No description available.

Agronomic and water quality impacts of urea particle size were evaluated through field and laboratory experiments and mathematical modeling. In a two-year field study, corn silage yield, corn nitrogen (N) removal, and nitrate-N (NO₃⁻-N) leaching from urea pellets (1.5 g each) and granules (0.01-0.02 g each) applied at 184 kg-N/ha were compared. A control treatment (no N) and two other N application rates (110 and 258 kg-N/ha) were also included. Urea particle size impact on dissolution rate, dissolved urea movement, mineralization, and N0³-N leaching were evaluated in the laboratory. A two-dimensional (2-D) mathematical model was developed to simulate the fate of subsurface-banded urea and its transformation products, ammonium (NH₄⁺)and NO₃⁻. With 184 kg-N/ha, corn silage yield was 15% higher (p = 0.02) and corn N removal was 19% higher (p = 0.07) with pellets than granules in the second year of the field study. In the absence of yield response at 110 kg-N/ha, reason for higher yield at 184 kg-N/ha with pellets was unclear. Greater N removal reduced NO₃⁻-N leaching potential from pellets compared to granules during the over-winter period. No urea form response to yield or corn N removal was observed in the first year. In 23 of 27 sampling events, granules had higher NO₃⁻-N concentration in the root zone than pellets, with average nitrate-N concentrations of 2.6 and 2.2 mg-N/L, respectively. However, statistically, NO₃⁻-N leaching from the root zone was unaffected by urea form, probably due to high variability within treatments masking the treatment effects. In October 1997, pellets retained 16% more (p = 0.04) inorganic-N in the top half of the root zone than granules, due to slower nitrification in pellets as was determined in the mineralization study. Slower NO₃⁻-N leaching allowed for greater N extraction by plants. Pellets had lower dissolution, urea hydrolysis, and nitrification rates than granules; however, nitrification inhibition was the dominant mechanism controlling N fate. The model took into account high substrate concentration effects on N transformations, important for simulating the fate of band-applied N. The model exhibited good mass conservative properties, robustness, and expected moisture and N distribution profiles. Differences in measured field data and model outputs were likely due to uncertainties and errors in measured data and input parameters. Model calibration results indicated that moisture-related parameters greatly affected N fate simulation. Sensitivity analyses indicated the importance of nitrification-related parameters in N simulation, particularly, their possible multiplicative effects. Need for extensive model testing and validation was recognized. The validated 2-D N model could be incorporated into a management model for better management of subsurface-banded granular N. However, the 2-D model is not appropriate for simulating the three dimensional N movement from pellets. / Ph. D.

No description available.

Gastric banding as a weight loss surgery has increased in popularity in the United States since its approval by the Food and Drug Administration in 2001. Successful weight loss after weight loss surgery is most frequently defined as greater than 50 percent of excess weight loss (EWL). Systematic reviews show that the band is widely effective in achieving successful weight loss in most patients, however individual studies show more inconsistent outcomes. Although previous research supports gastric bypass surgery as having a positive effect on quality of life after gastric bypass, there is very little data to support this relationship in gastric banding patients. Weight loss outcomes after gastric banding surgery at Virginia Commonwealth Health System were less than 50 per cent EWL at one and two years. A retrospective, descriptive study sought to answer the following questions: 1) What is the relationship between physical activity, eating behaviors and hunger control on weight loss and quality of life after gastric banding surgery and 2) Does successful weight loss at one year predict successful weight loss at two years. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire Sort Form (IPAQ) was used to assess participation in physical activity. The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36) was used to determine quality of life. Weight loss outcomes were 34.6 per cent at one year and 39.7 per cent at two years, which was less than the established success rate of greater than 50 per cent EWL, However, most patients lost some weight and demonstrated a significant improvement in most domains of health related quality of life. Participation in physical activity increased fro preoperatively to year one but decreased in year two. Although participation in physical activities overall decreased from year one to year two, there was a significant relationship between participation in greater than 150 minutes per week of moderate or vigorous physical activity and adequate weight loss (p =0.025) and participation in health enhancing physical activities and adequate weight loss (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant relationship noted between any of these eating behaviors and the percentage of excess weight loss at one or two years. There was a significant relationship between degree of hunger reported by patients and successful weight loss at one year (p < 0.05). There is sufficient statistical evidence of a positive linear relationship between two- year weight loss and one- year weight loss (p < 0.05). That is, one-year weight loss is a significant predictor for two- year weight loss. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that gastric banding patients participate in at least 150 minutes per week of moderate to vigorous physical activity. Additionally, clinicians should consider development of adjustment protocols that achieve early reduction of hunger in the banding patient.

Die laparoskopische Implantation eines Magenbandes gilt als etabliertes Verfahren der bariatrischen Chirurgie. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden retrospektiven Studie an 127 Patienten wurden die Kurz- und Langzeitergebnisse des Laparoskopischen Gastric Banding (LAGB) untersucht. 60 Patienten wurden in Pergastrischer Technik, 67 Patienten in Pars flaccida Technik operiert. Untersucht wurde Sicherheit, Effizienz und Qualität des LAGB insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Art der angewandten Operationstechnik. Die mittlere Nachbeobachtungszeit betrug 63 Monate. Der mittlere prozentuale Übergewichtsverlust (EBWL %) war 50,6 %. Bei 39 Patienten traten ein oder mehrere Komplikationen auf. Die häufigsten Komplikationen waren Slippage und Pouchdilatation. Die Mortalitätsrate lag bei 0 %. Über 2/3 der Patienten dokumentierten eine Steigerung der subjektiven Lebensqualität durch das LAGB. Im Vergleich der Ergebnisse zweier verschiedener Operationstechniken stellte sich heraus, dass die Wahl des operativen Zugangsweges weder einen Einfluss auf die Effektivität der Gewichtsabnahme noch auf die Reduktion der körpergewichtsbedingten Komorbidität hat. In Übereinstimmung mit Ergebnissen anderer Studien zeigten sich Vorteile der Pars flaccida Technik im Sinne einer niedrigeren postoperativen Komplikationsrate. Insbesondere die sehr häufigen Komplikationen Pouchdilatation und Slippage traten in der Pars flaccida Gruppe signifikant seltener auf als bei den Patienten, die in Pergastrischer Technik operiert wurden. Zur Erhöhung der Effizienz sowie Reduktion der Komplikationsrate des LAGB ist - über die Optimierung operativ-technischer Aspekte hinaus- eine professionelle, interdisziplinäre und langfristige Nachbetreuung der Patienten unabdingbar. / The Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding (LAGB) has become a common bariatric procedure. Within this study 127 patients were analysed retrospectively after LAGB in terms of preoperative characteristics, weight loss, co-morbidities, short and long-term complications and quality of life. 60 patients were operated using the pergastric pathway (PG), 67 patients were operated using the pars flaccida technique (PF). The median follow-up was 63 month. Mean excess body weight loss (EBWL %) was 50.6 %. 39 patients experienced one ore more postoperative complications. The most frequent complications were slippage and pouch dilatation (34 %). Mortality rate was 0 %. Two-thirds of the patients reported an increase in quality of life after LAGB. Comparing the two different operation techniques (PF and PG-technique) there was no difference in weight loss or reduction of co-morbidities. In accordance with similar studies we documented a lower postoperative complication rate in the pars flaccida group. Especially the very frequent complications slippage and pouch dilatation occurred significantly less often using the pars flaccida technique.

Objetivos: Investigar possíveis alterações citogenéticas, através da técnica de bandamento de alta resolução, em indivíduos com anomalias craniofaciais associadas ao atraso no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e sem diagnóstico clínico-genético definido, com cariótipo (com bandas) prévio normal e estabelecer possível correlação entre o fenótipo dos indivíduos e as regiões cromossômicas alteradas. Local de execução: Laboratório de Citogenética Humana e Serviço de Genética Clínica, HRAC-USP, Bauru-SP. Indivíduos estudados e Resultados: O cariótipo de alta resolução de 16 indivíduos com anomalias craniofaciais associadas ao atraso no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor pertencentes ao HRAC-USP, Bauru permitiu detectar alterações citogenéticas estruturais em 4 (25%) dos 16 indivíduos. Em 3 indivíduos detectou-se deleções em regiões subteloméricas (cromossomos 4p, 9p e 18q) e, em 1 indivíduo detectou-se adição de segmento cromossômico de origem desconhecida na região telomérica do cromossomo 12p. Conclusões: A frequência alta (25%) de alterações cromossômicas estruturais em regiões cromossômicas terminais (teloméricas e subteloméricas) mostra que a técnica de alta resolução é útil na identificação de alterações nessas regiões, portanto, indivíduos com anomalias craniofaciais e atraso mental, sem diagnóstico genético-clínico definido, cujo cariótipo convencional foi normal, devem ser, submetidos à análise dos cromossomos por meio do cariótipo de alta resolução antes do procedimento de CGHarray. / Objective: To investigate possible cytogenetic abnormalities through high resolution banding technique in individuals with craniofacial anomalies presenting previous normal karyotype, associated to neuropsychological development delay, without clinic-genetic diagnoses, and establish possible correlation between phenotype and possible candidate chromosomal regions. Local: Human Cytogenetic Laboratory and Clinical Genetic Service, HRAC-USP, Bauru, SP. Individuals and Results: High resolution karyotype of 16 individuals with craniofacial anomalies associated to neuropsychological development delay in follow-up at the HRAC-USP, Bauru allowed the detection of structural chromosomal abnormalities in 4 (25%) of them. Three individuals presented deletion in the subtelomeric region (chromosomes 4p, 9p, and 18q), and one individual presented an addition of an unknown chromosomal fragment in the telomeric region of chromosome 12p. Conclusions: The high frequency (25%) of structural chromosomal abnormalities in terminal region (telomeric and subtelomeric) shows that the high resolution technique is useful for identification of structural anomalies in these regions. Therefore, individuals with craniofacial anomalies associated to neuropsychological development delay without a definitive clinic-genetic diagnoses presenting a normal conventional karyotype, should be submitted to chromosomal analysis through high resolution karyotype before CGH-array procedure.

Em estudos etiológicos sobre a deficiência mental (DM), as anomalias cromossômicas, tanto numéricas quanto estruturais, são fatores que apresentam frequência relativa significante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as frequências e os tipos de anomalias cromossômicas em afetados por DM nas APAEs (Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Deficientes) de Batatais, Altinópolis e Serrana, objetivando conhecer melhor a contribuição destas anomalias na DM nessa região, caracterizando os tipos e as freqüências das aberrações cromossômicas observadas e compará-las entre as APAEs. Pacientes com suspeita de anomalias cromossômicas foram selecionados para o estudo. O critério usado para a seleção da amostra foi a realização do cariótipo em todos os afetados por DM com anomalias estruturais maiores e/ou menores. A análise citogenética foi feita através de cultura de linfócitos do sangue periférico e a coloração utilizada foi banda G, sendo analisadas 20 metáfases por paciente. Dos 505 indivíduos avaliados nas três APAES, 265 realizaram estudo citogenético, sendo encontradas 61 alterações cromossômicas (12,1% do total e 23,0% dos selecionados para cariótipo). Na APAE de Batatais, dos 305 indivíduos avaliados, 174 realizaram cariótipo, sendo encontradas 33 (10,8% do total) anomalias cromossômicas. Em Altinópolis, dos 107 indivíduos avaliados, 54 realizaram cariótipo, sendo observados 16 cariótipos anômalos (14,9% do total). Na APAE de Serrana, dos 93 indivíduos avaliados, 37 realizaram cariótipo, sendo encontradas 12 (12,9% do total) anomalias cromossômicas. Esses resultados demonstram que anomalias cromossômicas contribuem significativamente para a etiologia da DM e que a citogenética clássica possui importantes implicações na prática médica para o diagnóstico dos indivíduos afetados, assim como, para o aconselhamento genético das famílias. Além disso, observa-se que a APAE de Batatais, por apresentar uma porcentagem menor de indivíduos afetados por DM grave, 60,7%, possui uma menor incidência de anomalias cromossômicas quando comparada as APAEs de Altinópolis e Serrana que apresentam uma frequência de 87,8% e 83,9% de indivíduos com DM grave, respectivamente, indicando que alterações cromossômicas são mais frequentes em indivíduos afetados por DM grave. / In etiological studies on mental retardation (MR), the chromosomal abnormalities, both numerical and structural, are factors that have significant relative frequencies. The objective was to study the frequencies and types of chromosomal abnormalities in patients affected by MR in APAEs (Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Deficientes) of Batatais, Altinópolis and Serrana. This aims to better understand the contribution of these abnormalities to MR in these regions, and thus characterizing the types and frequencies of chromosomal aberrations observed in order to compare them between APAEs. Patients suspected of chromosomal abnormalities were selected for the study. The criterion used for sample selection was the achievement of the karyotype of all patients affected by MR with major and/or minor structural abnormalities. Cytogenetic analysis was performed on cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes, where the band G was used for staining. Twenty metaphases were analyzed per patient. Of the 505 individuals evaluated in three APAEs, a cytogenetic study was performed on 265 patients, and 61 chromosomal abnormalities were found (12.1% of the total and 23.0% of the selected karyotypes). In APAE of Batatais, karyotypes were performed on 174 of the 305 subjects studied, and we found 33 chromosomal abnormalities (10.8% of total). In Altinópolis, 54 karyotypes were performed out of the 107 subjects studied, and we observed 16 abnormal karyotypes (14.9% of total). In APAE Serrana, 37 karyotypes were performed out of the 93 subjects studied, and 12 chromosomal abnormalities (12.9% of total) were found. These results show that chromosomal abnormalities contribute significantly to the etiology of MR and that classical cytogenetics have important implications in medical practice for diagnosis of affected individuals as well as for genetic counseling of the families. Moreover, it is noted that in the APAE of Batatais, because of the smaller percentage of individuals affected by severe MR, 60.7% have a lower incidence of chromosomal abnormalities when compared to the APAEs of Altinópolis and Serrana which have frequencies of 87.8% and 83.9% of individuals with severe MR, respectively. This indicates that chromosomal abnormalities are more frequent in individuals affected by severe MR.

O gênero Crotalaria possui aproximadamente 600 espécies descritas, localizadas principalmente nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Estas espécies estão classificadas em oito seções e nove subseções botânicas definidas principalmente com base em caracteres florais. Estas seções botânicas podem ser subdivididas em dois grupos principais: um de espécies com flores especializadas e outro de espécies sem especialização das flores. Estudos citogenéticos anteriores mostraram que as características cromossômicas são conservadas dentro de uma mesma seção ou subseção botânica e foi proposto que as espécies com especialização das flores teriam uma organização cromossômica diferente das espécies sem especialização das flores. Dentro deste contexto, foram descritos os cariótipos e a organização do genoma de três espécies e duas sinonímias, da seção Hedriocarpae, subseção Macrostachyae, com a utilização de coloração convencional dos cromossomos pelo método de Feulgen, de coloração com fluorocromos específicos às regiões cromossômicas ricas em GC ou AT e mapeamento físico por hibridação molecular in situ fluorescente (FISH) dos locos de DNA ribossômicos 45S e 5S. A obtenção de marcadores cromossômicos característicos para esta subseção e a construção de mapas citogenéticos possibilitaram a identificação de uma inversão pericêntrica, de eventos de transposição e da diferenciação na natureza das seqüências de DNA da heterocromatina pericentromérica, previamente descrita em espécies com flores especializadas como ricas em GC. Estes resultados revelaram alguns dos eventos citogenéticos ocorridos durante a diversificação do gênero, sendo que a subseção Macrostachyae é caracterizada por uma inversão no cromossomo 1 que pode ter uma origem antiga no gênero e que espécies sem especialização das flores, de fato possuem uma organização cromossômica distinta das espécies com flores especializadas, principalmente quanto à natureza das seqüências de DNA da heterocromatina pericentromérica. / Approximately 600 species of the Genus Crotalaria have been described, the majority is located in tropical and subtropical regions. These species are classified into eight botanical sections and nine subsections according to floral characteristics. The botanical sections can be divided into two major groups: one with species presenting flower specialization and the other without flower specialization. Previous cytogenetic studies showed that chromosomal features are conserved within the same botanical section or subsection, and it has been suggested that species with flower specialization have a different chromosomal organization from those species without flower specialization. In this context, the karyotypes and genome organization of five species (being three synonymy from the Hedriocarpae section, Macrostachyae subsection) were described by conventional chromosome staining using Feulgen, specific fluorochrome staining to GC or AT chromosomal rich regions and physical mapping by fluorescent in situ molecular hybridization of 45S and 5S ribosomal genes. The mapping of specific chromosome markers and construction of cytogenetic maps of this section have allowed us to identify a pericentric inversion, transposition events and a differentiation in the nature of DNA sequences of the pericentromeric heterochromatin, previously described as GC-rich in species with flower specialization. The results reveal diverse cytogenetic events that occurred during the genus diversification: the Macrostachyae subsection showed a pericentric inversion in the chromosome pair 1 (presumably of ancient origin) while species without flower specialization are characterized by a distinct chromosomal organization, mainly concerning the nature of DNA sequences of pericentromeric heterochromatin.

Os aços de construção mecânica, estão sujeitos a bandeamento microestrutural. Microestruturas bandeadas em aços ao carbono e aços de baixa liga são consequência da microssegregação de elementos de liga gue ocorreu durante a solidificação do lingote original. O tratamento mecânico a quente subsequente, alinha a dendrita primária e após resfriamento, os produtos de transformação, guardarão o mesmo alinhamento. Esta microestrutura é prejudicial quando presente em barras laminadas a quente. Para o aço estudado, SAE 8620 laminado, apresentando uma microestrutura bandeada, foi desenvolvido um ciclo de tratamento de homogeneização com a finalidade de remover esta estrutura e após, as amostras homogeneizadas foram normalizadas para eliminar o superaquecimento consequente. É possivel, eliminar o bandeamento em aços ao carbono e aços de baixa liga mediante ciclos usuais de tratamento térmico. / The mechanical construational steels, are subject microstuctural banding. Banding microstructure in wrought carbon and low alloy steels is consequence of the microsegregation of alloying elements which occurred during the solidification of the original lingot. Subsequent hot work process aligns the former dendrite and after cooling, the transformed products will keep the same tipical alignment. This microstructure is deletérias when present in the hot rolled bars. The steel tipe studied was, SAE 8620, hot rolled and showing a banded structure. A homogenization treatment cicie was developed, to remove this banding. Normalizing heat treatment carried ou t to eliminate the resultant overheating in the homogenized samples. It! s possible to eliminate the banding in low alloy steel and carbon steel finished by means of usually heat treatment.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-22T14:59:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Winston Jose Pessoa Felix.pdf: 3066003 bytes, checksum: e332581b7efc29ec2ebf2e0c4af9c437 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T14:59:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Winston Jose Pessoa Felix.pdf: 3066003 bytes, checksum: e332581b7efc29ec2ebf2e0c4af9c437 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-29 / The cytogenetic characteristics and CMA / DAPI band patterns in seven species of Zephyranthes and a Habranthus were studied in this paper to evaluate the karyotypic differences between these species. All individuals presented reticulated or semi-reticulated interphased nuclei and karyotype formed by a set of metacentric chromosomes, in addition to submetacentric and acrocentric chromosomes. Zephyranthes robusta, with 2n = 12 and karyotypic formula 4M +2 SM presented more symmetrical karyotype. Z. sylvatica showed chromosome complement composed of 2n = 12 being 1M+5SM, 2n = 13 being 1M+5SM + (B) SM and 2n = 18 formed by cracks, one with metacentric and five with only submetacentric (1M+5SM). For the cultivated species Zephyranthes rosea Lindl. presented karyotype with 2n = 24 and karyotypic formula 4M+7SM +1A. Zephyranthes grandiflora Lindl. presented the same chromosome count of the previous species, being observed 2M +5 SM +5 A. Zephyranthes aff. rosea Lindl. presented 2n = 25, being 3M + (1M "crack") +7 SM +1 A. Furthermore, it was observed the presence of trisomy in fourth metacentric pair. Zephyranthes brachyandra Herb. presented karyotype with 2n = 24 +1 B and formula 4M +3 SM +5 A +1 B. In Zephyranthes candida Herb. 2n = 38 was observed with 9M +5 SM +5 A. For H. itaobinus Ravenna, a numeric variation in the counts was observed, where in most populations the additional chromosomes were formed by 2n = 45 or 5M +12 SM +5 A + (B) M and in a single population the species showed presented karyotype with 2n = 44, 6M +12 SM +5 A +3 (B)M. Interstitial and subterminal DAPI bands were observed only in Z. robusta and Z. brachyandra. The remaining species showed no AT-rich heterochromatin. In species with 2n = 12 was found a CMA+ block in a chromosome pair of Z. robust and Zephyranthes sp., while in Z. sylvatica was observed a small additional terminal block. Z. rosea and Z. grandiflora had four CMA+ bands, while there were eight interstitial pinpoint bands, apart from the heterochromatic RON and a bigger block in the terminal of the short arm of B chromosome in Z. brachyandra. In Z. candida, there were 14 subterminal CMA bands and in H. itaobinus, seven bands with strong differentiated amplification in the heterochromatic RON. Taxonomic implications and the karyotypic evolution are discussed for the species studied. / No presente trabalho foram estudados a caracterização citogenética e os padrões de banda CMA/DAPI em sete espécies de Zephyranthes e uma de Habranthus com o objetivo de avaliar as diferenças cariotípicas entre essas espécies. Todos os indivíduos apresentaram núcleo interfásico reticulado ou semi-reticulado e cariótipo formado por um conjunto de cromossomos metacêntricos, além de cromossomos submetacêntricos e acrocêntricos. Zephyranthes robusta, com 2n=12 e fórmula cariotípica 4M+2SM, apresentou cariótipo mais simétrico. Z. sylvatica apresentou complemento cromossômico formado por 2n=12 sendo 1M+5SM, 2n=13 sendo 1M+5SM+(B)SM e 2n=18 formadas por trincas, uma com metacêntricos e cinco apenas com submetacêntricos (1M+5SM). Para as espécies cultivadas, Zephyranthes rosea Lindl. Apresentou cariótipo com 2n=24 e fórmula cariotípica 4M+7SM+1A. Zephyranthes grandiflora Lindl. apresentou a mesma contagem cromossômica da espécie anterior, sendo que foram observados 2M+5SM+5A. Zephyranthes aff. rosea Lindl., apresentou 2n=25, sendo 3M+(1M“trinca”) +7SM+1A. Além disso, pôde-se observar a presença de trissomia no par quatro metacêntrico. Zephyranthes brachyandra Herb. apresentou cariótipo com 2n=24+1B e fórmula 4M+3SM+5A+1B. Para Zephyranthes candida Herb. observou-se 2n=38, sendo 9M+5SM+5A. Em H. itaobinus Ravena observou-se variação numérica nas contagens onde na maioria das populações os complementos cromossômicos foram formados por 2n=45 ou 5M+12SM+5A+(B)M e em uma única população a espécie apresentou cariótipo com 2n=44, 6M+12SM+5A+3(B)M. Foram observadas bandas DAPI subterminais e intersticiais apenas em Z. robusta e em Z. brachyandra. As demais espécies não apresentaram heterocromatina rica em AT. Nas espécies com 2n=12 foi observado um bloco CMA+ em um par cromossômico de Z. robusta e Zephyranthes sp., enquanto em Z. sylvatica foi observado um pequeno bloco terminal adicional. Z. rosea e Z. grandiflora, tiveram quatro bandas CMA+, enquanto em Z. brachyandra, ocorreram oito bandas intersticiais puntiformes, além da RON heterocromática e de um bloco maior no terminal do braço curto do cromossomo B. Em Z. candida, observouse 14 bandas CMA subterminais e em H. itaobinus, sete bandas, com forte amplificação diferenciada na RON heterocromática. São discutidas as implicações taxonômicas e a evolução cariotípica para as espécies estudadas.