This dissertation illuminates the funding contexts that structured art music composition in interwar France. While music historiography tends to focus solely on patronage - an ill-defined and limited category - as the paradigmatic economy within which pre-paid composition takes place, I bring patronage into conversation with other, similarly enabling funding sources: publishing, radio, film, orchestras, and ballet companies. Through a series of case studies of the individuals, institutions, and practices that provided a market for interwar French art music, I pursue two central ideas: first, that musical works, genres, and styles present sonic traces of the economic forces that structured their composition, and second, that the funding context of music often determines its historiographical reception. The rich musical landscape of interwar France provides a unique setting through which to explore these ideas. Between a remarkable flowering of artistic movements, the rapid proliferation of new media for cultural expression, and steadily increasing institutional involvement in music composition and performance, we can observe a remarkable context of wealth and power exerting a significant impact on the practices of music composition and performance. In order to theorize patronage in the broader context of funding for music composition, I explore the conventions of individual, aristocratic patronage, focusing on commissions as contractual exchanges and as reflective of the "collections" to which they belong, both for patrons and composers. While the state lagged far behind individual patrons in terms of direct commissions to composers, it nevertheless found numerous ways to intervene in musical culture in the hope of stimulating the market for art music composition, particularly with respect to symphonic music. The clear-cut patronage of aristocratic individuals and public ministries contrasts sharply with the ambiguous roles played by the leaders of three influential ballet companies (Ballets Suedois, Soirees de Paris, Ballets Ida Rubinstein) whose competition with the Ballets Russes engendered precisely the market for new French music that the state sought vainly to encourage. Through my study of these ballet companies and of the business correspondence of Darius Milhaud, I show that rather than constraining or corrupting creativity, many sources of funding not ordinarily considered "patronage" nevertheless freed composers to pursue experimental avenues and enrich musical culture, in their time and in ours. / Music

The primary focus of this work is the Interwar years (1919-1939), a time when dance came to the forefront of Australian consciousness, not only as an expression of worldwide modernity, but in terms of a new kind of local professionalism. Using dance as window through which to analyse Australian culture, this thesis explores notions of the dancing ‘body’ in Australia. For this research, the term dancing ‘body’ is used to indicate a kind of artistic identity that incorporates various elements of the mind, the physical being, the conscious and unconscious idea of ‘self,’ and the external perceptions and stereotypes about dancers. Importantly, perceptions and understandings about the dancing ‘body’ were not static during the Interwar period. They changed physically, emotionally, environmentally, socially, politically, and dynamically, depending on the genre of dance being analysed. This thesis identifies four main types of dance that became popular in Australia during the Interwar period—ballroom, physical culture, modern dance and classical ballet —recognising that each type presented a slightly different dancing ‘body’ to the world and was perceived accordingly. These types were differentiated by their dynamic, environment, relationships between dancers, level of professionalism, accompanying music, and societal or political purpose, yet all share an emphasis on the corporeal form, an element of performance or spectacle, and an association with femininity. / Additionally, and most importantly, each of these four dancing ‘bodies’ was primarily associated with one or more cultures other than Australian, including American, Russian, English, and German. As a result, the dancing ‘body’ in Australia remained a foreign concept, connected to a variety of overseas cultures and ‘performing’ those associations through movement. While it is true that individual Australians danced, choreographed, taught and lobbied for their art-form, the sense remained in Australia that dancing was not an inherent national activity and thus, simply could not resonate with traditional notions of national identity. It leads us to ask this very complicated question: considering the varied cultural associations of the dancing ‘body,’ was there such a thing as an Australian dancing ‘body’? Did dance ever fully articulate an Australian national experience, aesthetic or ethos? / This research shows that local insecurities about the abilities of Australian dancers and dance-makers was closely related to dancing being an imported activity, introduced through films, magazines, recorded music, and in the bodies of foreign dancers. Moreover, it was often those foreign associations of dance, associations believed to be strong enough to ‘infect’ an Australian dancer, that caused concern over the power of the dancing ‘body.’ The tensions between the four dancing ‘bodies’ of the Interwar period, and the almost mythological stereotype of the national Australian ‘body’ are explored in this research, differentiating it from other contemporary works on the history of dance. Rather than focusing only on professional tours, this research seeks to understand the dancing ‘body’ in relation to Australian notions of physicality, identity and modernity. / Using dance as a ‘window’ through which to explore aspects of Australian culture during the Interwar period, this thesis argues that societal perceptions about dance and dancers were fundamentally related to the differences between behavioural expectations of Australian men and women, and dance’s inherent association with foreign cultures. This research looks closely at these cultural associations, and analyses various attempts by Australian dancers to legitimise their artform during an era of rapid technological, political and social change.

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A qualitative investigation is proposed to examine flow experiences in professional ballet modern dancers in order understand the nature of this psychological experience. It is not well understood where and when professional dancers experience flow, and whether or not their subjective experience is correlated to what an audience evaluates in a dancer’s performance. The study of performance quality and subjective experience of the dancer has not been studied within the dance movement analysis literature. This is an important topic to research to further understand what factors facilitate or debilitate a professional dancer’s well-being. This study aims to determine any facilitating and mediating factors of flow experiences in professional ballet and modern dancers. Additionally, it aims to address whether a dancer’s performance is perceived as being competent, and if the dancer’s experiences of the performance matches the levels of competency. Two hundred professional ballet and modern dancers (100M, 100F) will participate in this study. These participants will be recruited from the professional companies based in the United States. This study will also analyze the relationship that the reported flow scores have with evaluations of performance competency. Each participant will be interviewed to determine their personal experiences of flow, if they have had any. Following the interview, they will complete the Activity Experience Scale – 2 (DFS-2). A researcher will observe a rehearsal and a performance to evaluate each participant using the Performance Competency Evaluation Measure. Following the rehearsal or performance, the participant will complete the Event Experience Scale-2 (FSS-2). The mean scores from the FSS-2 will be analyzed using a two-by-two factorial ANOVA to determine if modern dancers experience significantly higher levels of flow in performance with no effect across gender. The effects of performance competency evaluations between the style of dance and mean flow scores were examined using mediation analysis and Sobel’s test. Additionally, it is predicted that the number of hours of rehearsal and performances will be established as a mediating factor between the style of dance and mean flow scores. The same methodology will be used for mediation analysis to test this hypothesis.

Nesse trabalho, problematizamos as experimentações vividas com um Grupo de Dança Contemporânea, denominado de Ballet Contágio, configurado a partir de usuários de um CAPS – Centro de Atenção Psicossocial. Nesse sentido, traçamos uma nova vizinhança, em que a arte e também a imagem se tornam aliadas para a composição de um dispositivo tecnoestético. Em tal trama, a fotografia nos permite a passagem da imagem dançada no espaço como uma experiência estética e libertadora. Em um ballet envolvente, dentro e fora se misturam e promovem brechas na imagem dançante, no instante em que promovem uma nova textura entre um corpo que dança e a coexistência de novas formas e afecções. Desse modo, uma bailarina-psi investe em uma aposta compartilhada com uma coletividade, com o intuito de se deixar atravessar pelo desejo de estetizar o existir. Assim, no meio de um contorno e em seu contra-contorno, disparamos novas chances para a subjetivação e para a clínica, as quais operam com séries heterogêneas e dispostas a construir outras coreografias. Para compor a escrita da tese, dançamos em meio a uma gramática revolvida, permeada por conceitos e micro-acontecimentos. Cortamos o texto aos meios, para compormos pequenos fragmentos, que se transformam em girações, córeos, contágios ou vidas saltitantes. Em cada um deles, produzimos um re-começo, ou uma origem segunda, por meio de um verbante, isto é, uma espécie de verbo dançante, que tenta conectar palavra e estética. Em nosso método, buscamos as coreografias do entre, ao cartografarmos os encontros que nos fazem transformar antigas noções e produzir novos sentidos. Alteramos os modos de trabalhar com a loucura e com a pesquisa, ao propormos um olhar atravessado pela estética e pela tecnologia imagética. Portanto, lançamos a história de uma grudança e suas implicações à mais alta potência do vir a ser. Mapeamos as linhas de fuga e acompanhamos as expressões de um corpo coletivo que dança e se reinventa de um modo singular. De pacientes a bailarinos, saboreamos os efeitos dessa entrega, suportamos as dores e os silêncios, ao mesmo tempo em que fazemos girar as antigas lamentações e ressentimentos. Convidamos, pois, não só o CAPS e o SUS a dançar, mas também a imagem fotográfica, bem como a clínica e suas piruetas insólitas. Sustentamos, em tal experiência, a invenção de novas tecnologias, seja no cuidado em saúde ou nas linguagens expressivas, a fim de promover a disparação de uma clínica que insiste em desinstitucionalizar fazeres e em amar a própria destruição. / In this paper, we discuss the trials with an experienced group of Contemporary Dance, Ballet called Contagion, configured from users of a Psychosocial Attention Center - CAPS. In this sense, we draw a new neighborhood, where the art and also the image become allied to the composition of a technical aesthetic device. In this plot, the picture allows us to cross the image danced in space as an aesthetic and liberating experience. In an involving ballet, inside and outside gaps mingle and promote the dancing image in the instant that promote a new texture between a dancing body and the coexistence of new forms and conditions. Thus, a ballerina-psi invests in a shared commitment to a community in order to let the desire to cross the aestheticize existing. Thus, in the midst of a contour and its counter-contour, we shoot new opportunities for subjectivity and for the clinic, which operate with heterogeneous series and willing to build other choreographies. To compose the writing of the thesis, we danced in the midst of an upturned grammar, permeated by concepts and micro-events. We cut out the text in the middle, to compose small fragments that become gyrations, coreos, disease or leaping lives. In each one of them, we produce a re-start, or a second home through a verbante, ie a kind of dancing verb, which tries to connect word and aesthetics. In our method, we seek the choreography in between, to chart the encounters that make us turn old notions and produce new meanings. We have changed ways of working with madness and with research, by proposing a crossed eye for aesthetics and technology imagery. Therefore, we launched the story of a groupdancing and its implications to the highest power of becoming. We have mapped the gettaways and followed the terms of a collective body that dances and reinvents itself in a unique way. From dancers to patients, we have tasted the effects of such surrender, we have tolerated pain and silence at the same time, we have turned the old resentments and regrets. We invite, therefore, not only the CAPS and SUS to dance, but also the photographic image as well as the clinic and its unusual twists. We maintain, in such an experiment, inventing new technologies, whether in health care or the expressive languages, in order to promote the shooting of a clinic that deinstitutionalize doings and insists on loving their own destruction.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar de que modos a performance artística do balé, que compreende uma série de práticas e significados que lhe conferem sentido, converte-se em performance de gênero, ou seja, estiliza o corpo, repercute na aparência e no comportamento de quem dança, produzindo e reproduzindo maneiras específicas de se viver a masculinidade e a feminilidade. O material empírico foi constituído a partir de entrevistas realizadas com dois grupos de crianças que participam de aulas desse estilo de dança em Porto Alegre. Para a realização da análise, foram utilizados como referenciais teóricos o conceito de performance de Richard Schechner, entre outras contribuições dos Estudos da Performance, bem como alguns referenciais dos Estudos de Gênero e de autores que tratam da história, cultura e pedagogia do balé clássico. As análises foram organizadas em quatro eixos que dizem respeito: 1) à performance do balé e aos seus aspectos técnicos e pedagógicos; 2) à infância performatizada, a partir das rotinas e dos interesses das crianças entrevistadas; 3) às performances do feminino na dança clássica; 4) às discussões deflagradas por intermédio da observação de imagens relativas ao universo da dança e ao universo infantil estereotipado. A partir dos relatos das crianças, verificou-se que dançar balé (pode) significa(r) dar-se a ver bela e feminina, e que o aprendizado da dança se caracteriza como aprendizado de ser menina. Dessa forma, a rigidez na delimitação de um modo de se viver a masculinidade e a feminilidade pode tanto afastar os meninos da dança, quanto aproximar as meninas ao balé. / The aim of this research is to analyse in which ways the artistic performance of the ballet dance, which comprehends a branch of practices and meanings that give its sense, converts in genre performance, i. e., stilize the body, has effects on physical appearance and in the behaviour of the ones that dance, producing and reproducing specific ways of living masculinity and feminility. The empiric material was constituted from interviews performed with two different groups of kids that take ballet classes in Porto Alegre. In order to make this analysis we used the concept of the word performance from Richard Schechner as a theoretical referencial, among some other contributions from the Performance Studies, as well as some referentials from Genre Studies and from authors that treat ballet history, culture and pedagogy: 1) to the ballet performance and to its technical and pedagogycal aspects; 2) to the performatized childhood, from the routines and interests of the children that were interviewed; 3) to the female performances ind classic dance; 4) to the discussions led through the observation of images related to the dance universe and to the childlike universe. From the analysis of what children said about dancing ballet, we verify that dancing ballet can mean putting each dancer in a condition of showing herself beautiful and female-like and that dance learning means learning to be a girl. Thus, the difficulty of setting a way of living masculinity and feminility can either put boys away from dance or put girls even closer to the art of ballet.

The Birthday of the Infanta, a ballet that was created by John Alden Carpenter, Adolph Bolm, and Robert Edmond Jones, was performed at the Auditorium Theatre in Chicago on December 23, 1919 and the Lexington Theatre in New York on February 23, 1920. Despite the positive reviews from daily papers and music journals alike the ballet was only revived once and is not a part of a known ballet repertoire. Although musicologist Howard Pollack discusses The Birthday of the Infanta briefly in his biography of John Alden Carpenter my analysis serves, through its exploration of both primary and secondary sources, to create a more complete and thorough dialogue through the examination of the social, economic, political and artistic factors surrounding the ballet. This analysis also helps to create a better understanding of ballet’s place in America in the early twentieth century.

Le jeu musical pour les danses de la Renaissance, comme pour les autres répertoires, a ses propres codes et ses propres exigences. Dans les danseries imprimées à plusieurs parties en Europe de 1528 (premier livre de danseries des imprimeries Pierre Attaingnant) à 1588 (première édition de l’Orchésographie de Thoinot Arbeau), il s’agit de repérer les récurrences mélodiques, rythmiques et contrapuntiques des partitions. Par ailleurs, il s’agit également de définir les caractéristiques de chaque danse (tempo, mesure et métrique). Ces analyses ont permis, entre autres, de déceler deux grandes familles de danses récréatives : les danses de côté et les danses de marche. Elles ont chacune leurs spécificités en termes d’interprétation. Par exemple, les premières se concentrent sur l’accompagnement des directions alors que les secondes nécessitent une articulation sur chaque appui. Il ne reste, ensuite, qu’à mettre en perspectives ces observations pour faire valoir cette interdisciplinarité et exceller en art ménétrier. / The way of playing for Renaissance dances has its own codes and its own demands, as in other musical repertoires. In the dance pieces printed for several voices in Europe from 1528 (first book of dance pieces printed by Attaingant) until 1588 (first edition of the Orchésographie by Thoinot Arbeau), one should notice out the melodic, rhythmic and counterpointistic recurrences in the scores. On the other hand, one should also define each dance characteristic (tempo, mesure and metric). Those analysis allowed to spot, among other things, two large families of recreational dances: the side dances and the walking dances. Each of them have their own requirements in terms of interpretation. For example, the first ones concentrate on the fact of accompanying the directions meanwhile the second ones need some articulation on each foot step. One only needs then to put into perspective those observations to excel in the “art ménétrier” (“minstrel art” or art to play for dancing).

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar de que modos a performance artística do balé, que compreende uma série de práticas e significados que lhe conferem sentido, converte-se em performance de gênero, ou seja, estiliza o corpo, repercute na aparência e no comportamento de quem dança, produzindo e reproduzindo maneiras específicas de se viver a masculinidade e a feminilidade. O material empírico foi constituído a partir de entrevistas realizadas com dois grupos de crianças que participam de aulas desse estilo de dança em Porto Alegre. Para a realização da análise, foram utilizados como referenciais teóricos o conceito de performance de Richard Schechner, entre outras contribuições dos Estudos da Performance, bem como alguns referenciais dos Estudos de Gênero e de autores que tratam da história, cultura e pedagogia do balé clássico. As análises foram organizadas em quatro eixos que dizem respeito: 1) à performance do balé e aos seus aspectos técnicos e pedagógicos; 2) à infância performatizada, a partir das rotinas e dos interesses das crianças entrevistadas; 3) às performances do feminino na dança clássica; 4) às discussões deflagradas por intermédio da observação de imagens relativas ao universo da dança e ao universo infantil estereotipado. A partir dos relatos das crianças, verificou-se que dançar balé (pode) significa(r) dar-se a ver bela e feminina, e que o aprendizado da dança se caracteriza como aprendizado de ser menina. Dessa forma, a rigidez na delimitação de um modo de se viver a masculinidade e a feminilidade pode tanto afastar os meninos da dança, quanto aproximar as meninas ao balé. / The aim of this research is to analyse in which ways the artistic performance of the ballet dance, which comprehends a branch of practices and meanings that give its sense, converts in genre performance, i. e., stilize the body, has effects on physical appearance and in the behaviour of the ones that dance, producing and reproducing specific ways of living masculinity and feminility. The empiric material was constituted from interviews performed with two different groups of kids that take ballet classes in Porto Alegre. In order to make this analysis we used the concept of the word performance from Richard Schechner as a theoretical referencial, among some other contributions from the Performance Studies, as well as some referentials from Genre Studies and from authors that treat ballet history, culture and pedagogy: 1) to the ballet performance and to its technical and pedagogycal aspects; 2) to the performatized childhood, from the routines and interests of the children that were interviewed; 3) to the female performances ind classic dance; 4) to the discussions led through the observation of images related to the dance universe and to the childlike universe. From the analysis of what children said about dancing ballet, we verify that dancing ballet can mean putting each dancer in a condition of showing herself beautiful and female-like and that dance learning means learning to be a girl. Thus, the difficulty of setting a way of living masculinity and feminility can either put boys away from dance or put girls even closer to the art of ballet.

Nessa dissertação, procuro compreender como são construídas algumas formas de discriminação racial no mundo do balé clássico. Ou seja, como ser negro ou ser branco é um diferencial nesse contexto, e como esta discriminação é subjetivamente experimentada pelos bailarinos negros. O estudo qualitativo realizado teve por base as entrevistas realizadas com bailarinos daquele universo, que me ajudaram a compor o quadro das relações vivenciadas, revelando reciprocidades e disputas. O ponto de partida desse estudo foi a minha própria trajetória neste universo e a análise das biografias de Eros Volúsia, dançarina brasileira que se projetou internacionalmente, através de coreografias próprias, inspiradas na cultura brasileira e de Mercedes Baptista, a primeira bailarina negra a pertencer ao corpo de baile do Theatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro. Meu foco principal foram as relações sociais construídas no contexto do balé clássico, bem como as estruturas de poder. Apostei na ideia de que estas se constituíam em um bom caso para se pensar como determinadas modalidades de relações raciais se apresentam no Brasil. / In this dissertation, I try to understand how some forms of racial discrimination are constructed in the world of classical ballet. That is, as being black or as being white is a differential in this context, and as such discrimination is subjectively experienced by black dancers. The qualitative study was based on interviews with dancers of that universe. Which helped me to compose the framework of relationships experienced, revealing reciprocities and disputes. The starting point of this study, was to my own path in this universe, the analysis of biographies, one is about Eros Volúsia, a Brazilian dancer who designed internationally trhough its own choreography, inspired by Brazilian culture, and also story life of Mercedes Baptista. The first black ballerina to belong to the corps de ballet of the Municipal Theater of Rio de Janeiro. My main focus was the social relationships built in the context of classical ballet and power structures. I have bet on the idea that these were a good case for thinking as certain forms of race relations present in Brazil.