • How well do the experimental results coincide with theoretical calculations? • How are air bubbles formed and transported within the flow? The effects from the aerator have been quantified by measuring the air concentration and bubble frequency throughout the cavity zone. The model was modified and the velocity was varied between the experiments to study how different parameters effected the aeration. The results indicate that much air is being entrapped in the lower surface, but only a small amount of the entrapped air is being entrained into the flow and that the bubble frequency increases with both distance from the aerator and with an increased flow velocity. No difference in behaviour was noticed between the different modifications of the model. The bubble formation was studied by recording the flow with a high-speed camera. These recordings were used to obtain data about important parameters for the ongoing research at Sichuan University.

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