Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-06-13T13:38:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GuilhermeOliveiraCamposDissertacao2016.pdf: 1483356 bytes, checksum: 3a603864f1a7de8a86067055a31590ba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-06-13T13:39:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GuilhermeOliveiraCamposDissertacao2016.pdf: 1483356 bytes, checksum: 3a603864f1a7de8a86067055a31590ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-13T13:39:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GuilhermeOliveiraCamposDissertacao2016.pdf: 1483356 bytes, checksum: 3a603864f1a7de8a86067055a31590ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / This paper adapts the model presented in the article developed by Jacques (2008) which consists of a theoretical analysis of the impact of changes in the volume of allocated capital provided by the Basel agreements on volumes of loans, deposits and risk-free assets. This work appropriates part of the theoretical tools presented by Jacques and refines it to study how variations in the percentage of the volume of loans to be secured by equity influence interest rates charged by banks in an oligopolistic market with differentiated products. Throughout the study we make an empirical analysis of the Brazilian economy data on the theoretical model and test it, evaluating specifically if changes in capital allocation rules affect interest rates charged by the banks. Indeed, the results obtained from the empirical analysis suggests that capital allocation rules exert active influence on high-risk public bank interest rates. The empirical analysis suggests that banks reprice interest rates when the publication of regulatory changes happens. / O presente trabalho apresenta uma evolu????o de um artigo desenvolvido por Jacques (2008) que consiste numa an??lise te??rica do impacto de varia????es no volume de capital alocado, previsto pelos acordos de Basileia, sobre os volumes de empr??stimos, dep??sitos e aplica????es em ativos livres de risco. Essa disserta????o apropria-se de parte do ferramental te??rico apresentado por Jacques e desenvolve um modelo que o aprimora, para estudar de que forma varia????es no percentual do volume de empr??stimos a ser garantido por capital pr??prio influenciam as taxas de juros cobradas pelos bancos, em um mercado oligopol??stico com competi????o de produtos diferenciados. Ao longo do estudo efetua-se uma an??lise emp??rica de dados da economia brasileira a partir do modelo te??rico e testa-se, em especial, se mudan??as nas regras de aloca????o de capital influenciam as taxas de juros cobradas pelos bancos. Com efeito, os resultados obtidos a partir da an??lise emp??rica sugerem que normas de aloca????o de capital exercem influ??ncia ativa sobre taxas de juros de alto risco de bancos p??blicos. A an??lise emp??rica sugere ainda que os bancos reprecificam suas taxas de juros quando da publica????o de mudan??as normativas.

Orientador: Gladys Dorotea Cacsire Barriga / Banca: Manoel Henrique Salgado / Banca: Silvia Inês Dallavalle de Pádua / Resumo: Modelos estatísticos de risco têm sido amplamente utilizados nas últimas décadas pelos bancos e outras instituições financeiras devido à forte concorrência por clientes no mercado de crédito e tendo em vista a regulação bancária quanto a risco de crédito, determinado no Acordo de Basiléia II. O objetivo deste trabalho foi usar modelos estatísticos em dados de escore de crédito de uma instituição financeira com o intuito de analisar a ocorrência de inadimplência. Foram utilizadas duas metodologias estatísticas: análise discriminante e análise de sobrevivência com fração de cura. Com a análise discriminante obteve-se um modelo de escore de crédito em (24) para classificar os clientes em grupos (de adimplentes e inadimplentes), resultando que 72,4% dos clientes foram corretamente classificados pelo modelo de escore de crédito obtido, e novos clientes solicitantes de crédito foram classificados em um dos grupos a partir do modelo obtido. Além disso, os resultados apontam que taxas de juros mais elevados influenciam na classificação do cliente como inadimplente, enquanto que idades mais elevadas influenciam na classificação de clientes como adimplentes. A segunda metodologia, a análise de sobrevivência com fração de cura (clientes adimplentes) foi utilizadas para modelar os dados dos tempos de inadimplência, considerando-se que uma proporção substancial de clientes não apresentou inadimplência durante o período do empréstimo. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o sexo e a renda dos clientes influenciam na proporção de inadimplência dos empréstimos e no risco dos clientes tornarem-se inadimplente. Para aplicação das metodologias estatíticas foi utilizada uma amostra de dados reais selecionados da base de dados de empréstimos da modalidade de Crédito Direito ao Consumidor (CDC) de uma... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Statistical risk models has been widely used in recent decades by banks and other financial institutions owing to high competition for customers in the credit market and in order to bank regulation regarding credit risk, in particular the Basel Accord II. The objective of this paper was to use statistical methods in data credit scoring financial institution in order to analyze the occurrence of default. In this work were used two statistical methods: discriminant analysis and survival analysis with cure fraction. With discriminant analysis obtained a credit score model in (24) to classify customers into groups (non-defaulting and defaulting), resulting that 72,4% of customers were correctly classified by the credit scoring model obtained, and new customers requesting credit were classified into one of the groups from the model obtained. Furthermore, the results indicate that higher interest rates influence the classification of the customers as nondefaulting customers) was used to model the data from the time of default, given that a substantial proportion of customers showed no default during the loan period. The result shows that gender and income influence the proportion of customers timely payment of loans and the risk of customers becoming default. In the application of statistical methods was used a sample of real data selected from the database of the type of Loans Consumer Credit (LCC) of financial institution with operations in Brazil. The models... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

La investigación se ha realizado en la empresa SCI - Servicios Cobranza e Inversiones SAC, con el objetivo de determinar la influencia del clima laboral en la motivación de los trabajadores. La empresa es una compañía que brinda soluciones de negocios al grupo Scotiabank Perú, que tiene como principal servicio la gestión de cobranza de productos de consumo, hipotecarios y de medianas y pequeñas empresas del grupo Scotiabank y Crediscotia. Se ha percibo últimamente que los colaboradores tienen niveles alto de desmotivación por el trabajo que realizan, para identificar las razones, se tomó a los 50 colaboradores que trabajan actualmente en la oficina de Chiclayo; se les aplicó dos cuestionarios diseñados, adaptados y elaborados para medir las dimensiones de estudio. El tipo de investigación tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo de nivel correlacional. Se realizaron las pruebas estadísticas correspondientes y se mostraron los resultados de forma descriptiva, correlacional y de causalidad. Los resultados indicaron que, de las seis dimensiones que componen el clima laboral, la dimensión relaciones (0.798) es la que más intensidad tiene frente a la motivación, mientras que la dimensión estructura, la intensidad es más baja (0.487). Mientras que el análisis de P valor arrojó como resultado que se aceptan las hipótesis de propósitos, relaciones, recompensas y liderazgo; y se rechazan estructura y mecanismo auxiliar. Finalmente, se dejan algunas recomendaciones para su aplicación en la empresa. / Tesis

Hoy en día la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE) ocupa un lugar destacado en la agenda de toda organización y en los intereses de la Generación Z (Gen Z), caracterizada por poseer un perfil social. En la actualidad, las empresas buscan atraer a esta generación mediante estrategias de Employer branding (EB), siendo en nuestro país el sector bancario uno de los más destacados en aplicarlas. En este contexto, se planteó la pregunta: ¿Es la RSE una de las estrategias de EB clave para atraer talento de la Gen Z al sector bancario peruano? Mediante la aplicación de encuestas a estudiantes de dos de las principales universidades del país, el presente estudio demostró que la RSE efectivamente es una de las estrategias de EB más valoradas por los estudiantes. Además, se realizó un experimento, el cual demostró que tanto el atractivo como empleador de un banco como la intención de postulación al mismo, en la Gen Z, se ve afectado positivamente si se describen acciones de RSE en anuncios de empleo. Este estudio se complementó con una investigación cualitativa que consistió en entrevistas a expertos en temas de Recursos Humanos (RRHH) y RSE, así como a los responsables de dichas áreas en los principales bancos del país. De esta manera, el estudio contribuye con recomendaciones para la mejor toma de decisiones respecto a estrategias para atraer y retener al mejor talento de la Gen Z en bancos. / Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has a prominent place in the agenda of any organization and also in the interests of Generation Z (Gen Z), due to the social profile that characterizes them. Nowadays, companies seek to attract this generation through Employer Branding (EB) strategies and in our country, the banking sector is considered the most outstanding in applying them. In this context, the question set was: Is CSR one of the key EB strategies to attract talent from Gen Z to the Peruvian banking sector? Through the application of surveys to students from two of the main universities in the country, it was demonstrated that CSR is effectively one of EB strategies that students value the most. In addition, an experiment was conducted and it showed that both the “Attractiveness as employer” of a bank and the “Intention to apply” for it, in Gen Z, is positively affected if CSR actions are described in job advertisements. This study was complemented by qualitative research. It consisted of interviews with experts on the HR and CSR fields, as well as those responsible for these areas in the main banks of the country. In this way, the study contributes with recommendations for the best decision making regarding strategies to attract and retain the best Gen Z talent in banks. / Tesis

[pt] Com dados bancários brasileiros entre 2000 e 2008, o trabalho busca analisar como a presença de bancos privados nas cidades é afetada pela qualidade média de seus tomadores de empréstimos, medida aqui pela razão entre provisão e operação de crédito. É feita uma descrição dos dados bancários em relação a características demográficas dos municípios e, em seguida, estimações de probit ordenado, de acordo com o que é feito em modelos de entrada. Finalizamos abrindo espaço para a endogeneidade nessa relação, usando quantidade de bancos públicos e PIB agropecuário como variáveis instrumentais para razão de provisão por operação de crédito na tentativa de corrigir o problema. / [en] With Brazilian bank data from 2000 to 2008, the paper analyzes how the presence of private banks in the cities is affected by the average quality of its borrowers, measured here by the ratio between supply and credit operation. It made a description of the data bank in relation to demographic characteristics of the municipalities and then ordered probit estimations, according to models of entry. We conclude by considering endogeneity in this relationship, using the amount of public banks and agricultural GDP as instrumental variables for ratio of provision for credit operation in an attempt to correct the problem.

El sector financiero peruano ha experimentado un proceso de transformación, gracias a la liberalización del sector financiero que comenzó en los años 90 y al entorno macroeconómico estable, lo que motivó el ingreso de las empresas bancarias extranjeras al Perú. No obstante, pese a su impacto en la economía peruana, la internacionalización de empresas bancarias extranjeras ha sido poco estudiada, por ello el objetivo principal de éste trabajo es el estudio de la evolución del entorno macroeconómico peruano y su impacto en el desarrollo de los bancos extranjeros en el Perú durante el periodo 2006 – 2016. Los objetivos se centran en la exploración de las modalidades de ingreso de los bancos extranjeros en su ingreso al Perú y la determinación de las principales variables macroeconómicas que influyeron en el desarrollo de los bancos extranjeros. La muestra de éste estudio, se encuentra conformada por aquellos bancos que representan el 88% de participación del mercado: Scotiabank, BBVA Continental y el Banco Pichincha (SBS, 2018). Asimismo, el diseño del estudio se caracteriza por ser no experimental, en base a reportes estadísticos de los indicadores Macroeconómicos e informes sobre los estados financieros de la muestra seleccionada. De esta manera, se concluyó que las modalidades de ingreso utilizadas por los bancos extranjeros para su ingreso al Perú fueron principalmente las adquisiciones y alianzas, asimismo se identificaron que los indicadores PBI y PBI per cápita resultaron los principales indicadores macroeconómicos con mayor impacto en los indicadores de desempeño de los bancos estudiados. / The Peruvian financial sector has experimented a transformation process, thanks to the liberalization of the financial sector that began in the 90s and the stable macroeconomic environment, which motivated the entry of foreign banking companies into Peru. However, despite its impact on the Peruvian economy, the internationalization of foreign banking companies has been little studied, so the main objective of this investigation is to study the evolution of the Peruvian macroeconomic environment and its impact on the development of foreign banks in Peru between 2006 and 2016. The objectives focus on the exploration of the entry modalities of foreigner banks in Peru and the determination of the main macroeconomic determinants that influenced the development of foreign banks. The sample of this study is conformed by those banks that represent 88% market share: Scotiabank, BBVA Continental and Banco Pichincha (SBS, 2018. In addition, the design of the study is characterized as non-experimental, based on statistical reports of Macroeconomic indicators and financial reports of the selected sample. In conclusion the entry modalities used by foreign banks to enter into Peru were acquisitions and alliances mainly, besides GDP and GDP per capita indicators were the main macroeconomic determinants with the greatest impact on the performance of the studied banks. / Tesis

[pt] O setor financeiro de um país é um dos mais importantes, pois sua função principal é promover a intermediação financeira, ou seja, o encontro entre poupadores e tomadores. Isso é primordial para a economia de um país funcionar de forma eficaz e eficiente. Quanto mais robustas e sólidas forem essas organizações, maior será a credibilidade do setor econômico de um país, o que torna sua sobrevivência de extrema importância para a economia de uma nação. Mudanças ocorridas no Brasil, nos últimos anos, como o Plano Real, o programa de privatizações, a desregulamentação, a abertura do mercado brasileiro ao capital estrangeiro e a adequação dos bancos nacionais aos Acordos da Basiléia, na década de 1990, resultaram em uma mudança no cenário competitivo do setor bancário brasileiro. Além disso, a crise do subprime nos EUA em 2008 expôs grandes deficiências do setor financeiro mundial e colocou em dúvida sua credibilidade, juntamente com as dificuldades advindas do processo de globalização, como o aumento da concorrência. É nesse cenário que um novo mercado é formado, caracterizado pelo acirramento da competição entre as organizações, por consumidores cada vez mais exigentes, por mercados desregulamentados e pelo grande avanço tecnológico. Diante de todas essas alterações e da importância do setor financeiro para uma nação, a realização deste estudo tem como objetivo analisar as ameaças e oportunidades estrategicamente significativas enfrentadas pelos bancos comerciais no atual cenário competitivo do setor financeiro brasileiro. / [en] The financial sector is one of the most important in a country. Its main function is to promote financial brokerage, serving as a bridge between savers and takers. This is essential for a country’s economy to work with efficacy and efficiency. The more robust and solid these organizations are the more credible will a nation’s economic sector be. Mainly because of that its survival is extremely important to a country’s Economy. In Brazil, all the changes that have been occurring in recent years, such as Plano Real, the privatization programs, the deregulation, the openness of the Brazilian market to foreign capital and the national banks’ suitability to the Basel Accords, in the 1990’s, resulted in a change in the Brazilian banking competitive scenario. In addition to that, the US subprime crisis in 2008 exposed great deficiencies of the international financial sector and called its credibility into question. Jointly, there were also several difficulties resulting from the globalization process, like the increase of competitiveness. Therefore, it is exactly in this scenario that a new market is formed, characterized by the escalation of competitiveness between organizations, by more and more demanding consumers, by deregulated markets, and by great technological advance. Taking all these transformations and the importance of a nation’s financial sector into consideration, the aim objective of this study is to analyze the threats and strategically significant opportunities faced by commercial banks in the current competitive landscape of the Brazilian financial sector.

Al igual que los seres humanos, se considera que las empresas y cualquier otra entidad tienen una identidad propia a partir de la cual se proyecta una imagen que se percibe; por eso, la mejor actuación consistiría en construirse una imagen deseada, proyectarla y controlarla constantemente. La presente aproximación al estudio de la "Imagen" procede de la mencionada observación y de la consideración del nuevo orden mundial caracterizado por el desarrollo espectacular de las NTC's y la competencia feroz. Además, el actual sistema económico está incrementando la obligación a los empresarios a cuidar de la imagen que desean proyectar a los consumidores cuyo nivel cultural e informativo es cada vez más alto.La presente investigación se centra en el caso del Banco Sabadell al analizar la imagen que sobre las entidades financieras en Cataluña percibe una parte de sus clientes encuestados y aporta una respuesta a las hipótesis referentes a la importancia de la imagen en la decisión de compra y los motivos fundamentales que incitan a utilizar los servicios de una marca frente a sus competidores.Para elaborar esta tesis, se llevó a cabo un período de investigación en el Gabinete de Comunicación y la Dirección de Marketing del Banco Sabadell; posteriormente, en 2005, se realizó una encuesta con la participación de 602 personas.De paso, sólo como elemento enriquecedor para la presente aportación, se compararon algunos de nuestros resultados con los recogidos en un estudio de 2004 encargado por el Banco Sabadell al grupo Inmark (www.inmark.es).De ahí, se han obtenido los resultados siguientes:- En Cataluña, los clientes particulares tienden a ser más "fieles" (65%) en sus relaciones con las entidades financieras que "infieles" (35%), debido a su alto grado de satisfacción (87%) frente a la insatisfacción (13%); observándose asimismo más preferencia por las Cajas (24%) que por los Bancos (13%), pese a la destacada plaza ocupada por la indiferencia de los encuestados (63%) respecto de la elección entre ambos tipos. La razón fundamental de esta "indiferencia" es la consideración de que entre Bancos y Cajas las diferencias son mínimas (65%).- La imagen negativa percibida sobre los bancos y cajas en Cataluña procede principalmente de las comisiones consideradas altas y numerosas (47%), la insuficiente realización de obra social (14%) y la inadecuada comunicación con los clientes (5,3%). Entre las entidades recriminadas destaca la Caixa (26%), seguida por BBVA (17%), Banesto (6%) y Banco Popular (5%).- En cambio, la imagen positiva percibida sobre las entidades investigadas deriva de la seriedad de algunas de ellas (16%), los buenos servicios (14%), las comisiones consideradas adecuadas (11%) y la realización de obra social (8%). Entre las bien valoradas, destaca Banco Sabadell (20%), seguido por la Caixa (11%) e ING Direct y Caixa Catalunya (5% respectivamente).- Pese a los resultados que preceden, se ha observado que la mayoría del más de medio millar de encuestados (602) eligió la Caixa (40,4%) como su entidad principal en lugar del Banco Sabadell (7,1%). Por eso, se ha llegado a las conclusiones que a continuación se detallan: o Se constata la importancia que tiene la influencia de la imagen sobre la decisión de compra; pero dicha influencia no es suficiente para fidelizar o captar a los clientes.- Entre los motivos determinantes para la utilización de servicios de las entidades financieras en Cataluña destacan la proximidad (52%), la nómina (17%) y la familia (5,3%).Como conclusión personal, se recomienda invertir más en los retos sociales ycomunicar adecuadamente con los clientes para potenciar la influencia de la imagen. / Like human beings, companies and any other organizations can be considered to have their own identity from which an image is projected and perceived externally; so the best approach would be to establish a desired image, and to project and check it constantly. Subsequently, this introduction to the study of "Image" originates with the above-mentioned observation and the consideration of the new world order characterized by an amazing development in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and aggressive competition.Furthermore, the current economic system puts more and more pressure on managers to nurture the image they wish to project to consumers, whose cultural and information opportunities have grown considerably.This investigation is based on the case of Banco Sabadell, it analyzes how retail clients of Catalonian financial institutions polled on the question of image perceive their financial institutions, and gives an answer to the hypotheses regarding the importance of the influence of image on the decision to purchase and the basic reasons why clients are urged to use the services of a specific brand and not those of its competitors.To elaborate this thesis, a period of investigation was carried out in the Communication and Marketing Departments of Banco Sabadell and, then, in 2005, the investigator polled 602 individuals in Catalonia.As a component of the present contribution, some of our results were compared with those from a study carried out in 2004 from grupo Inmark (www.inmark.es) and ordered by Banco Sabadell.The following results have been obtained:- In Catalonia, retail clients tend to be more "faithful" (65%) in their relations with the financial companies than "unfaithful" (35%), due to their high degree of satisfaction (87%) as opposed to dissatisfaction (13%); we also notice more preference for Saving Banks called "Cajas" (24%) than for Banks -Bancos- (13%), in spite of the high ranking of indifference (63%) of the respondents concerning the choice between both types of institutions. The main reason for this "indifference" is the consideration that the differences (65%) between Banks and Saving Banks are insignificant.- The negative image of Banks and Saving Banks in Catalonia mainly results from commissions considered high and numerous (47%), insufficient charitable activities (14%) and inadequate communication with clients (5.3%). The criticized companies were led by la Caixa (26%), followed by BBVA (17%), Banesto (6%) and Banco Popular (5%).- However, the positive image of the investigated companies results from the integrity of some of them (16%), good services (14%), commissions considered acceptable (11%) and charitable activities (8%). The most appreciated companies are led by Banco Sabadell (20%), followed by la Caixa (11%) and ING Direct and Caixa Catalunya (5% respectively).- In spite of the results above, it is observed that most of those polled (602) have chosen la Caixa (40.4%) as their principal financial institution rather than Banco Sabadell (7.1%). For that reason, the following conclusions have been reached:- The importance of the image's influence on the decision to purchase has been noted; but this influence is not enough to keep or to attract clients.o The main reasons for the use of the services of Banks and Saving Banks in Catalonia are the proximity of the agencies (52%), followed by the entrance of salaries (17%) and the confidence of the families (5.3%).As a personal conclusion, we recommend investing more in Corporate Social Responsibility and to communicate suitably with the clients in order to enhance the influence of image.

La tesis “Modelo educativo para la formación de competencias genéricas en estudiantes de la carrera profesional técnica de administración bancaria y su interrelación con las competencias genéricas laborales exigidas por el mercado laboral bancario de Lima Metropolitana en el año 2009 a marzo 2010”. Nace de una expectativa en mi centro laboral el Centro Peruano de Estudios Bancarios Instituto de Educación Superior que forma profesionales para la Banca, en tanto que en el año 2009 a marzo del 2010 y luego de 24 años de labor registro en su labor de colocación de alumnos egresados en el mercado una significativa baja en una proporción aproximada al 1 % del total de candidatos presentados por la entidad educativa. En las consultas efectuadas a las entidades que convocan personal, manifiestan que los candidatos poseen buena formación cognitiva y de habilidades mientras que su formación en competencias genéricas, no se observa bien desarrollada, requisito indispensable para ocupar un puesto en la entidad bancaria. Esta situación motivo mi inquietud en la investigación de cuales serían las competencias genéricas que el mercado laboral bancario ahora requiere y exige y cual es el modelo educativo que adoptarían las instituciones de formación bancaria en Lima Metropolitana para lograr el objetivo de mayor colocación e inserción laboral de sus egresados. Las interrogantes presentadas, fueron transformadas en hipótesis y corroboradas mediante el estudio que validan la investigación. La investigación comprendió Lima Metropolitana, recolectando datos mediante encuestas y entrevistas, y se procesaron para la comprobación de la hipótesis general y específica. Como resultado de la investigación se determinó que el mercado laboral requiere las siguientes competencias genéricas: Compromiso con la calidad, Habilidades interpersonales, Capacidad de trabajo en equipo, Capacidad para identificar, plantear y resolver problemas, Capacidad creativa, Capacidad de aprender y actualizarse permanentemente. En el capitulo final de la tesis se hace un planteamiento de modelo educativo que incida en la formación sistemática y metodológica de competencias genéricas, bajo los criterios modernos de currícula flexible y metodología de enseñanza, activa, dinámica e integral. / The thesis “Educative model to make generic competences in students of the technique profesional career for banking management and its interrelation with the generic laboral competences demanded from 2009 to march 2010” It was born of a perspective in my laboral center Centro Peruano de Estudios Bancarios, superior educative institute that make profesional for banking, since 2009 and after 24 years of working registered in its labor to place graduated students in the market a significative low in an average of 1% of the all candidates introduced for the educative institution. In a survey made in the institutions that require personal state that the candidates have good cognitive and skill formation while that in generic comptences formation they are not well development, indispensable requirement to get a place in the banking institutions. This situation created my worry in the investigation about what will be the generic competences in the banking laboral market, now, require and demand in which is the educative model that they will use in the banking formation institutions in Lima Metropolitana to get the objective of a better collocation and laboral insertion of their graduated. In the showed interrogants were transformed in hypothesis and corroborated through a study that verify the investigation. The investigation involved Lima Metropolitana, collecting dates through surveys and interviews and they were processed for the comprobation of the specific and general hypothesis. As a result of the investigation established that the laboral market require the following generic competences: Quality engagement, Interpersonal skills, Capacity of work team, Capacity to identify, considerer and solve problems, Creative capacity, Capacity to learn and up to date constantely. In the final chapter of the thesis we make an approach about a educative model that focuses in the systematic and methodological formation of generic competences, under the moderns criterias of the curricula and teaching methodology active, dynamic and integral.

No description available.