Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Dunnage bags are an inflatable dunnage variant, positioned and inflated between goods in multi-modal containers to restrain and protect the goods while in transit. This project endeavours to develop a simple method of generating new numerical prototypes for dunnage bags suitable for simulating operational loading of the bags. Previous research has produced a model that simulates the inflation of a paper dunnage bag using a simple pressure load. A dunnage bag reinforced with plain-woven polypropylene was chosen as the test case. Woven polypropylene is a highly non-linear, non-continuous, non-homogeneous material that requires specialised material models to simulate. A key aspect of this project was to develop a simple method for characterising woven-polypropylene and replicating it's response with material models native to LS-DYNA. The mechanical response of the plain-woven polypropylene was tested using a bi-axial tensile test device. The material response from physical testing was then mapped to two material models using the numerical optimiser LS-OPT. The response of the calibrated material models was found to correlate well with the measured response of the woven material. Dunnage bags are subjected to cyclic loading in operation. In order to capture the effects of compressing the contained gas, a gas inflation model was added to the model that calculates the pressure in the bag based on the Ideal Gas Law. A full bag model making use of the calibrated material models and the inflation model was subjected to a cycled boundary condition simulating loading and unloading of an inflated dunnage bag. The two prototype models captured the pressure drop in the bag due to material plastic deformation and the restraining force produced by the bag to within 10 %. The prototype models were also found suitable for predicting burst pressure in voids of arbitrary size and shape. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Stusakke is 'n opblaasbare soort stumateriaal wat tussen goedere in multimodale vraghouers geposisioneer en opgeblaas word om sodoende die goedere vas te druk en te beskerm tydens vervoer. Hierdie projek poog om 'n eenvoudige manier te ontwikkel om nuwe numeriese prototipes vir stusakke, geskik om operasionele lading van die sakke te simuleer, te ontwikkel. Vorige navorsing het 'n model ontwikkel wat die opblaas van 'n papier stusak met eenvoudige drukkrag simlueer. 'n Hoë-vlak stusak versterk met plein-geweefde polipropileen, is gekies om getoets te word. Geweefde polipropoleen is 'n hoogs nie-lineêre, onderbroke, nie-homogene materiaal wat gespesialiseerde materiaalmodelle nodig het vir simulasie. Een van die fokuspunte van hierdie projek is om 'n eenvoudige metode te ontwikkel om die karaktereienskappe van polipropoleen te identifiseer en die gedrag daarvan na te maak met die materiaalmodelle van LSDYNA. Die meganiese reaksie van die plein-geweefde polipropoleen is getoets met 'n biaksiale/tweeassige trektoets-toestel. Die materiaal se reaksie op die fisiese toets is ingevoer op 'n numeriese optimiseerder, LS-OPT, om op die materiaalmodelle te toets. Die reaksie van die gekalibreerde materiaalmodelle het goed gekorelleer met die gemete reaksie van die geweefde materiaal. Stusakke word tydens diens onderwerp aan sikliese lading. Om die effek van die saamgepersde gas vas te stel is 'n gas-opblaasbare model bygevoeg by die model wat die druk in die sak bereken, soos gebaseer op die Ideale Gas Wet. 'n Volskaalse sakmodel wat gebruik maak van die gekalibreerde materiaalmodelle en die opblaas-model is onderwerp aan sikliese grensvoorwaardes wat die lading en ontlading van 'n opblaasbare stusak simuleer. Die twee prototipe modelle het die drukverlies in die sak a.g.v. die materiaal-plastiek vervorming en die bedwingingskrag van die sak beperk tot 10 %. Die protoyipe modelle is ook geskik bevind om barsdruk in arbitrêre leemtes te voorspel.

Orientador: José Carlos Plácido da Silva / Banca: Luis Carlos Paschoarelli / Banca: Paulo Kawauchi / Resumo: O excesso de material escolar transportado diariamente pelos estudantes impõe uma tensão extra à coluna vertebral e aos ombros provocando alterações posturais. Estudos recentes têm identificado que a carga transportada nas mochilas escolares, pode ser um fator de risco para o aparecimento de dores nas costas em crianças e adolescentes, e que esse sintoma pode perdurar pela vida adulta. Este estudo transversal teve por objetivo avaliar a carga transportada por estudantes do ensino fundamental e médio de escolas estaduais de Vespasiano/MG e quantificar o percentual estabelecido entre peso da mochila e massa corporal que estes jovens transportam diariamente. Participaram deste estudo, 916 estudantes, voluntários, de ambos os gêneros, com média de idade de (14,12=2,11 SD). Os alunos foram pesados com e sem a mochila na mesma balança. Estabeleceu-se como critério que os alunos a serem pesados deveriam estar trajando o uniforme de educação física, em posição ortostática no centro da balança, com os braços paralelos ao corpo, descalços, olhar fixado no horizonte, sem se movimentar e sem acessórios. Para análise dos dados, foram utilizadas, inicialmente, técnicas de estatística descritiva como a média, o desvio padrão (SD) e a frequencia percentual (%). Posteriormente, foram empregados métodos de estatística inferencial como o teste t-Student, a análise de variância (ANOVA) e o teste de Tukey para comparação múltipla. Todos os testes estatísticos foram utilizados considerando-se um nível de significãncia de 0.05. Os dados foram analisados usando-se o programa SPSS versão 10.00 (SPSS inc.). Da população avaliada, 541 estudantes (59,06%), com idade entre 10 e 18 anos (média 13,71=2,07SD), carregavam mochila acima dos 10% da massa corpórea, com a carga variando de 10,02 a 33,43% (média de 13,84=3,48 SD). Observou-se que os alunos com menor idade... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Excess material transported daily by school students requires an extra stress to the spine and shoulders causing changes in posture. Recent studies that have identified that the load carried in school bags, can be a risk factor for the onset of back pain in children and adolescents, and that this symptom can last into adulthood. This eross sectional study aimed to evaluate the load carried by students in primary and secondary state schools, of Vespasiano/MG and a quantify the percentage established between backpack weight and body mass of these young people carry every day. Participated in this study, 916 students, volunteers of both genders with mean age (14,12=2,11SD). Students were weighed with and without the backpack on the same scale. It was established as a criterion that the students to be weigh should be wearing the gym uniform, standing erect in the center of balance, with the arms parallel to the body, barefoot, eyes fixed on the horizont, without moving and without accessories. For data analysis, were used initially descriptive statistic as mean, standard deviation (SD) and percentage frequency (%). Later, methods were used for inferential statistic such as T-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tuckey-test for multiple comparisons. All statistical tests were used considering a significance level of 0.05. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 10,00 (SPSS Inc.) the studied population, 541 students (59,06), aged between 10 and 18 years (mean 13,71=2.07 SD), carrying bag ver 10% of body mass, with the load ranging from 10,02 to 33,43% (average 13,84=3,48 SD). It was observed that younger students female, and those who opted for the backpack model designed dorsal attachment tended to carry a load higher than 10% of his body weight. 224 (24,45%) students complain of back pain and shoulder. 595 students (64,96%) make the journey to school on foot... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Travelling children is the topic of my work. Children who commute between more than one home. Society is rapidly changing and so is the concept â familyâ . The nuclear family is no longer the most common one. Children are now travelling more frequently than ever. One fifth of the Swedish population are children, they are away from home approximately ten hours per day, and for many of them commuting is part of their everyday life. Typical questions I have asked myself during this project are: How do children find travelling by themselves, and what makes one feel safe in this big world? What do these children take with them, and how do they carry their luggage? By working with these questions I have developed a product for these lone travellers. This is supposed to work as a substitute companion during the journey, and to help break monotony. To achieve this, a suitable collection of things have been put together in a bag on wheels, easy for the child to manoeuvre. The contents of the bag are put together in an attempt to meet different needs the child might have during the journey. The idea was born during a project in collaboration with The BorÃ¥s Museum of Art. This project went under the nameâ the designed childâ . Design students were invited to visualise the concept of design and children. Thoughts about what I had lacked as a child triggered my imagination. Different concepts like tweenies and kidaults, made me think about which part children play in society today, and about how they are regarded as consumers by manufacturers of producers for children. A research trip to India, gave me a chance to study the environmental aspects of the textile industry today. This together with earlier knowledge led to a product which is to be made from alternative materials. Research concerning the product market today, both environmentally friendly materials and products for children, took place at the very beginning of the project, and continued throughout the period. Thoughts about how products for children look today led to an ambition of creating a product as neutral, gender wise, as possible. A great deal of thought was put into the selecting of colours and patterns. The character of a bird was chosen as a symbol for the travelling child. Observations of children and their behaviour whilst travelling were carried out, and used for developing the product. To travel alone means to be alert and to be aware of danger. In this world of fear I would like to emphasize joyfulness and play. I wish to communicate that home is where the heart is. / <p>Program: Textildesignutbildningen</p><p>Uppsatsnivå: C</p>

Bakalauro darbas ,,Mados pinklės“ – tai daugiafunkcinių krepšių grupė, kurią sudaro du krepšiai: kelioninė rankinė bei kuprinė, kurie užtrauktukų pagalba transformuojasi į atskiras krepšių-rankinių grupes. Iš viso komplektą sudaro 5 rankinės, krepšys išsiskaido į tris arba dvi rankines, o kuprinė į dvi. Toks išskirtinis komplektas gali būti demonstruojamas įvairiuose mados renginiuose, eksponuojamas galerijose ar pavyzdžiui individualios aksesuarų parduotuvės vitrinoje. Taip pat tokie gaminiai gali būti pateikiami verslo asociacijų pristatymuose. Juos pakoregavus ir supaprastinus konstrukciją, būtų galima pritaikyti tiražinei gamybai. / Bachelor‘s work „Fashion trap“- group of multifunctional haversacks, which are made of two haversacks: travel handbag and bag, which can be transformed into separate groups of haversacks-handbags with the help of zips. The set is made of 5 handbags, the haversack can be divided into three or two handbags and the bag can be divided into two.Such exclusive set can be shown in various fashion events, exhibited in galleries or, for example, in shop windows of individual shop of accessories. Also such kind of products can be presented in presentations of bussiness associations. Adjusting and simplifying construction, it would be possible to apply them to circulating production.

La presente investigación se basa en un problema sobre el cual la mayoría de las personas no son conscientes de los daños que ocasionan el uso excesivo de las bolsas plásticas. Para el cual se plantea el siguiente objetivo general, determinar el impacto del diseño persuasivo usando fotomontaje sobre el uso de bolsas plásticas en los consumidores de los mercados de Lima Metropolitana. La hipótesis que se maneja es que mediante el diseño persuasivo se puede promover información sobre la Ley que regula el uso de bolsas plásticas de un solo uso, así como la reflexión que conduzca a un cambio de conducta sobre la problemática planteada. En cuanto a la metodología se plantea desarrollar una campaña que muestre publicidad basándose en el fotomontaje, la cual se propone desarrollar en todos los mercados de los distritos. Aplicando el uso de las figuras retóricas en la publicidad que muestra una bolsa plástica con la frase “menos plástico, más vida” que por este medio se logrará concientizar por medio de fotografía y poco texto tipográfico, solamente mediante una imagen visual, con el fin de parar el problema y contribuir con el medio ambiente. Es por eso que usando la persuasión en los afiches de la campaña de mercado saludable como iniciativa para que las personas reduzcan el uso de bolsas plásticas en los supermercados. Se puede concluir que muchas personas que recurren a estos mercados desconocen sobre la ley que regula el plástico de un solo uso; sin embargo, son conscientes del daño que se hace al medio ambiente, al adquirir bolsas plásticas. El 68% de la población tiene interés por el medioambiente; sin embargo, el 70% no tiene conocimiento de la ley que regula el plástico de un uso. / This research is based which problem is the most people are unconscious of the damage caused by the excessive of plastic bags use. Which raises the following entire objective, to determine the persuasive impact design using photomontage on the use of plastic bags on consumers in the markets of Metropolitan Lima. The hypothesis is that through the persuasive design it can be used to promote information about the law that regulates the use of plastic bags, as well as the reflection that will lead to a change the conduct on the issues raised. Respecting the methodology develop a campaign that display advertising based on the photomontage, which it proposes to develop in all grocery's districts. By applying the use of figures of speech in advertising that shows a plastic bag with the phrase "less plastic, more life" that will raise awareness through photography and little typed text, only by using a visual image, in order to stop the problem and to contribute to the environment. That is why using persuasion in the posters of the campaign of healthy market as an initiative for people to reduce the use of plastic bags in supermarkets. It can be concluded that many people who resort to the grocery's don't know about the law that regulates the plastic of only single use, however they are aware of the harm is done to the environment, with the purchase of plastics bags. The 68% of the population has an interest in the environment, also the 70% has no knowledge of the law that regulates the use of plastic. / Trabajo de investigación

No description available.

This thesis sought to aid children in coping with community violence. As violent crimes terrorize communities near and far, children are hearing about them. Children might learn about this violence on the news or by overhearing adults' discussions. Regardless, this thesis sought to help students navigate a world that may be anxiety filled. This thesis includes an exploration of bibliotherapy and discussions of the use of books in a therapeutic manner to delve deeper into its profound effects. The topics of this thesis surround social-emotional learning, which is also investigated and explained. The benefits of combining bibliotherapy and social-emotional learning are evident in the findings of this thesis which identified helpful books. By watching read-alouds, analyzing their content, and choosing books that aligned with the goal of this thesis, nine books were selected for inclusion. Bitmoji Book Bags were created for each of the nine books. These Bitmoji creations contain links to book talks, read-alouds, discussion prompts, activities, and more for students and their parents. The format of these Bitmoji Book Bags is digital, so that the links can be easily exchanged with parents, community members, and educators as a resource for when community violence occurs.

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

A matéria orgânica particulada (MOP) é a principal fonte de energia em ecossistemas lóticos, podendo ser gerada dentro ou fora do ecossistema. Os processos de produção e decomposição são particularmente importantes para a ciclagem dos nutrientes no ecossistema, afetando as relações entre biodiversidade e suas funções e propriedades. No Brasil existem poucas informações sobre a dinâmica deste material orgânico nos sistemas aquáticos, apesar das grandes dimensões das bacias hidrográficas brasileiras, e da associação destas com a vegetação ripária. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo a avaliação dos efeitos dos fatores reguladores da decomposição de matéria orgânica alóctone em sistemas aquáticos, bem como os padrões de retenção, acúmulo de detritos e ciclagem de nutrientes em três rios localizados em áreas distintas, sendo dois em área florestada conservada e outro localizado em área de pastagem. Os resultados obtidos contradizem as duas hipóteses iniciais na qual a espécie de gramínea C4 (B. brizantha), devido a alta relação C:N, alto teor de lignina e baixa concentração de nitrogênio, apresentaria menores taxas de decomposição quando comparada a espécie C3 (M. schottiania) e que a decomposição de ambas as espécies seria maior no rio situado na áreas de pastagem, devido a maior temperatura causada pela maior incidência de sol neste área, que estimularia a atividade microbiana e, portanto a decomposição do resíduo. A temperatura, frequentemente relatada na literatura como principal parâmetro ambiental regulador da decomposição, não se mostrou determinante no processo de decomposição, uma vez que as maiores de perda dos detritos ocorrem no rio situado na floresta, onde os menores valores de temperatura da água foram encontrados. Sendo assim, outros fatores se mostraram mais atuantes neste processo, como as características dos substratos e a concentração de nitrato dissolvido na água. Com relação à decomposição das espécies, a B. brizantha, apesar de nutricionalmente pobre, com baixa concentração inicial de nitrogênio e alta razão C:N, foi a espécie que teve maior perda de massa nos três rios analisados, devido sua baixa concentração de lignina, composto mais recalcitrante encontrado no tecido vegetal. A lignina também se mostrou determinante na dinâmica de perdas dos demais nutrientes das duas espécies, visto que este composto pode interagir com demais constituintes celulares, formando complexos que \"mascaram\" a decomposição dos compostos mais lábeis. Sendo assim, a interação entre quantidade de nutrientes e a forma na qual este estão disponíveis será de extrema importância para a definição da velocidade de decomposição dos detritos foliares no meio ambiente / The particulate organic matter (POM) is the main energy source in stream ecosystems, which may be generated inside or outside the ecosystem. The production and decomposition processes are particularly important for nutrient cycling at the ecosystem, affecting the relationships between biodiversity and its functions and properties. In Brazil, there is little information on the dynamics of organic matter in aquatic systems, besides the great dimensions of Brazilian watersheds, and its association of those with riparian vegetation. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of factors that regulate decomposition of allochthonous organic matter in aquatic systems, as well as the patterns of retention, accumulation of debris and nutrient cycling in three rivers located in different areas, two in a preserved forest area and one in a pasture area. Our results contradict the two initial hypothesis that decomposition would be slower for C4 plants (grass), due its higher C:N, higher lignin content and low nitrogen ratios, in any environment, and that decomposition rates would be faster in the pasture streams due to the higher water temperature caused by the high incidence of sun in this area, which would stimulate microbial activity, and thus the decomposition of the residue. Temperature, commonly reported in the literature as the main environmental regulator of decomposition, was not decisive in the decomposition process, since the larger losses of mass leaf occurred at the river located at the forest, where the lowest water temperature values were found. Therefore, other factors were more effective to determine the decomposition process, such as the characteristics of the substrate and the concentration of dissolved nitrate in the water. Regarding the differences at the decomposition rates of the species, B. brizantha, although nutritionally poor, with low initial nitrogen concentration and high C: N ratio, was the species with greater weight loss at the three rivers studied, due to its low lignin concentration, which is the most recalcitrant compound found in the plant tissue. Lignin also influenced the dynamic of nutrient losses of the two species, since this compound can interact with other cellular constituents, preventing the decomposition of the most labile compounds. Thus, the balance between the amount of nutrients and the form in which they are available will be extremely important to define the decomposition rate of leaf litter at the environment

A matéria orgânica particulada (MOP) é a principal fonte de energia em ecossistemas lóticos, podendo ser gerada dentro ou fora do ecossistema. Os processos de produção e decomposição são particularmente importantes para a ciclagem dos nutrientes no ecossistema, afetando as relações entre biodiversidade e suas funções e propriedades. No Brasil existem poucas informações sobre a dinâmica deste material orgânico nos sistemas aquáticos, apesar das grandes dimensões das bacias hidrográficas brasileiras, e da associação destas com a vegetação ripária. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo a avaliação dos efeitos dos fatores reguladores da decomposição de matéria orgânica alóctone em sistemas aquáticos, bem como os padrões de retenção, acúmulo de detritos e ciclagem de nutrientes em três rios localizados em áreas distintas, sendo dois em área florestada conservada e outro localizado em área de pastagem. Os resultados obtidos contradizem as duas hipóteses iniciais na qual a espécie de gramínea C4 (B. brizantha), devido a alta relação C:N, alto teor de lignina e baixa concentração de nitrogênio, apresentaria menores taxas de decomposição quando comparada a espécie C3 (M. schottiania) e que a decomposição de ambas as espécies seria maior no rio situado na áreas de pastagem, devido a maior temperatura causada pela maior incidência de sol neste área, que estimularia a atividade microbiana e, portanto a decomposição do resíduo. A temperatura, frequentemente relatada na literatura como principal parâmetro ambiental regulador da decomposição, não se mostrou determinante no processo de decomposição, uma vez que as maiores de perda dos detritos ocorrem no rio situado na floresta, onde os menores valores de temperatura da água foram encontrados. Sendo assim, outros fatores se mostraram mais atuantes neste processo, como as características dos substratos e a concentração de nitrato dissolvido na água. Com relação à decomposição das espécies, a B. brizantha, apesar de nutricionalmente pobre, com baixa concentração inicial de nitrogênio e alta razão C:N, foi a espécie que teve maior perda de massa nos três rios analisados, devido sua baixa concentração de lignina, composto mais recalcitrante encontrado no tecido vegetal. A lignina também se mostrou determinante na dinâmica de perdas dos demais nutrientes das duas espécies, visto que este composto pode interagir com demais constituintes celulares, formando complexos que \"mascaram\" a decomposição dos compostos mais lábeis. Sendo assim, a interação entre quantidade de nutrientes e a forma na qual este estão disponíveis será de extrema importância para a definição da velocidade de decomposição dos detritos foliares no meio ambiente / The particulate organic matter (POM) is the main energy source in stream ecosystems, which may be generated inside or outside the ecosystem. The production and decomposition processes are particularly important for nutrient cycling at the ecosystem, affecting the relationships between biodiversity and its functions and properties. In Brazil, there is little information on the dynamics of organic matter in aquatic systems, besides the great dimensions of Brazilian watersheds, and its association of those with riparian vegetation. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of factors that regulate decomposition of allochthonous organic matter in aquatic systems, as well as the patterns of retention, accumulation of debris and nutrient cycling in three rivers located in different areas, two in a preserved forest area and one in a pasture area. Our results contradict the two initial hypothesis that decomposition would be slower for C4 plants (grass), due its higher C:N, higher lignin content and low nitrogen ratios, in any environment, and that decomposition rates would be faster in the pasture streams due to the higher water temperature caused by the high incidence of sun in this area, which would stimulate microbial activity, and thus the decomposition of the residue. Temperature, commonly reported in the literature as the main environmental regulator of decomposition, was not decisive in the decomposition process, since the larger losses of mass leaf occurred at the river located at the forest, where the lowest water temperature values were found. Therefore, other factors were more effective to determine the decomposition process, such as the characteristics of the substrate and the concentration of dissolved nitrate in the water. Regarding the differences at the decomposition rates of the species, B. brizantha, although nutritionally poor, with low initial nitrogen concentration and high C: N ratio, was the species with greater weight loss at the three rivers studied, due to its low lignin concentration, which is the most recalcitrant compound found in the plant tissue. Lignin also influenced the dynamic of nutrient losses of the two species, since this compound can interact with other cellular constituents, preventing the decomposition of the most labile compounds. Thus, the balance between the amount of nutrients and the form in which they are available will be extremely important to define the decomposition rate of leaf litter at the environment