O presente estudo trata da descrição e análise da atividade artesanal com fibra de bananeira praticada pelas comunidades quilombolas de Ivaporunduva, André Lopes e Sapatu, município de Eldorado, região do Vale do Ribeira, tendo como referencial teórico o conceito de ecodesenvolvimento proposto por Sachs (1980). A atividade artesanal com fibra de bananeira foi iniciada no ano de 1997, através de um projeto de pesquisa executado pela Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ) - Universidade São Paulo (USP): "Projeto de Aproveitamento de Resíduos da Agroindústria da Banana no Vale do Ribeira, SP" cujo objetivo consistia em realizar estudos que resultassem em alternativas economicamente viáveis para o aproveitamento dos resíduos da bananicultura na região. Desde de então, a atividade artesanal com fibra de bananeira vêm sendo praticada por integrantes das comunidades referidas. Para coletas de dados foram utilizadas técnicas comumente trabalhadas pelas nas ciências sociais como: observação participante, entrevistas informais não-estruturadas e semi-estruturadas com os artesãos envolvidos e com representantes de Instituições governamentais e não governamentais atuantes no processo. Verificou-se neste trabalho a contribuição da atividade artesanal na valorização da mulher, a compatibilidade da tecnologia repassada com os contextos social e ambiental locais, o aproveitamento dos recursos locais disponíveis e o papel dessa atividade na economia familiar. Analisando o processo de geração, adoção e disseminação da atividade artesanal com fibra de bananeira e seus resultados nas comunidades conclui-se que esta atividade: (1) representa hoje um significativo complemento na renda familiar dos artesãos que a praticam; (2) é praticada em conformidade com a organização sócio-cultural local, (3) não gera impacto ambiental negativo e (4) dispõe, em quantidade significativa, da matéria prima necessária para realização da atividade. Portanto, sua prática é compatível com os preceitos do ecodensenvolvimento. / This study focuses on a description and analysis of activities in handcraft from banana plant fibre in practice among Quilombola communities in Ivaporunduva, André Lopes, and Sapatu, municipality of Eldorado, in the region of the Ribeira Valley, with the concept of ecodevelopment proposed by Sachs (1980) as theoretical reference. Activities in handcraft from banana plant fibre began in 1997 through a research project carried out by the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ) - USP - the University of São Paulo: "Project for Use of Agroindustrial Residue from Banana in the Ribeira Valley, SP", the objective of which consisted in carrying out studies that would result in economically viable alternatives for the use of the residues of banana crops in the region. Activities in handcraft have been in practice by members of these same communities as from then. Data were collected by means of techniques in common use in social sciences such as: participant observation, non-structured and semi-structured informal interviews with the craftsmen involved and with representatives of government and non-government institutions active in the process. The study records the contribution of handcraft activities in enhancing the role played by women, in technological compatibility conveyed within local social and environmental contexts, in the use of local resources available, and in the role of these activities in terms of family economy. As a result of analyzing the process of generating, adopting, and disseminating handcraft activities from banana plant fibre and the results in the communities, it can be concluded that these same handcraft activities: (1) today, account for a significant supplement to the family income for the craftsmen who engage in handcraft; (2) are in practice in accordance with local socio-cultural organization; (3) do not generate a negative impact on the environment and (4) have resort to a significant quantity of the raw material necessary to carry out these same activities. This handcraft activity is, therefore, compatible with the precepts of ecodevelopment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Luis Sanchez Cezaretto.pdf: 46056119 bytes, checksum: 4e6551696d83fdc581a62c56bedb494a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This essay had the objective of analysing the urban daily life in São Paulo during 1985 and 1990, by using the comic Chiclete com Banana , by Angeli. The rich cartoonist s point of view about several themes from the mentioned period was the reason to choose this cartoon as the source of this research. Therefore, it was organized as follows: At The Introduction there was a consideration about the usage of stories as primary source for research to the historian, then comes the following three chapters. 1- At the first one there was a general approach to the cartoon, observing its essencial aspects besides HQs themselves and searching the common themes, the beginning point was to understand Angeli s view of the world in order to comprehend where his humor came from; 2- The second chapter was exclusively dedicated to Angeli s view of São Paulo city, noticing that his representations of the capital significatively interfered at his own characters characterization which was essential to the story development; 3- At last, the third chapter was dedicated to Angeli s perception of the youths from that period, checking that the author distinguished them in two basic groups, the first from a middle class, the little bourgeois with empty manifestations in terms of contents and also conservative ones, and the second emergent group, the lower class appeared with defiant and original contents and communicated with Angeli through the letters section. Finally, an approach to the characters such as Meiaoito, Wood&Stock e Rê Bordosa presented a rich comparison among youth manifestations from the sixties and the eighties / Este trabalho teve como objetivo uma análise do cotidiano da vida urbana em São Paulo no período entre 1985 e 1990, através da revista Chiclete com Banana, de autoria do cartunista Angeli. A escolha da revista como fonte de pesquisa se deu pela riqueza do olhar de seu cartunista para uma variedade de temas sobre o período em questão. Assim, a pesquisa foi encaminhada da seguinte maneira: Na Introdução, fez-se uma reflexão sobre a utilização de histórias como fonte primária de pesquisa para o historiador, daí partindo-se para os três capítulos; 1- No primeiro, foi feita uma abordagem geral da revista, observando todos seus aspectos constituintes além das HQs em si e buscando seus temas mais recorrentes, partindo de um ponto que era entender a visão de mundo de Angeli e, dessa forma, compreender de onde partia seu humor; 2- No segundo capítulo foi dedicado exclusivamente ao olhar de Angeli para a cidade de São Paulo, entendendo que suas representações da metrópole interferiam significativamente na própria caracterização de seus personagens e sendo, então, fundamental no desenvolvimento das narrativas; 3- Por fim, o terceiro capítulo foi dedicado a percepção de Angeli sobre as juventudes que se apresentavam no período, observando que o autor as diferenciava em dois grupos básicos, o primeiro oriundo da classe média, pequeno burguês da qual partiam manifestações vazias de conteúdo e até mesmo conservadoras e, o segundo grupo emergente das classes mais pobres, das quais se apresentavam manifestações com um conteúdo rebelde mais original e que dialogava com Angeli na seção de cartas. Por fim, a abordagem de personagens como Meiaoito, Wood&Stock e Rê Bordosa apresentou uma rica comparação entre as manifestações juvenis do anos 60 com as dos anos 80

Banco do Nordeste do Brasil / RESUMO A finalidade de realizar este trabalho dissertativo foi mostrar os resultados da aplicaÃÃo dos recursos do Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Rural do Nordeste (Rural), operacionalizado pelo Banco do Nordeste do Brasil, em projetos de fruticultura em municÃpios da microrregiÃo cearense do Baixo Jaguaribe. Dessa forma, seu objetivo principal consiste em avaliar os efeitos econÃmicos, sociais e tecnolÃgicos decorrentes da aplicaÃÃo de recursos do referido Programa em empreendimentos de fruticultura, com Ãnfase em bananicultura, nos municÃpios de Limoeiro do Norte, QuixerÃ, SÃo JoÃo do Jaguaribe e Tabuleiro do Norte, no perÃodo de 1998 a 2004. Foi efetuado um estudo levando-se em consideraÃÃo o tipo de avaliaÃÃo denominado ex post, que à aquela efetivada apÃs a execuÃÃo dos projetos. Foram realizadas pesquisas bibliogrÃfica e documental relativas ao tema. O trabalho investigativo de campo efetuado consistiu em realizar entrevistas estruturadas, utilizando-se de um roteiro de perguntas fechadas, junto a vinte e um bananicultores. As informaÃÃes coletadas foram analisadas a partir de tratamento estatÃstico, conferindo ao trabalho avaliativo uma abordagem quantitativa. Dos vinte e um bananicultores entrevistados, quinze encontram-se com seus empreendimentos totalmente paralisados, nÃo gerando emprego e renda, alegando que esse fato decorre, dentre outros pontos, do corte de energia elÃtrica do perÃmetro Altinho, localizado em Tabuleiro do Norte, e de falhas na elaboraÃÃo e administraÃÃo dos projetos do perÃmetro citado. Contudo, seis bananicultores desenvolvem normalmente seus projetos financiados, auferindo ganhos financeiros e tecnolÃgicos e gerando empregos permanentes. Ressalta-se que esses seis fruticultores nÃo fazem parte do perÃmetro do Altinho. Tendo como parÃmetro o que foi visto, pode-se dizer que o sucesso ou o insucesso de financiamentos agrÃcolas envolve diferentes variÃveis, sendo o crÃdito rural apenas uma delas. A conjugaÃÃo adequada dessas variÃveis à que possibilita maior margem de sucesso desse tipo de empreendimento. Assim, o fornecimento do crÃdito rural nÃo pode ser considerado como sendo o principal ou o Ãnico fator responsÃvel pelo aumento da produÃÃo e da produtividade, melhoria nos nÃveis tecnolÃgicos, de emprego e de renda nas Ãreas de produÃÃo agrÃcola. / ABSTRACT The purpose of this dissertative work is to show the results of the implementation of the resources from the Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Rural do Nordeste (Rural), operated by the Banco do Nordeste do Brasil, flower-culture projects in districts of the Baixo do Jaguaribe CearÃÂs microregion. This way, its main objective consists of evaluating the economic social and technological effects derived from the implementation of the mentioned program in interprisings of fruit-culture with emphasys in banana-culture in the districts of Limoeiro do Norte, QuixerÃ, SÃo JoÃo do Jaguaribe and Tabuleiro do Norte, between 1998 and 2004. A study has been held considering the kind of evaluation named ex post, which is held after the accomplishment of the projects. Bibliographyc and documental researches have been held related to the theme. The investigative field work consisted of making structured interviews, making use of a set of closed questions directed to twenty one banana-curturers. The colected information was analysed based on statistic treatment giving a quantitative approach to the evaluative work. From the twenty-one banana-culturers, fifteen had their bussinesses completelly stopped, not promoting jobs or profits. These fifteen workers blamed, among other reasons, the electricity cut-off in the Altinho region, which is located in Tabuleiro do Norte. They also named some failures in the elaboration and administration of the projects in the area mentioned. Otherwise, six banana-culturers were normally developing their financed projects, developing financial and technological gains and promoting regular jobs. ItÂs important to mention that these six workers were not members of the Altinho region. Having as a parameter what was seen, we may say that the success and non-success of the agricultural investments consists on different aspects, being the rural credit only one of these aspects. The adequate conjugation of these aspects is what enables a bigger success in this kind of investiment. Therefore, the rural credit can not be considered the only or main responsible factor for the improvement of production and productivity, increase of technological levels, jobs and income in these areas of agricultural production.

O presente estudo trata da descrição e análise da atividade artesanal com fibra de bananeira praticada pelas comunidades quilombolas de Ivaporunduva, André Lopes e Sapatu, município de Eldorado, região do Vale do Ribeira, tendo como referencial teórico o conceito de ecodesenvolvimento proposto por Sachs (1980). A atividade artesanal com fibra de bananeira foi iniciada no ano de 1997, através de um projeto de pesquisa executado pela Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ) - Universidade São Paulo (USP): "Projeto de Aproveitamento de Resíduos da Agroindústria da Banana no Vale do Ribeira, SP" cujo objetivo consistia em realizar estudos que resultassem em alternativas economicamente viáveis para o aproveitamento dos resíduos da bananicultura na região. Desde de então, a atividade artesanal com fibra de bananeira vêm sendo praticada por integrantes das comunidades referidas. Para coletas de dados foram utilizadas técnicas comumente trabalhadas pelas nas ciências sociais como: observação participante, entrevistas informais não-estruturadas e semi-estruturadas com os artesãos envolvidos e com representantes de Instituições governamentais e não governamentais atuantes no processo. Verificou-se neste trabalho a contribuição da atividade artesanal na valorização da mulher, a compatibilidade da tecnologia repassada com os contextos social e ambiental locais, o aproveitamento dos recursos locais disponíveis e o papel dessa atividade na economia familiar. Analisando o processo de geração, adoção e disseminação da atividade artesanal com fibra de bananeira e seus resultados nas comunidades conclui-se que esta atividade: (1) representa hoje um significativo complemento na renda familiar dos artesãos que a praticam; (2) é praticada em conformidade com a organização sócio-cultural local, (3) não gera impacto ambiental negativo e (4) dispõe, em quantidade significativa, da matéria prima necessária para realização da atividade. Portanto, sua prática é compatível com os preceitos do ecodensenvolvimento. / This study focuses on a description and analysis of activities in handcraft from banana plant fibre in practice among Quilombola communities in Ivaporunduva, André Lopes, and Sapatu, municipality of Eldorado, in the region of the Ribeira Valley, with the concept of ecodevelopment proposed by Sachs (1980) as theoretical reference. Activities in handcraft from banana plant fibre began in 1997 through a research project carried out by the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ) - USP - the University of São Paulo: "Project for Use of Agroindustrial Residue from Banana in the Ribeira Valley, SP", the objective of which consisted in carrying out studies that would result in economically viable alternatives for the use of the residues of banana crops in the region. Activities in handcraft have been in practice by members of these same communities as from then. Data were collected by means of techniques in common use in social sciences such as: participant observation, non-structured and semi-structured informal interviews with the craftsmen involved and with representatives of government and non-government institutions active in the process. The study records the contribution of handcraft activities in enhancing the role played by women, in technological compatibility conveyed within local social and environmental contexts, in the use of local resources available, and in the role of these activities in terms of family economy. As a result of analyzing the process of generating, adopting, and disseminating handcraft activities from banana plant fibre and the results in the communities, it can be concluded that these same handcraft activities: (1) today, account for a significant supplement to the family income for the craftsmen who engage in handcraft; (2) are in practice in accordance with local socio-cultural organization; (3) do not generate a negative impact on the environment and (4) have resort to a significant quantity of the raw material necessary to carry out these same activities. This handcraft activity is, therefore, compatible with the precepts of ecodevelopment.

Submitted by Hellen Luz (hellencrisluz@gmail.com) on 2017-08-04T17:59:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ObtencaoProdutoDesidratado.pdf: 965761 bytes, checksum: dd78ef0921a6b896b27d4652675263b7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-08-07T12:14:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ObtencaoProdutoDesidratado.pdf: 965761 bytes, checksum: dd78ef0921a6b896b27d4652675263b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T12:14:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ObtencaoProdutoDesidratado.pdf: 965761 bytes, checksum: dd78ef0921a6b896b27d4652675263b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-10 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Diante da imensa diversidade de frutas, hortaliças e produtos desenvolvidos na região norte do Brasil, o tucupi, o jambu e a banana destacam-se por serem bastante utilizados, não apenas na culinária paraense, mas também para diversas outras finalidades. Visando a utilização desses produtos abundantes na região Norte do País, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo a obtenção de um produto desidratado à base de tucupi, jambu e banana verde, através do processo de Refractance Window. As formulações foram secas a uma temperatura de 70°C, por um tempo de 50 min. Foram secas 2 formulações codificadas como FORM I e FORM II. A umidade inicial das formulações foi de 88% b.u, com umidade final dos produtos desidratados de 10% e 9% b.u respectivamente. O tempo de secagem das amostras variou de uma formulação para outra, sendo que o tempo foi menor para a secagem da FORM II. Os produtos desidratados apresentaram elevada capacidade de absorção de água (2.159,091 para a FORM II) e (1.666,667 para a FORM I) e apresentaram uma capacidade de absorção de óleo média. Quanto à higroscopicidade, os produtos se mostraram pouco higroscópicos: 7,9 e 9,27 g H2O/g de amostra para FORM I e FORM II, respectivamente. Os produtos desidratados apresentaram conteúdo significativo de fenóis: 221,18 e 169,49 mg GAE/100 g de amostra para FORM I e FORM II, respectivamente. Com relação à capacidade antioxidante, os produtos desidratados apresentaram maior capacidade antioxidante pelo sequestro do radical DPPH do que pelo radical ABTS. Para os resultados de cor, os valores de (ΔE*) variaram significativamente para os produtos desidratados com as mesmas condições de secagem. A vida de prateleira foi avaliada durante 35 dias e observou-se que o produto desidratado da FORM I não apresentou variação a partir do dia 7°, dia quando avaliado pelo ganho de umidade, enquanto que a FORM II apresentou variação durante todo período de armazenamento. Quando o quesito avaliado foi a atividade de água, a FORM II não apresentou variação a partir do 14° dia, enquanto a FORM I apenas no 21° dia de armazenamento. / Given the immense diversity of fruits, vegetables and products developed in northern Brazil, tucupi, jambu and banana are notable because they are widely used, not only in culinary of Pará, but for several other purposes. Aiming to use these abundant products in the northern Brazil, the present work aimed at obtaining a dehydrated product based on tucupi, jambu and green banana, through the Refractance Window process. The formulations were dried at a temperature of 70 ° C, in a time of 50 min. Two formulations coded as FORM I and FORM II were dried. The initial moisture content of the formulations was 88% wb, and the values of final moisture content of the dehydrated product were 10% (for FORM I) and 9% (for FORM II). The drying time of the samples varied from one formulation to another, and the time was shorter for the drying of FORM II. The dried products had high water absorption capacity (2159.091 for FORM II) and (1666.667 for FORM I) and had an average oil absorption capacity. As to hygroscopicity, the products were considered little hygroscopic: 7.9 and 9.27 g H2O / g of sample for FORM I and FORM II, respectively. The dehydrated products showed significant content of phenols: 221.18 and 169.49 mg GAE / 100 g of sample for FORM I and FORM II, respectively. Regarding antioxidant capacity, the dehydrated products had higher antioxidant capacity by DPPH radical sequestration than the ABTS radical. For the results of color, the values (ΔE *) varied significantly for the dehydrated products with the same drying conditions. The shelf life was evaluated for 35 days and it was observed that the dried product of the Form I showed no change from seventh day, when evaluated by moisture gain, whereas FORM II showed variation during the entire period of storage . When the assessed parameter was the water activity, the FORM II did not change from the 14th day, while the FORM I changed only in twenty-first day of storage.

A possibilidade da compreensão de como vivem os agricultores, quais são seus objetivos, conjunturas políticas e econômicas, valores, crenças e experiências no espaço no qual estão inseridos pode responder a questão que está estreitamente relacionada com a maneira como os agricultores organizam e pensam suas atividades produtivas. Entender por que e como os homens agem e, quais são as influências operando sobre suas ações norteou o tema deste estudo. A proposta central desta tese foi compreender como fatores internos influenciam a tomada de decisão dos agricultores. Para tanto, observou-se os sistemas de produção de base ecológica da banana no Litoral Norte do RS. Nesse sentido, foram feitas cinquenta e três entrevistas, que compuseram uma amostra não probabilística, e os dados gerados foram analisados por meio de ferramentas de leitura de paisagem, estatística descritiva e análise multivariada. Os resultados sugerem que a paisagem da Microrregião do Litoral Norte do RS tem uma matriz formada por duas unidades geomorfológicas, a Serra Geral e a Planície Costeira, e que essas apresentam quatro unidades de paisagem distintas: Platô, Alta Encosta - Escarpa, Média e Baixa Encosta e Planície Aluvial e de Barreira. A paisagem Marca é baseada em elementos como banana, gado, produtos da cana de açúcar, extrativismo, arroz, e por se constituir em terras com restrições da legislação ambiental. Também gerou subsídios para o entendimento de que, na organização dos sistemas de produção, pelos agricultores, há uma importante influência de suas experiências pessoais e de valores mais ligados à satisfação. Em uma segunda etapa de tratamento dos dados foram gerados, por meio de uma análise de Cluster, seis grupos. E nesses observou-se que as decisões passam por um exame de elementos de disponibilidade dos meios de produção, como terra, capital e trabalho, os quais, de acordo com seu sistema de informação e orientação de valores, são organizados internamente em cada propriedade rural. É importante considerar que tais relações estão interligadas com seus objetivos, no intuito de projetar ações presentes e futuras, as quais relacionam-se com sua permanência na agricultura e em expectativa de sucessão. Destaca-se ainda, como contribuição, uma perspectiva de avanço nos estudos que têm se dedicado aos sistemas de produção com influência francofônica, visto que esse estudo destaca a importância de se considerar e incorporar efetivamente elementos do sistema social (sistema decisional familiar). Finalmente, observou-se que a construção elaborada por este trabalho, considerando os meios de produção, sistema de informação e o regime de valores, pode ser empregada em diferentes sistemas de produção. / The possibility of understanding how farmers live, what are their goals, political and economic conjunctures, values, beliefs and experiences in the space in which they live, all of these can help answering the question that is closely related to the way they organize and think about their productive activities. The theme of this thesis is founded on understanding why and how men act and what are the influences operating behind their actions. The main proposal of this thesis was to understand how internal factors influence the decision making process of farmers. In this sense, the focus was on the ecologically based production systems of bananas in the Northern Coast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Therefore, a nonprobabilistic sample consisting of fifty-three interviews was created, and its corresponding data was analyzed by landscape reading tools, descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis. The results suggest that the landscape of the Northern Coast of Rio Grande do Sul has a matrix constituted by two geomorphological unities, the Serra Geral and the Planície Costeira, and that these unities present four distinct landscape unities: Platô, Alta Encosta – Escarpa, Média e Baixa Encosta e Planície Aluvial e de Barreira. The brand landscape is based on elements such as banana, cattle, sugar cane products, extrativism, rice, and by constituting itself on a land with environmental legislation restrictions. The results also generated contributions to the understanding that, in the organization of production systems, performed by farmers, there is an important influence of their personal experiences and values associated with satisfaction. In a second step of data treatment, six groups were generated by means of a cluster analysis. In these groups, it was observed that the decision pass through an examination of elements related to the availability of means of production such as land, capital and labor, which, according to their information system and value orientation, are organized internally in each rural property. It is important to consider that such relationships are intertwined with their goals, in order to project present and future actions, which are related to their stay in agriculture and their expectation of succession. It is also important to highlight as contribution, a perspective of progress in the Francophone influenced studies devoted to production systems, as this study highlights the importance of considering and effectively incorporating elements of the social system (familiar decisional system). Finally, it was observed that the construction that was developed in this work, considering the means of production, information systems and regime of values, could be employed in different production systems.

Em fins do século XIX um jovem empresário estadunidense fundou uma empresa exportadora de bananas na República da Costa Rica: a United Fruit Company. Mesmo que o comércio de bananas e outras frutas tropicais tenha representado apenas uma parte dos produtos exportados pelos países da América Central a exportação de café, por exemplo, sempre foi mais significativa , as companhias bananeiras foram eternizadas por diversos romancistas em alguns dos países centro-americanos em que atuaram. Este trabalho pretende mostrar a trilogia bananeira: Viento fuerte (1949), El Papa verde (1954) e Los ojos de los enterrados (1960) do escritor guatemalteco Miguel Angel Asturias, como uma possibilidade de representação da história da United Fruit Company na Guatemala. Utilizando romances como fonte histórica e realizando a articulação entre o discurso literário e o discurso histórico, a intenção é mostrar a interpretação de Asturias sobre a ação desta multinacional em seu país. Problematizando o encontro entre ambos os discursos e fazendo dialogar a informação histórica sobre o ocorrido e o tratamento literário que Asturias dá a esses mesmos fatos em sua trilogia bananeira. / In the end of the XIX Century a young American enterpreneur founded in the Republic of Costa Rica a company to export banana: the United Fruit Company. Even though the banana commerce and other tropical fruits had represented only a part of the exported products by the Central America countries the coffee export for instance has always been more significant the companies that traded bananas were eternalized by a great variety of novelists in some Central American countries were they acted. This work aims to show, as a possibility to represent the History of the United Fruit Company in Guatemala, the books that composes the Banana Trilogy: Viento fuerte (1949), El Papa Verde (1954) and Los ojos de los enterrados (1960) from the Guatemaltec writer Miguel Angel Asturias. Using novels as a historic source and accomplishing the joint between the literary and historic speech, the intention is to show the interpretation of Asturias concernig the action of this muitinational company in his country, to open debate between both speeches and to articulate the historic information and the treatment that Asturias gives to this information in his Banana Trilogy books.

La banane plantain est un fruit couramment consommé au Congo-Brazzaville sous la forme cuite en tant qu’accompagnement. Le procédé de friture profonde de la banane plantain est une pratique très répandue, souvent mal maitrisé, compte tenu de l’utilisation prolongée des huiles de friture entrainant la formation de composés néfastes à la santé. En effet, depuis un certain nombre d’années, la consommation d’huiles locales (soja, palme) et leurs dégradations après chauffage constituent une des préoccupations principales pour la sécurité sanitaire du consommateur. Les objectifs de cette thèse consistaient à étudier l’influence du procédé de la friture profonde appliqué à la banane plantain Musa AAB, variété « Harton » au stade de maturité 7, consommée sous la forme de disque. Nous avons dans un premier temps appliqué la méthodologie des surfaces de réponse au procédé de friture profonde, afin de déterminer l’influence de trois paramètres (temps / température / quantité) sur différentes réponses (couleur, dureté, teneurs en huile et en eau des produits frits) en fonction de la nature de l’huile utilisée (soja, palme, huile Frial). Une fois les conditions optimales obtenues sur la banane plantain en condition domestique, l’étude s’est focalisée sur l’évolution de la stabilité des huiles de friture par le suivi des paramètres physico-chimiques de dégradation de ces dernières (composés polaires totaux, acides gras libres, composés primaires et secondaires d’oxydation). Des analyses de la couleur, du point de cristallisation et de la viscosité sont venues compléter l’étude et ont permis d’établir la durée d’utilisation optimale de ces huiles en fonction de la quantité de banane plantain à frire. Enfin, les mécanismes de transfert d’eau et d’absorption d’huile dans la matrice ont été étudiés et modélisés en fonction de la température, de l’épaisseur et du temps d’immersion. / Plantain is a fruit commonly consumed in Congo - Brazzaville in its cooked form, as an accompaniment. The process of deep frying plantain is a widespread practice, often poorly mastered, given the prolonged use of frying oils, leading to the formation of compounds harmful to health. Indeed, for a number of years, the consumption of local oils (soybean, palm) and their degradation after heating are cause of major concern for consumer safety. The objectives of this study were to investigate the influences of the deep frying process applied on the Musa AAB plantain of "harton" variety, maturity level 7, as consumed in sliced form. We initially applied response surface methodology (RSM) to the deep frying process to determine the influence of three parameters (time / temperature / quantity) on different responses (color, hardness, oil uptake and water content) according to the type of oil used (soybean, palm, Frial oils). Once optimal conditions were obtained from the plantain in domestic conditions, the study focused on the evolution of frying oil stability, by monitoring physicochemical parameters of the degradation of the aforementioned (total polar compounds, free fatty acids, primary and secondary oxidation products). Analyses of color, crystallization point and viscosity, were added to the study and helped establish the optimal duration of use for these oils depending on the quantity of plantains fried. Lastly, the mechanisms of water transfer and oil uptake in the matrix has been studied and modeled according to temperature, thickness and immersion time.

Banana is the most important fruit crop in the world but ironically one of the crops least studied. This fruit constitutes a major staple food for millions of people in developing countries and also it is considered the highest selling fruit in the world market making this crop a very important export commodity for the producing countries. At the present time, one of the most significant constraints of banana production that causes significant economical losses are fungal diseases. Among these, Panama disease, also known as Fusarium wilt has been the most catastrophic. Panama disease is caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum formae specialis (f.sp) cubense (FOC), which infects susceptible bananas through the roots causing a lethal vascular wilt. To date, the race 4 of this pathogen represents the most serious threat to banana production worldwide since most of the commercial cultivars are highly susceptible to this pathogen. Introduction of FOC resistance into commercial cultivars by conventional breeding has been difficult because edible bananas are sterile polyploids without seeds. Genetic transformation of banana, which has already been established in various laboratories around the world has the potential to solve this problem by transferring a FOC race 4 resistance gene into susceptible banana cultivars (eg. Cavendish cultivars). However, a FOC resistant (R) gene has not been isolated. Genes that confer resistance to Fusarium oxysporum have been isolated from tomato and melon using a map-based positional cloning approach. The tomato I2 and melon Fom-2 genes belong to the non-Toll/interleukin like receptors (TIR) subclass of nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) R genes. These genes confer resistance only to certain races of F. oxysporum in their corresponding plant families limiting their use in other plant families. The fact that these two Fusarium resistance genes share the same basic non-TIR-NBS-LRR structure suggests a similar Fusarium resistance mechanism is shared between the families Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae. This observation opens the possibility to find similar Fusarium resistance genes in other plant families including the Musaceae. A remarkable discovery of a population of the wild banana Musa acuminata subspecies (ssp.) malaccensis segregating for FOC race 4 resistance was made by Dr. Ivan Buddenhagen (University of California, Davis) in Southeast Asia. Research carried out at Queensland Department of Primary Industries (Australia) using this plant material has demonstrated that a single dominant gene is involved in FOC race 4 resistance (Dr. Mike Smith, unpublished results). Tissue-culture plantlets of this FOC race 4 segregating population were kindly provided to the Plant Biotechnology Program (Queensland University of Technology) by Dr. Mike Smith to be used in our research. This population holds the potential to assist in the isolation of a FOC race 4 resistance gene and other potential Fusarium resistance genes. The overall aims of this research were to isolate and characterise resistance gene candidates of the NBS-type from M. acuminata ssp. malaccensis and to identify and characterise potential Fusarium resistance genes using a combination of bioinformatics and gene expression analysis. Chapter 4 describes the isolation by degenerate PCR of five different classes of NBS sequences from banana (Musa acuminata ssp malaccensis) designated as resistance gene candidates (RGCs). Deduced amino acid sequences of the RGCs revealed the typical motifs present in the majority of known plant NBS-LRR resistance genes. Structural and phylogenetic analyses showed that the banana RGCs are related to non-TIR subclass of NBS sequences. The copy number of each class was estimated by Southern hybridisation and each RGC was found to be in low copy number. The expression of the RGCs was assessed by RT-PCR in leaf and root tissues of plants resistant or susceptible to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC) race 4. Four classes showed a constitutive expression profile whereas no expression was detected for one class in either tissue. Interestingly, a transcriptional polymorphism was found for RGC2 whose expression correlated with resistance to FOC race 4 suggesting a possible role of this gene in resistance to this devastating FOC race. Moreover, RGC2 along with RGC5 showed significant sequence similarity to the Fusarium resistance gene I2 from tomato and were chosen for further characterisation. The NBS sequences isolated in this study represent a valuable source of information that could be used to assist the cloning of functional R genes in banana. Chapter 5 describes the isolation and characterisation of the full open reading frame (ORF) of RGC2 and RGC5 cDNAs. The ORFs of these two banana RGCs were predicted to encode proteins that showed the typical structure of non-TIR-NBS-LRR resistance proteins. Homology searches using the entire ORF of RGC2 and RGC5 revealed significant sequence similarity to the Fusarium resistance gene I2 from tomato. Interestingly, the phylogenetic analysis showed that RGC2 and RGC5 were grouped within the same phylogenetic clade, along with the Fusarium resistance genes l2 and Fom-2. These findings suggest that the banana RGC2 and RGC5 are potential resistance gene candidates that could be associated with Fusarium resistance. The case of RGC2 is more remarkable because its expression was correlated to FOC race 4 resistance (Chapter 4). As a first step to test whether RGC2 has a role in FOC race 4 resistance, different expression constructs were made with the ORF of this sequence. One of the constructs contains a RGC2 putative promoter region that was successfully cloned in this work. These constructs will be used to transform susceptible banana plants that can then be challenged with FOC race 4 to assess whether resistance has been acquired by genetic complementation. The results of this thesis provide interesting insights about the structure, expression and phylogeny of two potential Fusarium resistance genes in banana, and provide a rational starting point for their functional characterisation. The information generated in this thesis may lead to the identification of a Fusarium resistance gene in banana in further studies and may also assist the cloning of Fusarium resistance genes in other plant species.

Orientador: Luiz Claudio Di Stasi / Resumo: A Doença Inflamatória Intestinal (DII) é uma doença inflamatória crônica e idiopática do intestino que inclui duas doenças distintas: a Doença de Crohn e a Retocolite Ulcerativa. Os pacientes acometidos pela DII podem sofrer de dor abdominal, diarreia e de outros sintomas socialmente inaceitáveis que comprometem sua qualidade de vida. Embora exista uma grande quantidade de fármacos destinados ao tratamento da DII, fatores como o alto custo de aquisição, os efeitos colaterais e o fato de uma parte dos pacientes não responderem inicialmente ao tratamento, têm despertado o interesse de pesquisadores na busca de novas abordagens de tratamento para a doença. Uma das alternativas é a utilização de produtos naturais com propriedades antioxidante e/ou imunomoduladora, assim como de produtos que possam modular a microbiota intestinal, prevenindo recidivas ou complementando o tratamento de pacientes acometidos pela DII. Com base nisso, estudos realizados por nosso grupo de pesquisa com a farinha de banana nanica verde (Musa sp AAA) demonstraram que a espécie apresentou um efeito anti-inflamatório intestinal. Considerando a similaridade química, a espécie Musa sp AAB (banana prata) foi selecionada para a realização do presente estudo. As bananas são ricas em fibras, amido resistente e fenóis, além de apresentarem alto valor nutricional por serem excelentes fontes de potássio, cálcio, fósforo e vitaminas A, B e C. De forma geral, as bananas apresentam atividades antidiarreica, antiulcero... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and idiopathic inflammation of gastrointestinal tract that comprises two major disorders: Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Patients affected by IBD may suffer abdominal pain, diarrhea and other socially unacceptable symptoms that compromise their quality of life. Although there are a large number of drugs for the treatment of IBD, factors such as the high cost of acquisition, side effects and the fact that many patients do not respond initially to the available treatment, have aroused the interest of researchers to evaluate new therapeutic approaches to disease. One of these alternatives is the use of natural products with antioxidant and/or immunomodulatory properties, as well as products which can modulate the intestinal microbiota, preventing relapses or complementing patient treatments. Based on this, our research group conducted studies with green dwarf banana flour (Musa sp AAA) and demonstrated its intestinal anti-inflammatory effect. Bananas are rich in fiber, resistant starch and phenols, and have high nutritional value as they are excellent sources of potassium, calcium, phosphorus and vitamins A, B and C. Generally, bananas present antidiarrheal, antiulcerogenic, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, antihypertensive and diuretic activities. Indeed, Musa sp AAA variety increased the production of SCFAs probably because they produce prebiotic effects due to the presence of fibers and resistant starch in i... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre