Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) tools are deployed within networks to monitor data that is transmitted to particular destinations such as MySQL,Oracle databases or log files. The data is normally dumped to these destinations without a forensic standard structure. When digital evidence is needed, forensic specialists are required to analyse a very large volume of data. Even though forensic tools can be utilised, most of this process has to be done manually, consuming time and resources. In this research, we aim to address this issue by combining several existing tools to archive the original IDS data into a new container (Digital Evidence Bag) that has a structure based upon standard forensic processes. The aim is to develop a method to improve the current IDS database function in a forensic manner. This database will be optimised for future, forensic, analysis. Since evidence validity is always an issue, a secondary aim of this research is to develop a new monitoring scheme. This is to provide the necessary evidence to prove that an attacker had surveyed the network prior to the attack. To achieve this, we will set up a network that will be monitored by multiple IDSs. Open source tools will be used to carry input validation attacks into the network including SQL injection. We will design a new tool to obtain the original data in order to store it within the proposed DEB. This tool will collect the data from several databases of the different IDSs. We will assume that the IDS will not have been compromised.

The master?s thesis is part of the project GA ČR č. P504/11/1151- Role of plants in the greenhouse gas budget of a sedge fen. This thesis deals with the decomposition of aboveground vegetation in a herbaceous wetland. The decomposition rate was established on the flooded part of the Wet Meadows near Třeboň. The rate of the decomposition processes was evaluated using the litter-bag method. Mesh bags filled with dry plant matter were located in the vicinity of the automatic meteorological station at four randomly selected sites. Values of the decomposition rate were assessed in two experiments. In the first experiment the litter bags were fixed in April 2009. The litter bags were fixed in the vertical position and they had one size. Values of the decomposition rate were assessed for 6 sampling dates and the total exposure time was 2,5 years. The decrease of the total dry mass was 18,37 % in the first year and 13,05 % in the second year. The value of LDR was 0,7227 in the first year and 0,4740 in the second year. In the 2nd experiment the litter bags were fixed in November 2010. The litter bags were fixed in the vertical and horizontal position, respectively, and they were of two sizes (small, big). Values of the decomposition rate were assessed for 2 sampling dates and the total exposure time was one year. The total annual value of LDR was 0,5212 for the vertical bags and 1,0676 for horizontal bags.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:20:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 paula_ajf_me_bauru.pdf: 941066 bytes, checksum: 45f47d7a4a74c9e0cbecb6a6804c6578 (MD5) / O excesso de material escolar transportado diariamente pelos estudantes impõe uma tensão extra à coluna vertebral e aos ombros provocando alterações posturais. Estudos recentes têm identificado que a carga transportada nas mochilas escolares, pode ser um fator de risco para o aparecimento de dores nas costas em crianças e adolescentes, e que esse sintoma pode perdurar pela vida adulta. Este estudo transversal teve por objetivo avaliar a carga transportada por estudantes do ensino fundamental e médio de escolas estaduais de Vespasiano/MG e quantificar o percentual estabelecido entre peso da mochila e massa corporal que estes jovens transportam diariamente. Participaram deste estudo, 916 estudantes, voluntários, de ambos os gêneros, com média de idade de (14,12=2,11 SD). Os alunos foram pesados com e sem a mochila na mesma balança. Estabeleceu-se como critério que os alunos a serem pesados deveriam estar trajando o uniforme de educação física, em posição ortostática no centro da balança, com os braços paralelos ao corpo, descalços, olhar fixado no horizonte, sem se movimentar e sem acessórios. Para análise dos dados, foram utilizadas, inicialmente, técnicas de estatística descritiva como a média, o desvio padrão (SD) e a frequencia percentual (%). Posteriormente, foram empregados métodos de estatística inferencial como o teste t-Student, a análise de variância (ANOVA) e o teste de Tukey para comparação múltipla. Todos os testes estatísticos foram utilizados considerando-se um nível de significãncia de 0.05. Os dados foram analisados usando-se o programa SPSS versão 10.00 (SPSS inc.). Da população avaliada, 541 estudantes (59,06%), com idade entre 10 e 18 anos (média 13,71=2,07SD), carregavam mochila acima dos 10% da massa corpórea, com a carga variando de 10,02 a 33,43% (média de 13,84=3,48 SD). Observou-se que os alunos com menor idade... / Excess material transported daily by school students requires an extra stress to the spine and shoulders causing changes in posture. Recent studies that have identified that the load carried in school bags, can be a risk factor for the onset of back pain in children and adolescents, and that this symptom can last into adulthood. This eross sectional study aimed to evaluate the load carried by students in primary and secondary state schools, of Vespasiano/MG and a quantify the percentage established between backpack weight and body mass of these young people carry every day. Participated in this study, 916 students, volunteers of both genders with mean age (14,12=2,11SD). Students were weighed with and without the backpack on the same scale. It was established as a criterion that the students to be weigh should be wearing the gym uniform, standing erect in the center of balance, with the arms parallel to the body, barefoot, eyes fixed on the horizont, without moving and without accessories. For data analysis, were used initially descriptive statistic as mean, standard deviation (SD) and percentage frequency (%). Later, methods were used for inferential statistic such as T-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tuckey-test for multiple comparisons. All statistical tests were used considering a significance level of 0.05. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 10,00 (SPSS Inc.) the studied population, 541 students (59,06), aged between 10 and 18 years (mean 13,71=2.07 SD), carrying bag ver 10% of body mass, with the load ranging from 10,02 to 33,43% (average 13,84=3,48 SD). It was observed that younger students female, and those who opted for the backpack model designed dorsal attachment tended to carry a load higher than 10% of his body weight. 224 (24,45%) students complain of back pain and shoulder. 595 students (64,96%) make the journey to school on foot... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

A atividade de decomposição constitui-se em importante indicador do padrão funcional dos ecossistemas, pois controla processos básicos relacionados à disponibilidade de nutrientes e produtividade. Salienta-se a importância das características climáticas, edáficas, da qualidade da serapilheira e da fauna do solo como determinantes no processo de decomposição. No entanto, a importância de cada um destes fatores varia em escalas de tempo e espaço. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a importância de alguns fatores determinantes na decomposição em trechos representativos dos principais ecossistemas florestais do Estado de São Paulo. Para tanto foram conduzidos dois experimentos independentes. O primeiro, aqui denominado Experimento Exóticas, examinou os efeitos do tipo florestal e da fauna do solo sobre a decomposição de folhas de uma espécie exótica (Laurus nobilis L.) em duas florestas úmidas (Floresta de Restinga do Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso e Floresta Atlântica de Encosta do Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho) e uma floresta estacional (Floresta Estacional Semidecidual da Estação Ecológica de Caetetus). Os efeitos destes fatores foram testados em duas situações: acima e abaixo da superfície simulando então o ambiente de decomposição de folhas e raízes respectivamente. O tipo florestal apresenta efeito superior à fauna acima da superfície, enquanto abaixo apenas o efeito da fauna é significativo. Esses resultados indicam que a hierarquia dos fatores determinantes na decomposição difere para folhas e raízes. Se por um lado a decomposição de folhas é muito mais susceptível às mudanças climáticas do que a de raízes, por outro, alterações na comunidade afetam a decomposição em ambas as condições. Acima da superfície, a fauna apresentou efeito significativo apenas na Floresta Atlântica de Encosta, sendo essencial na diferenciação das duas florestas úmidas. Abaixo da superfície e na ausência da fauna, a porcentagem de massa remanescente foi muito similar nas três florestas. No entanto, diferenças entre as florestas, na presença da fauna, tornam-se aparentes sugerindo que há contribuição específica da fauna na decomposição de raízes destas florestas. A Floresta de Restinga apresentou o efeito mais pronunciado da fauna abaixo do solo. Esses resultados indicam que a fauna é um fator de notável importância na determinação da decomposição de raízes, particularmente em florestas tropicais úmidas arenosas. Outro experimento, aqui denominado Experimento Nativas, foi desenvolvido para avaliar o efeito do substrato e da formação florestal na decomposição de folhas de quatro espécies nativas em trechos das quatro principais formações florestais do Estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, o experimento foi desenvolvido nos três trechos florestais do experimento Exóticas incluindo ainda o Cerradão da Estação Ecológica de Assis. Foi escolhida uma espécie de árvore, em cada um dos tipos florestais, para que suas folhas fossem usadas como substrato nas bolsas de serapilheira. Tipo florestal e substrato demonstraram efeito significativo sobre a quantidade de massa remanescente ao longo do experimento. A maior parte das espécies sofreu maiores perdas na Floresta Atlântica, seguida da Floresta de Restinga, Floresta Estacional e Cerradão. Esses resultados sugerem que o total de precipitação associado a sua distribuição são importantes determinantes no processo de decomposição, de forma que as duas florestas mais úmidas apresentam, em média, taxas de decomposição duas vezes maiores do que as duas florestas estacionais. As demais diferenças encontradas entre as formações florestais devem ser explicadas por características edáficas e bióticas. Em relação ao efeito das espécies, observaram-se as maiores perda de massa em Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl., seguida de Copaifera langsdorfii Desf., Guapira opposita Vell. e Calophyllum brasiliensis Camb.. Os parâmetros químicos só mostram correlação negativa significativa com as taxas de decomposição quando G. opposita é excluída da análise. Neste caso a porcentagem de lignina foi o parâmetro que apresentou melhor correlação (r2= 0,59). Apesar dos padrões gerais apresentados acima, a interação entre tipo florestal e substrato evidencia algumas variações, que se relacionam principalmente ao aumento relativo na perda de massa de C. langsdorfii em sua área de origem, o Cerradão. Quando comparadas as taxas de decomposição (k) encontradas na Floresta Estacional e no Cerradão, C. langsdorfii apresenta decaimento 40% maior no Cerradão, enquanto as demais espécies apresentam, em média, taxas 28% menores no Cerradão do que na Estacional. Esses resultados sugerem estreita correlação entre a comunidade decompositora e a serapilheira local. O estudo do processo de decomposição, reconhecendo seus fatores determinantes e a variação na hierarquia desses fatores em diferentes condições ambientais, como apresentado nesse trabalho, é de fundamental importância, não só para o entendimento dos ecossistemas florestais de São Paulo, mas para o planejamento de atividades de manejo, restauração e conservação. / Composition is an important indicator of functional patterns of ecosystems, as it controls basic processes related to the availability of nutrients and to ecosystem productivity. Climatic and edaphic conditions and the quality of the litter and soil fauna as determining factors are of particular importance in the process of decomposition. The significance of each one of these varies with spatial and temporal scale. The objective of this work was to evaluate the importance of certain determining factors of decomposition in sites representing the main forest ecosystems of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. To accomplish this, two independent experiments were conducted. The first, denoted here as the “Exotics” experiment, was to examine the effects of the type of forest and the soil fauna on the decomposition of leaves of an exotic species (Laurus nobilis L.) in two humid forests (Restinga Forest of the Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso e Atlantic Forest of the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho) and a seasonal forest (Semideciduous Forest of the Estação Ecológica de Caetetus). The effects of these factors were tested above and belowground, to simulate the environment of decomposition among leaves and roots respectively. The type of forest had a significant effect over fauna above the surface, while below the surface, only fauna had significant effect. These results indicate that the hierarchy of determining factors in decomposition differs between leaves and roots. If on the one hand decomposition in leaves is much more susceptible to variation in climate than are roots, on the other hand changes in the soil fauna affect decomposition in both environments. Above the surface, fauna had a significant effect only in the Atlantic Forest, emphasizing the difference between two humid forests. Under the surface, and in the absence of fauna, the percentage of remaining biomass was very similar in the three forests. Notwithstanding differences in the forests, the presence of fauna was apparent, suggesting that there is a specific contribution of fauna in decomposition among roots in these forests. The Restinga Forest produced the most pronounced effect of fauna below the soil surface. These results indicate that fauna is a factor of notable importance in the decomposition of roots, especially in humid sandy tropical forests. The other experiment, here called the “Native” experiment, was developed to evaluate the effects of the substrate and the forest type on the decomposition of leaves of four native species in sites of the four major forest types in São Paulo state. The experiment was conducted in the same three forest sites as the “Exotics” experiment, including the Cerradão da Estação Ecológica de Assis. A tree species was chosen in each forest type, the leaves of which were used as substrate for the litter bags. The type of forest and the substrate demonstrated a significantly greater effect on the quantity of remaining mass throughout the experiment. The majority of the species suffered greater losses in the Atlantic Forest, followed by the Restinga Forest, the Semideciduous Forest, and the Cerradão. These results suggest that the total associated precipitation and its distribution are important determinants in the process of decomposition. As such, the two most humid forests show, on average, decomposition rates twice as great as the two seasonal forests. The rest of the differences encountered between forest types can be explained by edaphic and biotic factors. With respect to the effect of the species, the greatest biomass losses were observed in Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl., followed by Copaifera langsdorfii Desf., Guapira opposita Vell. and Calophyllum brasiliensis Camb. Chemical parameters only show significant negative correlation with decomposition rates when G. opposita is excluded from the analysis. In this case the percentage of lignin was the parameter that showed the greatest correlation (r2= 0,59). In spite of the general patterns presented above, the interaction between forest type and substrate showed some variation, principally related to the loss of mass of C. langsdorfii in its native habitat, the Cerradão. Comparing decomposition rates (k) found in the Semideciduous Forest and Cerradão, C. langsdorfii shows a decrease of 40% more in the Cerradão, while the other species show, on average rates 28% lower in the Cerradão than in the Semideciduous Forest. These results suggest a strict correlation between the decomposition community and the local litter. Understanding processes of decomposition, is of fundamental importance and includes recognizing the determining factors and the variation in the importance of these factors under different environmental conditions, as presented in this study. This is true not only for our understanding of the forest ecosystems of São Paulo, but also for management planning, restoration, and conservation.

Orientador: Paulo José Rocha de Albuquerque / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T09:53:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonMogrovejo_DaphneRossana_M.pdf: 4385397 bytes, checksum: b52cd5308d53999c5da0e03e10716987 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Neste trabalho verificou-se a hipótese de que as fibras dispersas de papel Kraft, provenientes da reciclagem de sacos de cimento, podem ser utilizadas como estabilizante para melhorar as características e propriedades dos solos, por meio da análise do comportamento da mistura solo com fibras de polpa de celulose extraídas de sacos de cimento com três teores de fibra (5%, 10% e 15%) e dois tipos de solos (arenoso e argiloso). Não obstante, avaliou-se preliminarmente a influência desta adição nas características da água proveniente de uma possível percolação pelos solos, tendo em vista a possibilidade de contaminação do subsolo. Após realizar ensaios de laboratório (caracterização, compactação, permeabilidade e resistência) a partir de amostras deformadas, realizaram-se análises comparativas com as misturas. Constatou-se uma melhoria no desempenho das misturas quanto à resistência ao cisalhamento em ambos os solos, sendo observado melhor desempenho para o solo argiloso. Entretanto, verificou-se nas águas coletadas das misturas a partir de ensaios de permeabilidade, a tendência de aumento de condutividade elétrica, demanda química de oxigênio e dureza total quando comparados às águas dos dois solos sem fibra. Para verificar a validade dos resultados, realizaram-se análises estatísticas através do teste de Dunnett / Abstract: In this study was verified the hypothesis that the dispersed Kraft paper's fibers, resulted from the recycling process of cement bags, can be used as stabilizer in order to improve the characteristics and properties of soils, by analyzing of the behavior of mixture soil with cellulose pulp fibers extracted of cement bags with three fiber contents (5%, 10% and 15%) and two types of soils (sandy and clay). However, it was evaluated preliminarily the influence of this addition on the characteristics of water from a possible percolation through the soil, in view of the possibility of contamination of the subsoil After performing laboratorial experiments (physical characterization, compaction, permeability and resistance) from disturbed samples, were performed comparative analyses with the mixtures. It was noted an improvement in the performance of the mixtures when regarding shear resistance in both soils, and was observed even better performance in the clay soil. However, the collected samples of the mixtures from permeability tests presented a tendency of increased of electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand and total hardness when compared to the waters of the two soils without fiber. Statistical analyzes were performed to check the validity of the results using Dunnett test / Mestrado / Geotecnia / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

El siguiente proyecto, una bolsa eco-amigable hecha principalmente para mujeres, se realizó en base a la indagación realizada en Lima Metropolitana Moderna y Sur a los NSE A/B y C. Esta evidencia que la mayoría de mujeres buscan un producto que simplifique los imprevistos durante sus compras diarias e inesperadas. Pero todas coinciden en la dificultad para llevar a todas partes una bolsa que les permita trasladar sus productos. Asimismo, se evidenció que las mujeres realizan más compras que los hombres, y acuden principalmente a minimarkets, bodegas o supermercados. Además, no son ajenas a la tendencia mundial de cuidar el medio ambiente, optando con mayor frecuencia por productos ecológicos. Por ello, debido a su alta demanda de compras diarias adquieren más bolsas eco-amigables, pero mayormente olvidan dichas bolsas. Ante el apuro, la escaza oferta y elevado costo de estas bolsas, adquieren una bolsa plástica del centro de compras, pagando el monto establecido por la nueva Ley de Plásticos. Para realizar el proyecto, se hizo un análisis intensivo de la industria y sus diversos factores. Asimismo, se establecieron planes estratégicos para cada área, que validan la viabilidad del proyecto. Es así que, tras invertir S/. 64,699 inicialmente, el primer año se obtendrá S/. 30,262 de utilidad, el segundo S/. 35,335.39, y el tercero S/. 42,206.32. A continuación, será presentado Easy Bag, una bolsa portable hecha a base de materiales eco-amigables que busca simplificar las compras diarias de miles de mujeres. / The following project, an eco-friendly bag made mainly for women, was made based on the inquiry made in Modern and South Metropolitan Lima to the SES A / B and C. This evidence that most women look for a product that simplifies the unforeseen during your daily and unexpected purchases. But all coincide in the difficulty to carry everywhere a bag that allows them to move their products. Likewise, it was evidenced that women make more purchases than men, and mainly go to minimarkets, warehouses or supermarkets. In addition, they are no stranger to the global trend of caring for the environment, opting more frequently for organic products. Therefore, due to their high demand for daily purchases they acquire more eco-friendly bags, but mostly forget these bags. In the face of trouble, the low supply and high cost of these bags acquire a plastic bag from the shopping center, paying the amount established by the new Law of Plastics. To carry out the project, an intensive analysis of the industry and its various factors was made. Likewise, strategic plans were established for each area, which validate the viability of the project. Thus, after investing S /. 64,699 initially, the first year will be obtained S /. 30,262 useful, the second S /. 35,335.39, and the third S /. 42,206.32. Next, Easy Bag will be presented, a portable bag made from eco-friendly materials that seeks to simplify the daily purchases of thousands of women. / Trabajo de investigación

Con los años, el planeta se ha visto sumamente afectado por los residuos contaminantes que afectan al ecosistema, un ejemplo de ello son las bolsas de plástico que en el mundo se genera alrededor de 5 billones de bolsas plásticas (Minam, 2019) y en Lima y el Callao se generan alrededor de 886 toneladas de plástico de un solo uso como residuo diario, generando enormes daños al ecosistema y representando el 46% del total de residuos de un solo uso a nivel nacional (Andina, 2019). Estas estadísticas significan que Lima es la ciudad que más daño hace a la salud pública y al medio ambiente, con respecto a este tipo de plástico. Para combatir estas estadísticas, se creó la Ley peruana N° 30884 para desincentivar la entrega de las bolsas plásticas cuando se despachan los productos comprados, obligando a las personas a pagar por este tipo de bolsas si desean usarlos. Con ello, se busca promover la innovación, la industria alternativa y el uso del plástico sostenible. Por este motivo, creamos a “Xhira”, una cartera elegante (tipo billetera), de material biodegradable que se despliega y se convierte en carrito de compras dirigido a las damas que acuden a supermercados y centros comerciales de Lima Metropolitana para comprar víveres y productos para el hogar, y que necesitan bolsas para almacenar y transportar sus compras. Al final, y luego de evaluar los flujos de caja proyectados, se demostró que nuestro negocio es factible y rentable para todos sus inversionistas. / Over the years, the planet has been highly affected by polluting residues that affect the ecosystem, an example of this are the plastic bags that in the world generate around 5 billion plastic bags (Minam, 2019) and in Lima and Callao generates around 886 tons of single-use plastic as daily waste, generating enormous damage to the ecosystem and representing 46% of total single-use waste nationwide (Andina, 2019). These statistics mean that Lima is the city that does the most damage to public health and the environment, with respect to this type of plastic. To combat these statistics, Peruvian Law No. 30884 was created to discourage the delivery of plastic bags when purchased products are dispatched, forcing people to pay for these types of bags if they wish to use them. With this, it seeks to promote innovation, the alternative industry and the use of sustainable plastic. For this reason, we created “Xhira”, an elegant wallet (type of wallet), made of biodegradable material that unfolds and becomes a shopping cart aimed at women who go to supermarkets and shopping centers in Metropolitan Lima to buy groceries and products for the home, and who need bags to store and transport their purchases. In the end, and after evaluating the projected cash flows, it was shown that our business is feasible and profitable for all its investors. / Trabajo de investigación

In the soil, the plant material is decomposed by several factors. In the process, one part of the carbon returns to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, whereas another part is stabilised in the soil. The aim of this study is decomposition and stability of organic matter in soil using a simple and innovative TBI method. Through this method, we examined the weight change after the incubation period of 90 days, where biomass of green tea was degraded in cambodia soil. Tea bags have provided us with valuable information on the decomposition and amount of carbon in the soil, because the biomass itself is of organic origin. This information is based on the fact that the soil and the decomposition processes have a direct impact on the change in climatic conditions. Thanks to further analytical methods, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and infrared spectroscopy with Furier transformation, was found indispensable information about tea composition.

Este trabajo presenta la situación de una empresa que se dedica a la fabricación de bolsas plásticas, la cual actualmente tiene retrasos en su producción cuya consecuencia proviene de: faltante de materias primas, productos defectuosos y reprocesados. Es por ello que, al no contar con métodos estandarizados ni herramientas en el flujo de producción, lleva consigo el retraso de los tiempos de entrega del producto al cliente, el cual fue de 41.67% entregas impuntuales en el año 2016. Mediante la aplicación de las diferentes metodologías propuestas es posible resolver las diferentes causas, con el objetivo de reducir las entregas a destiempo. Para analizar el efecto de las metodologías propuestas en la empresa, se utilizó la técnica de simulación. De lo cual, se obtuvo una reducción del índice de productos defectuosos de 18% a 10%, índice de productos reprocesados de 7% a 3% y un aumento de la exactitud de reposición de materia prima de 65% a 90%, dando así un incremento del índice de cumplimiento de plazos entregas de 58% a 95%. Asimismo, con la finalidad de determinar si el proyecto es viable y rentable, se realizó un estudio financiero considerando los costos que se deben incurrir para la realización del proyecto. En este caso, el proyecto es viable de acuerdo con el análisis económico y financiero, ya que se obtiene el Valor Actual Neto de S/36,529, la Tasa Interna de Rendimiento de 31.45% y el Periodo de Retorno de la Inversión en el sexto mes de empezado el proyecto. / This thesis presents the situation of a company that is dedicated to the manufacture of plastic bags, which currently has delays in its production whose consequence comes from: missing raw materials, defective and reprocessed products. That is why, since there are no standardized methods or tools in the production flow, it entails the delay in the delivery times of the product to the customer, which was 41.67% unpunctual deliveries in 2016. Through the application of the different proposed methodologies it is possible to solve the different causes, with the aim of reducing the deliveries at the wrong time. To analyze the effect of the methodologies proposed in the company, the simulation technique was used. Of which, a reduction of the defective products index was obtained from 18% to 10%, reprocessed products index from 7% to 3% and an increase in the replacement accuracy of raw material from 65% to 90%, thus giving an increase in the delivery deadline index from 58% to 95%. Likewise, in order to determine if the project is viable and profitable, a financial study was carried out considering the costs that must be incurred to carry out the project. In this case, the project is viable according to the economic and financial analysis, since the Net Present Value of S / 36,529, the Internal Rate of Return of 31.45% and the Return on Investment Period in the sixth month are obtained the project started. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene por objeto la creación y comercialización de una bolsa ecológica reutilizable; la cual cuenta con un forro impermeable que permite multifuncionalidad siendo así, de fácil transporte y limpieza. Además, un cierre impermeable que asegura los productos dentro de la bolsa. Diseñada principalmente para el transporte de diversos productos frescos o que estén helados. Este producto contribuirá con la disminución de bolsas plásticas de uso único, ayudando al cuidado del medio ambiente y la adecuada conservación de los alimentos. Esta idea de negocio nace de la necesidad de una opción eco amigable, ya que el uso de bolsas plásticas en nuestro país no ha cesado a pesar de que su uso ha sido restringido. Añadido a esto, los productos actuales que ofrecen las empresas no son adecuados, ya que se enfocan principalmente en cubrir necesidades de transporte, como son las grandes bolsas de rafia o tela, las cuales se mojan y ensucian fácilmente.  En los primeros puntos, se desarrollan los aspectos generales del proyecto que comprenden la ideación, las validaciones y el estudio de investigación acerca del mercado local actual para determinar el producto final. A continuación, se explica el concierge y se desarrolla el plan estratégico con la cadena de valor, las fuerzas del entorno, análisis FODA, estrategias, entre otros. También están definidos por área los planes presupuestales de operaciones, RRHH, RSE, marketing y el financiero del proyecto.  Por último, se desarrollan las conclusiones, recomendaciones, anexos y la bibliografía. / The purpose of this research is to create and commercialize a reusable ecological bag; which has a waterproof lining that allows multifunctionality thus being easy to transport and clean. In addition, a waterproof closure that secures the products inside the bag. Designed primarily for the transport of various fresh or frozen products. This product will contribute to the reduction of single-use plastic bags, helping to care for the environment and proper food preservation. This business idea stems from the need for an eco-friendly option, since the use of plastic bags in our country has not ceased despite the fact that its use has been restricted. Added to this, the current products offered by companies are not suitable, since they mainly focus on covering transport needs, such as large raffia or cloth bags, which get wet and easily dirty. In the first points, the general aspects of the project that include the ideation, the validations and the research study about the current local market to determine the final product are developed. Next, the concierge is explained and the strategic plan is developed with the value chain, the environmental forces, SWOT analysis, and strategies among others. The budget plans of operations, HR, CSR, marketing and financial of the project are also defined by area. Finally, the conclusions, recommendations, annexes and bibliography are developed. / Trabajo de investigación